Breaking News: Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha has died

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Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; Credit – Wikipedia

Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the pretender to the former ducal throne and Head of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1998 until he died on April 3, 2025, in Coburg, Bavaria, Germany, at the age of 82. He was the grandson of Charles Edward, the last reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the only son of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, the youngest son of Queen Victoria.

Prince Andreas Michael Friedrich Hans Armin Siegfried Hubertus was born on March 21, 1943 at Schloss Casel in Lower Lusatia. He was the only child of Friedrich Josias, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and his first wife Countess Viktoria-Luise of Solms-Baruth.

On July 31, 1971, in Hamburg, Germany, Prince Andreas married Carin Dabelstein, the daughter of Adolf Dabelstein and Irma Callsen. His wife died in 2023, but Prince Andreas is survived by his three children – Princess Stephanie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (born 1972), Hubertus, now Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Head of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,  (born 1975), and Prince Alexander of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (born 1977).

Prince Andreas was known for reaching out to his extended family, hoping to heal many of the wounds caused in the past, primarily after his grandfather had sided with Hitler during World War II. Following the fall of communism and the reunification of Germany, Prince Andreas worked to re-acquire former family property that had been seized after the war.

After being diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease in 2011, Prince Andreas continued to be as active as possible. He spent much time with family and friends, traveling, and visiting his properties in Germany and Austria. He was a first cousin and close friend of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, and was the godfather of the King’s younger daughter, Princess Madeleine. Because of this relationship, the Prince was often seen in attendance at Swedish royal family events.

Read more about the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Family at Unofficial Royalty: Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld/Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Index.

Royal News Recap for Thursday, April 3, 2025

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Jordan

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Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (former monarchy)

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April 4: Today in Royal History

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Queen Maria II of Portugal;  Credit – Wikipedia

April 4, 1406 – Death of Robert III, King of Scots at Rothesay Castle in Scotland; buried at Paisley Abbey in Renfrewshire, Scotland
In 1367, Robert (known as John Stewart, Earl of Carrick before he became King of Scots) married Anabella Drummond, and the couple had seven children. In 1390, he succeeded his father, Robert II, King of Scots, the first king of the House of Stewart. Two years before he became king, Robert III was kicked by a horse and became an invalid.  Because of his disability, he delegated most of his power to his brother Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany. As time went by, Robert III’s disabilities worsened and he fell into a state of depression. Fearing for the safety of his only surviving son, the future James I, King of Scots, Robert III decided to send him to France. However, the ship 12-year-old James was sailing on was captured by English pirates who delivered James to King Henry IV of England. Robert III died soon after hearing of his son’s captivity.
Unofficial Royalty: Robert III, King of Scots

April 4, 1588 – Death of King Frederik II of Denmark and Norway at Antvorskov Castle in Denmark; buried at Roskilde Cathedral in Roskilde, Denmark
Frederik’s father Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway died in 1559, and 24-year-old Frederik succeeded him. During his reign, finances were improved, agriculture and trade were promoted, and the German Hanseatic League’s privileges with Denmark were limited or abolished. Friedrich revolutionized shipping by establishing the modern lighthouse system. He also promoted the sciences, especially astronomy, and was a patron of pioneering Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe. In 1572, Frederik married Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and had seven children. Through their daughter Anna, who married James VI, King of Scots, later also James I, King of England, they are ancestors of the British Royal Family. Frederik II, aged 53, on April 4, 1588. His death was sudden and unexpected, and some modern historians speculate that his health deteriorated very rapidly as a result of lung cancer.
Unofficial Royalty: King Frederik II of Denmark and Norway

April 4, 1819 – Birth of Queen Maria II of Portugal at São Cristóvão Palace, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Full name: Maria da Glória Joana Carlota Leopoldina da Cruz Francisca Xavier de Paula Isidora Micaela Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga
Queen Maria II of Portugal first became Queen at just seven years old. Deposed two years later, she returned to the throne at age 15 and reigned until her death. In 1835, Maria II married Auguste de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg, but he died two months later. A year later, she married Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a first cousin of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The couple had eleven children. Maria II faced problems in giving birth with prolonged and extremely difficult labors. By the time she was 25-years-old, Maria was obese, and the births became even more complicated. The combination of many successive pregnancies, her obesity, which eventually caused her heart problems, and the prolonged, difficult labors led doctors to warn Maria about the serious risks she would face in future pregnancies. Maria replied, “If I die, I die at my post.”  Maria II died at the age of 34 after giving birth to a stillborn son.
Unofficial Royalty: Queen Maria II of Portugal

April 4, 1930 – Death of Queen Victoria of Sweden, born Victoria of Baden, wife of King Gustav V of Sweden, at her home Villa Svezia in Rome, Italy; buried at Riddarholmen Church in Stockholm, Sweden
In 1881, Victoria married the future King Gustaf V of Sweden. The couple had three children, including King Gustaf VI Adolf, who married Princess Margaret of Connaught and Lady Louise Mountbatten. When her husband became king, Victoria took part in all the court festivities and responsibilities of her new role. She traveled extensively with her husband and entertained visiting royalty from around Europe. She spent much of her time working with several charities, including taking the helm of Sophiahammet after the death of her mother-in-law Queen Sofia. During World War I, Queen Victoria’s German roots often led to unpopularity amongst the Swedes. From her youth, Victoria had always suffered from ill health and found the winters in Sweden too harsh. Beginning in 1882, she spent every winter in a warmer climate, and eventually, she purchased the Villa Svezia in Rome, Italy. It was there she died of a heart attack, surrounded by her husband King Gustaf V, her son Prince Wilhelm, and her devoted maid and companion Agnes Bergman.
Unofficial Royalty: Victoria of Baden, Queen of Sweden

April 4, 1953 – Death of King Carol II of Romania in Estoril, Portugal; first buried in the Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora in Lisbon, Portugal; in 2003, his remains were transferred to the Curtea de Argeş Monastery in Argeş, Romania
Carol II was a great-grandson of Queen Victoria through his mother Princess Marie of Edinburgh. In 1918, Carol made an unsanctioned marriage to Joanna “Zizi” Lambrino. The marriage was annulled seven months later, but the couple continued to live together, and the following year, in January 1920, they had a son. In 1921, Carol married his second cousin, Princess Helen of Greece, and they had one son, the future King Michael (Mihai) of Romania. Within a few years, Carol began an affair with Magda Lupescu, and in 1925, he renounced his rights to the throne. In 1927, Carol’s father, King Ferdinand, died, and six-year-old Michael became King of Romania. Carol and Helen divorced in 1928. In June 1930, Carol negotiated with the Prime Minister for his return to the throne. His earlier renunciation was voided, and he was restored as King of Romania, replacing his son Michael. His rocky reign lasted ten years until he was forced to abdicate in 1940, in favor of his son Michael. Carol and Magda moved to Brazil in 1944, where they married in 1947. They soon moved to Estoril, Portugal, where Carol would live in exile until he died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 59.
Unofficial Royalty: King Carol II of Romania

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Royal News Recap for Wednesday, April 2, 2025

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April 3: Today in Royal History

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Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk; Credit – Wikipedia

April 3, 1730 – Death of Lady Henrietta FitzJames, illegitimate daughter of King James II of England, in Navestock, Essex, England; buried at St. Thomas the Apostle Church in Navestock
Lady Henrietta FitzJames was born in 1667 at a home in St. James Square in London, England. She was the eldest of the four illegitimate children of the future King James II of England (reigned 1685 – 1688) and his mistress Arabella Churchill. In 1683, she married Henry Waldegrave, 1st Baron Waldegrave, they had three children. Through their elder son James, they are ancestors of Diana, Princess of Wales, and her sons Prince William and Prince Harry.
Unofficial Royalty: Lady Henrietta FitzJames

April 3, 1812 – Birth of Louise-Marie of Orléans, Queen of the Belgians, the second wife of King Leopold I of the Belgians, in Palermo, Kingdom of Sicily, now in Italy
Full name: Louise-Marie Thérèse Charlotte Isabelle
Louise-Marie was the eldest daughter of Louis-Philippe I, King of the French and Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies. Her ancestors are the Kings of France, Spain, Poland, Sicily and Naples, and Holy Roman Emperors. Marie Antoinette, Queen of France was her mother’s aunt. In 1831, Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, uncle of both Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert, became the first King of the Belgians. Leopold’s first wife had been Princess Charlotte of Wales, the only child of King George IV of the United Kingdom, who would have become Queen if she had not tragically died due to childbirth complications. Leopold had to marry again to provide for the Belgian succession, and his choice was Louise-Marie. The couple married in 1832 and had four children. Louise-Marie died from tuberculosis at the age of 38 on October 11, 1850.
Unofficial Royalty: Louise-Marie of Orléans, Queen of the Belgians

April 3, 1831 – Birth of Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, wife of King Miguel of Portugal, in Kleinheubach, Kingdom of Bavaria, now in the German state of Bavaria
Full name: Sophie Amalie Adelheid Luise Johanne Leopoldine
Adelaide married King Miguel I of Portugal after he was deposed and lived with him in exile in the Grand Duchy of Baden. Miguel died, leaving 35-year-old Adelaide with seven young children. She arranged prominent marriages for her children and is the ancestor of the current royal families of Belgium, Liechtenstein, and Luxembourg, as well as the former royal families of Austria, Bavaria, Portugal, and Romania. Adelaide retired to the Abbey of Sainte-Cécile in Solesmes, France, where she eventually became a nun.
Unofficial Royalty: Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg

April 3, 1893 – Birth of Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk at East Sheen Lodge in Richmond, London, England
Full name: Maud Alexandra Victoria Georgina Bertha
Maud was the youngest child of Princess Louise, Princess Royal and Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife, and a grandchild of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. She married Charles Carnegie, 11th Earl of Southesk, and they had one son. On December 14, 1945, Maud, aged 52, died of bronchitis on the 84th anniversary of the death of her great-grandfather, Prince Albert.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk

April 3, 1960 – Death of King Norodom Suramarit of Cambodia at Chaktomuk Hall, Khemarin Palace in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; his ashes were buried in a stupa at Wat Preah Keo Morakot (Silver Pagoda) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Norodom Suramarit was the son of half-siblings, Prince Norodom Sutharot of Cambodia (1872–1945) and Princess Norodom Phangangam of Cambodia (1874–1944), both children of King Norodom Prohmbarirak of Cambodia but by different mothers. Norodom Suramarit, the father of King Norodom Sihanouk, reigned as King of Cambodia from 1955 to 1960. His son King Norodom Sihanouk had been chosen over him to be king in 1941, but abdicated in 1955 so he could directly participate in politics. The reign of King Suramarit was peaceful due to the powerful political leadership and strict neutral policy of his son Prime Minister Norodom Sihanouk. King Norodom Suramarit, aged 64, died in 1960 after a long illness.
Unofficial Royalty: King Norodom Suramarit of Cambodia

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Royal News Recap for Tuesday, April 1, 2025

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Unofficial Royalty

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April 2: Today in Royal History

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Élisabeth de Valois, Queen of Spain; Credit – Wikipedia

April 2, 1272 – Death of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, son of King John of England, at Berkhamsted Castle in Hertfordshire, England; buried at Hailes Abbey in Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England
In 1231, Richard married 30-year-old, widowed Isabel Marshal, daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, who had served three kings: Henry II, Richard I, and John, and had been the protector of Richard’s brother King Henry III, and regent of the kingdom. Isabel died while delivering her fourth child, who also died. In 1243, Richard married Sanchia of Provence, the sister of Eleanor of Provence, the wife of his brother King Henry III. The couple had two children, and Sanchia died in 1261. The displeasure of the English nobility with King Henry III ultimately resulted in a civil war, the Second Barons’ War (1264–1267). The leader of the forces against Henry was his brother-in-law, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, who was married to Henry’s sister Eleanor. Richard was a supporter of his brother during the Second Barons’ War. He was taken prisoner at the Battle of Lewes and imprisoned until his nephew, the future King Edward I, led the royalists into battle again, defeating and killing de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. 60-year-old Richard made a third marriage to 15-year-old Beatrice of Falkenburg in1269. In 1271, Richard had a stroke that paralyzed his right side and caused him to lose the ability to speak. He died one year later at the age of 63.
Unofficial Royalty: Richard, Earl of Cornwall

April 2, 1502 – Death of Arthur, Prince of Wales, son of King Henry VII of England, at Ludlow Castle in Shropshire, England; buried at Worcester Cathedral in Worcester, England
For the first child of King Henry VII of England, the first Tudor monarch, the name Arthur was chosen in hopes that he would bring a new Arthurian age to the new Tudor dynasty. Sadly, that was not to be. Within months of their marriage, Arthur and Catherine of Aragon became ill, probably of the sweating sickness.  Catherine survived, but she was left a widow as Arthur did not survive. Henry VII and his wife, Elizabeth of York, were naturally distraught at the death of their eldest son. Their second son succeeded his father as King Henry VIII in 1509, leaving us to ask the question, “What if Arthur had become king?”
Unofficial Royalty: Arthur, Prince of Wales

April 2, 1545 – Birth of Élisabeth de Valois, Queen of Spain, third of the four wives of King Felipe II of Spain, at Château de Fontainebleau in France
Elisabeth was the daughter of Henri II, King of France and Catherine de’Medici. 14-year-old Elisabeth married 32-year-old King Philip II of Spain. Philip had already been married twice and needed a male heir. Elisabeth considered her main duty to give birth to sons but she was unable to do so. She had five pregnancies but had only two surviving daughters. Elisabeth died after giving birth to a premature daughter who also died.
Unofficial Royalty: Élisabeth de Valois, Queen of Spain

April 2, 1653 – Birth of Prince George (Jørgen) of Denmark, husband of Queen Anne of Great Britain and son of King Frederik III of Denmark and Norway, at Copenhagen Castle in Copenhagen, Denmark
In 1683, George married the future Queen Anne of Great Britain. Sadly, George and Anne had issues with providing an heir. Anne had 17 pregnancies with only five children being born alive. Two died on the day of their birth, two died at less than two years old, within six days of each other from smallpox, and one died at age 11. George played no part in politics and had no real ambitions. His uncle by marriage, King Charles II, famously said of George, “I have tried him drunk, and I have tried him sober, and drunk or sober, there is nothing there.” In the spring of 1706, George became seriously ill but seemed to recover. He spent much of the summer of 1708 at Windsor Castle with asthma that was so bad he was not expected to live. He died on October 28, 1708, at the age of 55.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince George of Denmark

April 2, 1657 – Death of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, now in Austria; buried in the Imperial Crypt at the Capuchin Church in Vienna
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, was also Archduke of Lower and Inner Austria (reigned 1637 – 1657), King of Bohemia (reigned 1627 – 1657), and King of Hungary and Croatia (reigned 1625 – 1657). Ferdinand III became Holy Roman Emperor in 1537, during the last decade of the Thirty Years’ War (1618 – 1648). The Thirty Years’ War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, with an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians dying as a result of battle, famine, and disease. Although he knew the Holy Roman Empire would be weaker, Ferdinand set out on a policy toward ending the war. The Peace of Westphalia, signed in October 1648, ended the Thirty Years’ War and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire. Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, the kingdoms of France and Sweden, and their allies among the constituent states of the Holy Roman Empire participated in the treaties.
Unofficial Royalty: Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Lower and Inner Austria, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary and Croatia

April 2, 1826 – Birth of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen in Meiningen, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, now in Thuringia, Germany
Georg II was Duke of Saxe-Meiningen from 1866 until he died in 1914.  In 1850, Georg married Princess Charlotte of Prussia. The couple had four children, but Charlotte died in March 1855, just after giving birth to their fourth child, who also died. In 1858, Georg married Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, the daughter of Ernst I, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Princess Feodora of Leiningen, the elder half-sister of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. They had three children. Georg was passionate about the theatre and established the Meiningen Theater. The company toured extensively throughout Germany and Europe from 1874 to 1890. Georg was also the patron of the Meiningen Court Orchestra. Under his patronage, the orchestra became prominent in the 1880s when Georg hired Hans von Bülow as its conductor. The orchestra served as an ensemble for Johannes Brahms, who even conducted himself when premiering his Fourth Symphony. Brahms remained connected to the orchestra for the rest of his life.
Unofficial Royalty: Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

April 2, 1829 – Death of Friedrich VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, husband of Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom, in Bad Homburg in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg, now in Hesse, Germany; buried in the Mausoleum of the Landgraves in Homburg
Friedrich married Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom, one of the three out of the six daughters of King George III who managed to get married. Both Elizabeth and Friedrich were 48 years old when they married. The marriage was not a love match, but through mutual understanding and respect, it was a happy marriage that met the needs of both Elizabeth and Friedrich. When Friedrich died due to influenza and complications from an old leg wound, Elizabeth wrote, “No woman was ever more happy than I was for eleven years and they will often be lived over again in the memory of the heart.”
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg

April 2, 1867 – Death of Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, wife of Leopold II, Prince of Lippe, in Detmold, then in the Principality of Lippe, now in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia; buried in the Mausoleum on the Büchenberg in Detmold
Princess Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen was the wife of Leopold II, Prince of Lippe. Emilie and Leopold had nine children, including three reigning Princes of Lippe, but none of their children had children. Leopold II had a passion for the theater, and with the help of his wife Emilie, the Lippe Princely Court Theater was established in Detmold in 1825. The theater established by Leopold II and Emilie is still in existence today. Now called the Landestheater Detmold, it is a theater for operas, operettas, musicals, ballets, and stage plays in Detmold, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Unofficial Royalty: Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Princess of Lippe

April 2, 1949 – Death of Louisa McDonnell, Countess of Antrim, Queen Victoria’s Acting Mistress of the Robes 1894, Lady of the Bedchamber 1890–1901, and Queen Alexandra’s Lady of the Bedchamber 1901-1910; in London, England; buried in the Antrim family graveyard at Glenarm Castle in Glenarm, Northern Ireland
Born Louisa Jane Grey, she was the daughter of The Honorable Charles Grey, who served as the Private Secretary to Prince Albert from 1849 until the Prince died in 1861 and then as Private Secretary to Queen Victoria until his own death in 1870. She married William McDonnell, 6th Earl of Antrim.
Unofficial Royalty: Louisa McDonnell, Countess of Antrim

April 2, 1955 – Birth of Princess Sirindhorn of Thailand, daughter of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, at the Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, Dusit Palace in Bangkok, Thailand
Princess Sirindhorn attended Chulalongkorn University, earning a bachelor’s degree in history in 1976. After that, she enrolled in two Master’s programs concurrently, earning a master’s degree in Oriental Epigraphy in 1979 from Silpakorn University, and another in Oriental Languages from Chulalongkorn University in 1980. She later received a doctorate in Educational Development in 1986 from Srinakharinwirot University. The Princess is a professor and Head of the History Department at the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, in addition to many royal duties and visits on behalf of her brother King Maha Vajiralongkorn.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Sirindhorn of Thailand

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Royal News Recap for Monday, March 31, 2025

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April 1: Today in Royal History

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Effigy of Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of England; Credit – Wikipedia

April 1, 1204 – Death of Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of England, wife of King Henry II of England, at Fontevrault Abbey in Maine-et-Loire, Duchy of Anjou, now in France; buried at Fontevrault Abbey
Eleanor of Aquitaine was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, Queen of France (the first wife of King Louis VII of France, marriage annulled after 15 years), and Queen of England (wife of King Henry II of England). She survived her first and second husbands and eight of her ten children. Eleanor was about 82 when she died. No other queen consort was to reach this age for over 700 years. Queen Alexandra, wife of King Edward VII, died at age 81, and Queen Mary, wife of King George V, died at age 85. Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, wife of King George VI, passed away on March 30, 2002, at age 101. Eleanor’s tomb was desecrated during the French Revolution, but her effigy is still displayed at Fontevrault Abbey.
Unofficial Royalty: Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of England

April 1, 1693 – Petronilla Melusina von der Schulenburg, the illegitimate daughter of King George I of Great Britain, was born in the Electorate of Hanover
Born in 1693, the daughter of the future King George I of Great Britain and his mistress Melusine von der Schulenburg, Petronilla Melusina, called Melusina, married Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, a leading Whig politician. The couple had no children. Melusina died on September 16, 1778, aged 85. She was buried with her mother and sister Anna Luise Sophie at Grosvenor Chapel in South Audley Street, London, England
Unofficial Royalty: Petronilla Melusina von der Schulenburg

April 1, 1704 – Birth of Amalie von Wallmoden, Countess of Yarmouth, mistress of King George II of Great Britain, in Hanover, Electorate of Hanover, now in the German state of Lower Saxony
Amalie von Wallmoden, Countess of Yarmouth, was the mistress of King George II of Great Britain from 1735 until he died in 1760. She was the last British royal mistress to be granted a peerage title.
Unofficial Royalty: Amalie von Wallmoden, Countess of Yarmouth, mistress of King George II of Great Britain

April 1, 1825 – Birth of Auguste of Austria, Princess of Bavaria, wife of Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, now in Italy
Auguste was the daughter of Leopoldo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany.  In 1844, she married Prince Luitpold of Bavaria, a younger son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria. The couple had four children, including Ludwig III, the last King of Bavaria. Auguste was a devoted mother to her four children, speaking to them only in Italian, and a strong supporter of her husband and the Bavarian monarchy. In 1848, she publicly criticized her father-in-law, King Ludwig I, for his relationship with his mistress Lola Montez, and its negative effects on the Bavarian monarchy.  On April 26, 1864, Princess Auguste died, aged 39, from tuberculosis, which she had suffered from for many years.
Unofficial Royalty: Auguste of Austria, Princess of Bavaria

April 1, 1851 – Birth of Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen in Meiningen, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen now in Thuringia, Germany
Full name: Bernhard III Friedrich Wilhelm Albrecht Georg
Bernhard III was the last reigning Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, a scholar, a Field Marshal in the Prussian army, and the husband of Queen Victoria’s granddaughter Princess Charlotte of Prussia. He was interested in the Greek language and was the author and translator of several works. Between 1873 and 1894, he made numerous study trips to Greece and Asia Minor, where he visited archaeological sites and worked with well-known archaeologists. In 1878,  Bernhard married Princess Charlotte of Prussia, the eldest daughter of Friedrich III, German Emperor and King of Prussia and Victoria, Princess Royal, and the sister of Wilhelm II, German Emperor. Bernhard and Charlotte had one child. After his abdication in 1918 at the end of World War I, Bernhard lived his remaining years at Schloss Altenstein in Bad Liebenstein, now in Germany. His wife Charlotte died in 1919. Bernhard survived her by nine years, dying at the age of 76.
Unofficial Royalty: Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

April 1, 1922 – Death of Karl I, the last Emperor of Austria, in Madeira, Portugal; buried at the Church of Our Lady of the Monte in Madeira, Portugal; his heart is with the heart of his wife Zita at Loreto Chapel of Muri Abbey near Basle, Switzerland
In 1911, Karl married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma. The couple had eight children. Their oldest child Otto, Crown Prince during his father’s short reign, was the longest surviving of their children and died on July 4, 2011, at the age of 98. In 1889, after the suicide of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, the only son of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, the next heir was Karl’s grandfather Archduke Karl Ludwig, but he renounced his claim in favor of his son Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the heir until his assassination on June 28, 1914, an event that was one of the causes of World War I. Franz Ferdinand had been allowed to make a morganatic marriage with the condition that the children of the marriage would not have succession rights. Upon Franz Ferdinand’s death, Karl became the heir. He succeeded to the throne upon the death of Emperor Franz Joseph I in 1916 and was the last Emperor of Austria. Karl spent the rest of his life in exile, dying in 1922. On October 3, 2004, Pope John Paul II beatified Karl I, the last Emperor of Austria, and he is known as Blessed Karl of Austria. Beatification is the third of four steps toward sainthood in the Roman Catholic Church. On January 31, 2008, the Roman Catholic Church, after a 16-month investigation, formally recognized a second miracle attributed to Karl I which is required for his canonization as a saint. However, no word on his canonization has been forthcoming.
Unofficial Royalty: Emperor Karl I of Austria

April 1, 1947 – Death of King George II of Greece at the Royal Palace in Athens, Greece; buried at Tatoi Royal Cemetery in Tatoi, Greece
George II was the eldest son of King Constantine I of Greece and Princess Sophie of Prussia. Due to unrest in Greece, George was King of Greece twice (1st reign 1922 – 1924, monarchy abolished; 2nd reign 1935 – 1947)  and was forced into exile three times. Also unlucky in marriage, he married his second cousin, Princess Elisabeta of Romania. Their marriage was childless and ended in divorce. His health declining, George was found unconscious in his office at the Royal Palace in Athens, Greece on April 1, 1947. Several hours later, it was announced that he had died of arteriosclerosis.
Unofficial Royalty: King George II of Greece

April 1, 1975 – Death of Philipp Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg in Ravensburg, Germany; buried in the family crypt in Altshausen, Germany
Full name: Georg Philipp Albrecht Carl Maria Joseph Ludwig Lubertus Stanislaus Leopold
Philipp Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg was Head of the House of Württemberg, and pretender to the former throne, from 1939 until he died in 1975.
Unofficial Royalty: Philipp Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg

April 1, 1993 – Death of Infante Juan of Spain, Count of Barcelona, son of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, father of King Juan Carlos of Spain, in Pamplona, Spain; buried in the Royal Crypt at San Lorenzo del Escorial in Escorial, Spain
Juan was a great-grandson of Queen Victoria through his mother Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg. In 1935, he married Princess Maria Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. The couple had four children, including King Juan Carlos I of Spain. After both of his elder brothers renounced their succession rights, Juan became heir apparent to the Spanish throne.  After the Spanish monarchy was overthrown and the Second Spanish Republic was declared, the royal family went into exile. In 1947, Francisco Franco, the dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975, declared that the monarchy would be restored after his death. It would be another 22 years before Franco named his successor. Feeling that Juan would be too liberal, he instead passed over him and chose Juan’s son, Juan Carlos, as heir to the Spanish throne. Despite never being King of Spain, Juan was buried with the honors of a king upon his death in 1993.
Unofficial Royalty: Infante Juan of Spain, Count of Barcelona

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Monaco Styles and Titles

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2025

The reigning family of the Principality of Monaco, the House of Grimaldi, descends from Otto Canella, a 12th-century Genoese statesman, and takes its name from his son Grimaldo Canella. Grimaldo had a son, Oberto, known as “Oberto, son of Grimaldo” or “Oberto Grimaldi,” making him the first of the family to use the surname of Grimaldi. The Grimaldi family has ruled Monaco for eight centuries, making it Europe’s longest-ruling royal family.

In 1297, François Grimaldi, dressed as a Franciscan monk, seized the Rock of Monaco. His cousin Rainier I, Lord of Cagnes, was the first Grimaldi ruler of the area now known as Monaco. However, Genoa, Milan, and France occupied the area for several periods. The first rulers were Lords of Monaco. From 1612 onward, the rulers were sovereign Princes. Monaco has had one sovereign Princess, Louise Hippolyte, who reigned for ten months in 1731 before she died from smallpox.

The Style His Serene Highness and Her Serene Highness

Monaco is a principality. A principality is a sovereign state ruled by a regnant monarch with the title of Prince or Princess. The sovereign of Monaco (the reigning Prince or Princess of Monaco) and the other Princes and Princesses of Monaco are all styled His Serene Highness and Her Serene Highness. This is the usual style for a Princely Family of a Principality. The same practice is used in the Principality of Liechtenstein, except Liechtenstein’s succession does not allow for a female Sovereign Princess.

The Monarch of Monaco

Prince Albert II of Monaco; Credit – By Belgian Presidency of the Council of the EU 2024 from Belgium – 24_03_07_BLUE_LEADERS_ByPixelshake-344, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=146336017

His Serene Highness Prince Albert II is the current reigning Prince of Monaco. His father Prince Rainier III died on April 6, 2005, and Albert became the reigning Prince of Monaco. Monaco had one reigning Princess, Louise-Hippolyte, who reigned for ten months in 1731 before she died from smallpox.

In 1612, Honoré II, Lord of Monaco started using the title of Prince of Monaco, becoming the first Prince of Monaco. Monaco was recognized as a sovereign principality by King Felipe IV of Spain in 1633 and by King Louis XIII of France in the 1641 Treaty of Péronne. Under the Treaty of Péronne, the Principality of Monaco became a French protectorate and the Spanish troops in Monaco were finally removed. The Princes of Monaco became vassals of the Kings of France while remaining sovereign princes.

Because of the treaty with France, Honoré II lost his Spanish lands and their income. To make up for the loss, King Louis XIII gave Honoré II the Duchy of Valentinois, the Marquisate of Baux, the County of Carladès, the City of Chabeuil, the Baronies of Calvinet, Buis, and the Lordship of Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Although the lands connected to these titles eventually reverted to France, some of these titles have been bestowed upon members of the Princely Family of Monaco over the years.

The Consort of Monaco

Princess Charlene of Monaco; Credit – Prince’s Palace of Monaco

The wives of the reigning Prince of Monaco have been styled Her Serene Highness Princess <name> of Monaco. The current consort of Monaco is Her Serene Highness Princess Charlene, born Charlene Lynette Wittstock in Bulawayo, Rhodesia, the former name of the country of Zimbabwe.

So far, there has only been one male consort of Monaco, the husband of Louise-Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco, Jacques François Goyon, Count de Matignon. The greatest concern of Louise-Hippolyte’s father, Antonio I, Prince of Monaco (reigned 1701 – 1731), was the future of the House of Grimaldi. Because Antonio’s only legitimate children were all daughters, the heir to the throne was his only brother François Honoré Grimaldi, a Catholic priest with the title Monsieur l’Abbé de Monaco, later Archbishop of Besançon. In 1715, François Honoré renounced his claim to the throne of Monaco, and Antonio’s elder surviving daughter Louise-Hippolyte became his heir. Antonio decided, with the permission of King Louis XIV of France, that Louise-Hippolyte’s husband would take the surname Grimaldi and jointly rule Monaco with her.

In 1689, Louise-Hippolyte married Jacques François Goyon, Count de Matignon, from a wealthy French noble family, and the couple resided in Paris, France. Jacques was given the style and title His Serene Highness Prince Jacques of Monaco. In 1731, Louise-Hippolyte’s father Antonio I, Prince of Monaco died, and she was now the reigning Princess of Monaco, and Jacques was to co-reign.

However, Louise-Hippolyte traveled alone from Paris to Monaco, and the people of Monaco received her enthusiastically. Louise-Hippolyte immediately took the loyalty oath, but her husband Jacques was not mentioned. Louise-Hippolyte decreed that she would be the sole ruler, all documents would be issued in her name only, and her husband and children would stay in France. Louise-Hippolyte had a very short reign of ten months. She died from smallpox at the age of 34, on December 29, 1731.

Upon Louise-Hippolyte’s death, her husband Jacques became the legal guardian of their eldest son, Prince Honoré III, and returned to Monaco with a plan. Jacques should rule as Prince of Monaco until Honoré reached his twenty-fifth birthday. However, Jacques I, Prince of Monaco neglected the affairs of state and, under pressure, was forced to leave Monaco. In May 1732. Jacques officially abdicated in favor of his son Honoré III on November 7, 1733.

The Heir to the Throne of Monaco – Hereditary Prince of Monaco

Hereditary Prince Jacques of Monaco with his twin sister Princess Gabriella of Monaco

His Serene Highness Hereditary Prince Jacques of Monaco, Marquis of Baux is the current heir to the throne. He is the only (legitimate) son of Prince Albert II and has a twin sister Her Serene Highness Princess Gabriella of Monaco, Countess of Carladès, who was born first.

The line of succession to the throne of Monaco is male-preference primogeniture, where males take precedence over females and older children take precedence over younger ones. Illegitimate children have no succession rights, however, if their parents marry, they would be legitimized. If there is no heir, the Crown Council selects a new reigning prince from the more distant members of the family who are citizens of Monaco

Members of the Princely Family must have the sovereign’s consent to marry. Those who marry without consent lose succession rights for themselves and their descendants. If a family member marries without the sovereign’s consent, and no children are born, and the marriage is dissolved, then that person will regain succession rights.

Currently, the title of Hereditary Prince of Monaco is regulated by the second paragraph of Article 2 of the Ordinance of May 15, 1882, revised by order on May 29, 2002, which says “heir of the reigning prince who is closest in the order of succession resulting from the said provisions is hereditary prince”. For a woman to be the Hereditary Princess of Monaco, the sovereign of Monaco must issue a Sovereign Order. The eldest child of Prince Rainier III, Princess Caroline, who descended from the reigning sovereign prince and was first in the order of succession from her birth on January 23, 1957, until the birth of her brother, the future Prince Albert II, on March 14, 1958, was never titled Hereditary Princess, but was titled Princess of Monaco.

There has been only one Hereditary Princess of Monaco, Princess Charlotte of Monaco, Duchess of Valentinois. She started life as Charlotte Louise Juliette Louvet, the illegitimate daughter of the future Prince Louis II of Monaco and Marie Juliette Louvet. Because Louis was unmarried and without an heir, the Monegasque throne was likely to pass to his first cousin once removed, Wilhelm, Duke of Urach, a German nobleman, the son of his father’s aunt Princess Florestine of Monaco.

To avoid this, Louis’ father, Prince Albert I had a law passed recognizing Charlotte as Louis’ heir and a member of the princely family. However, this law was later ruled invalid under earlier statutes. In October 1918, another law was passed allowing for the adoption of an heir with succession rights. On May 16, 1919, Prince Louis II legally adopted Charlotte. Prince Albert I gave Charlotte the Grimaldi surname and named her Her Serene Princess Charlotte of Monaco and Duchess of Valentinois. Upon Prince Louis II’s accession in 1922, Charlotte became the Hereditary Princess of Monaco. However, Charlotte knew that because of the circumstances of her birth, the very Catholic Monaco would never fully accept her as the reigning Princess of Monaco. In 1944, Charlotte renounced her succession rights to the Monegasque throne in favor of her son Rainier. Five years later, Charlotte’s father died and her son became Rainier III, the reigning Prince of Monaco.

Prince and Princess of Monaco

Princess Stephanie of Monaco, the younger of the two daughters of Prince Rainier III

The children of the Sovereign of Monaco are styled and titled His/Her Serene Highness Prince/Princess <name> of Monaco. We are surmising that children of the Hereditary Prince of Monaco and other male-line grandchildren, the children of sons of the sovereign of Monaco, are also styled His/Her Serene Highness Prince/Princess <name> of Monaco. However, it has been quite a while since that situation existed. Going back to Prince Joseph of Monaco, the second son of Honoré III, Prince of Monaco, Joseph’s three daughters were princesses, so there is a precedent.

Princess Caroline, daughter of Prince Rainier III and sister of Prince Albert II, is styled and titled Her Royal Highness The Princess of Hanover. In 1999, Caroline married His Royal Highness Prince Ernst August (V) of Hanover, the pretender to the thrones of the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick. In 1919, German royalty and nobility lost their privileges in Germany. Thereafter, hereditary titles could only be used legally as part of surnames. In 1931, Prince Ernst August (III), Duke of Brunswick declared that his descendants, as the senior male-line descendants of King George III of the United Kingdom, who was also King of Hanover, would continue to use British HRH Prince/Princess. However, legally, they are not British HRH Prince/Princess. All titles used by the family are used in pretense.

Other Titles

The sovereign of Monaco also holds other hereditary titles, some of which are occasionally bestowed on relatives or their spouses. All these titles were received with their lands, at different times and in different ways. These titles no longer imply ownership of territories, although the Princes of Monaco have long owned property in France. The French titles have been considered extinct in France since 1949. The most prominent titles, Duke of Valentinois and Marquis of Baux, are discussed below.

Duke of Valentinois

Prince Honoré II of Monaco, King Louis XIII of France created him Duke of Valentinois; Credit – Wikipedia

Originally in the French peerage, Duke of Valentinois is a title held by the Sovereign of Monaco despite its extinction in French law in 1949.

1498 – First Creation – The title was first created by King Louis XII of France for Cesare Borgia, an illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI of the House of Borgia in 1498. Cesare Borgia had no legitimate sons so the title became extinct when he died.

1548 – Second Creation – King Henri II of France created his mistress Diane de Poitiers Duchess of Valentinois. Because of the Salic Law, when Diane de Poitiers died the title became extinct.

1642 – Third Creation – King Louis XIII of France created the title by letters patent for Honoré II, Prince of Monaco. Honoré II’s only child Hercule Grimaldi, Marquis of Baux predeceased him. When Honoré II died, Hercule’s only son Louis I, Prince of Monaco succeeded his grandfather and then bore all his titles. The title then proceeded to Louis I’s son Antonio I, Prince of Monaco. The title’s inheritance was restricted to males and Antonio had only daughters, so his brother François-Honoré Grimaldi was the heir. However, François-Honoré became a priest and renounced his claims to the throne of Monaco, and Antonio’s elder daughter Louise Hippolyte became his heir. With the permission of King Louis XIV of France, Antonio decided that Louise Hippolyte’s husband would take the surname Grimaldi and jointly rule Monaco with her.

1715 – Fourth Creation – In 1715, Antonio’s eldest daughter and heiress Louise-Hippolyte married Jacques-François de Goyon-Matignon. King Louis XV of France recreated the title of Duke of Valentinois by letters patent for Jacques, who was to rule jointly with his wife Louise-Hippolyte. Like the previous creation, the Duke of Valemtinois’s inheritance was restricted to males. The title passed uninterrupted for several generations from Prince of Monaco to Prince of Monaco: Jacques to Honoré III, Honoré IV, Honoré V, Florestan I, Charles III, Albert I.

As stated above, the only child of Prince Albert I, the future Prince Louis II, was unmarried and without an heir. Prince Albert I had a law passed recognizing Louis II’s illegitimate child Charlotte as Louis’ heir and a member of the princely family and named her Her Serene Princess Charlotte of Monaco and Duchess of Valentinois. At this time, there was not a new creation of the French title Duchess of Valentinois. The fourth creation allowed for only male inheritance. The male descendants of Prince Louis II were legally the only claimants.

In 1949, when Prince Louis II died, he was succeeded by his grandson Prince Rainier III, the son of Princess Charlotte. Rainier III claimed the title Duke of Valentinois, possibly under the assumption that in 1919, France, no longer a monarchy, but a republic, implicitly recreated the French title for his mother Princess Charlotte when she was legally adopted by her father Prince Louis II. However, no French republic has ever created or re-created any title.

Marquis of Baux

Prince Ercole, son of Prince Honoré III was the first heir to use the title, but he predeceased his father; Credit – Wikipedia

The current Marquis of Baux is Hereditary Prince Jacques of Monaco, the only (legitimate) son of Prince Albert II of Monaco. Marquis of Baux is a subsidiary title of the sovereign of Monaco and is usually given to the male heir-apparent or male heir presumptive of the throne of Monaco. The title was originally Lord of Baux and was used by several other noble and royal houses.

King Louis XIII of France re-granted the title Lord of Baux as the Marquis of Baux to Prince Honoré II of Monaco by the 1641 Treaty of Péronne. The first heir to use the title was Prince Honoré III’s only child Prince Ercole, who predeceased his father, dying in a firearms accident.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

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