Yearly Archives: 2017

Karl I, King of Württemberg

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Kingdom of Württemberg: Württemberg was a County, a Duchy, and an Electorate before becoming a Kingdom in 1806. At the end of 1805, in exchange for contributing forces to France’s armies, Napoleon, Emperor of the French recognized Württemberg as a kingdom, with Elector Friedrich formally becoming King Friedrich I  on January 1, 1806. The reign of Wilhelm II, the last King of Württemberg, came to an end in November 1918, after the fall of the German Empire led to the abdications of all the ruling families. Today the land that encompassed the Kingdom of Württemberg is located in the German state Baden-Württemberg.

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Karl I, King of Württemberg – source: Wikipedia

King Karl of Württemberg reigned from 1864 until he died in 1891. He was born Karl Friedrich Alexander on March 6, 1823, in Stuttgart, Kingdom of Württemberg, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, the son of King Wilhelm I of Württemberg and Duchess Pauline of Württemberg. He had two siblings:

He also had two half-siblings from his father’s first marriage to Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna of Russia:

Karl underwent the traditional military training expected of someone in his position. He also studied in Berlin and at the University of Tübingen. Karl often traveled throughout Europe and in January 1846, he met his future bride in Palermo, then in the Kingdom of Sicily, now in Italy.

Karl’s wife Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia; Credit – Wikipedia

Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia was the daughter of Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia and Princess Charlotte of Prussia. Her parents hoped to find a significant dynastic marriage for Olga, and the future King of Württemberg was, or so they thought, a perfect choice. Karl and Olga met just a few times before he proposed to her on January 18, 1846. Six months later, on July 13, 1846, they married at the Peterhof Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia. In Württemberg, they took up residence at Villa Berg, Karl’s summer palace in Stuttgart. They had no children, but later adopted Olga’s niece Grand Duchess Vera Konstantinovna.

Karl, Olga and Vera, c1870. source: Wikipedia

The marriage appeared to be happy, but possibly it was never consummated. By most accounts, Karl was homosexual and enjoyed very close relationships with several men through the years. One of these was an American, Charles Woodcock, who served as a reader to Queen Olga. The King and 27-year-old Woodcock became very close, even appearing together in public wearing matching clothes. Soon, Karl appointed Woodcock as his chamberlain, and in 1888, created him Baron Woodcock-Savage. However, a public scandal quickly erupted, and Karl was forced to end the relationship and sent Woodcock back to the United States. Following Woodcock’s departure, the King allegedly developed a relationship with the technical director of the royal theater, which would last for the remainder of his life.

Karl I, King of Württemberg source: Wikipedia

Karl took the throne as King Karl I upon his father’s death in June 1864. He was far more liberal than his father, and this was reflected in his actions. He restored the freedom of the press and universal suffrage. Although he sided with Austria during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, he soon entered into a treaty with Prussia, and would later fight alongside them in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. He was the last of the kingdoms to join the North German Confederation, and when the German Empire was proclaimed in 1871, coincidentally on his 25th wedding anniversary, he chose not to attend but instead was represented by his cousin Prince August of Württemberg.  Several years later, he arranged the marriage of his adopted daughter Vera to Duke Eugen of Württemberg. The couple married in May 1874 and had three children.

Tombs of King Karl and Queen Olga. photo: By Wuselig – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49313906

King Karl died in Stuttgart, Kingdom of Württemberg, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, on October 6, 1891. He is buried in the crypt beneath the Schlosskirche at the Old Castle (Altes Schloss) in Stuttgart next to his wife.

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Württemberg Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Pauline of Württemberg, Queen of Württemberg

by Scott Mehl © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Pauline of Württemberg, Queen of Württemberg – source: Wikipedia

Queen Pauline of Württemberg was the third wife of King Wilhelm I of Württemberg. She was born Duchess Pauline Therese Luise of Württemberg on September 4, 1800, in Riga, Russian Empire, now in Latvia, the daughter of Duke Ludwig of Württemberg and Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg. She had four siblings:

Pauline one half-sibling from her father’s first marriage to  Princess Maria Czartoryska:

King Wilhelm I, c1822. source: Wikipedia

In Stuttgart, Kingdom of Württemberg, now in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, on April 15, 1820, she married her first cousin, King Wilhelm I of Württemberg, as his third wife. He was the son of King Friedrich I of Württemberg and Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. They had three children:

Queen Pauline with her son, the future King Karl I, c1825. source: Wikipedia

The couple seemed happy at first, but within a few years, the King had returned to his mistresses and the marriage became very strained. While not getting the respect she deserved from her husband, Pauline did receive much respect from the people of Württemberg – both for her devotion to helping the poor and because she had provided an heir to the throne.

After King Wilhelm died in 1864, Pauline lived much of her remaining years in Switzerland. She died in Stuttgart, Kingdom of Württemberg, now in the German state of Baden-Württemberg on March 10, 1873, and is buried in the Royal Crypt in the Palace Chapel at Ludwigsburg Palace in Ludwigsburg, Kingdom of Württemberg, now in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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Württemberg Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Ekaterina Pavlovna of Russia, Queen of Württemberg

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Ekaterina Pavlovna of Russia, Queen of Württemberg – source: Wikipedia

Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna of Russia was the second wife of King Wilhelm I of Württemberg. She was born at the Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg, Russia, on May 10, 1788, the sixth child of Paul I, Emperor of All Russia and his second wife Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. Ekaterina had nine siblings:

Ekaterina was particularly close with her eldest brother, the future Emperor Alexander I. They maintained an extensive correspondence their entire lives, and he viewed her as one of his closest confidantes.

Prince Georg of Oldenburg, c1811. source: Wikipedia

By 1809, the French Emperor Napoléon had made it known to Emperor Alexander I that he was interested in marrying Ekaterina. He was in the midst of divorcing his wife Joséphine to find a wife who could provide him with an heir. He was also desperately hoping to gain an alliance with Russia. But Ekaterina’s family – particularly her mother – would have no part of such an idea, and the Dowager Empress quickly arranged a marriage for her daughter.

On August 3, 1809, Ekaterina married her first cousin, Duke Georg of Oldenburg, the son of Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg and Duchess Friederike of Württemberg. The couple had two sons:

On the day of their marriage, Georg was given the style of Imperial Highness and appointed Governor-General of the province of Tver. Despite being arranged, the marriage was a happy one. Sadly, however, it was short-lived. Georg contracted typhoid and died on December 27, 1812.

Wilhelm of Württemberg. source: Wikipedia

Ekaterina took refuge with her family and often traveled with her brother  Emperor Alexander I of Russia. On a visit to Great Britain in 1814, she first met another first cousin Crown Prince Wilhelm of Württemberg. He was the son of King Friedrich I of Württemberg and Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. It was love at first sight, even though Wilhelm was married at the time to his first wife Karoline Augusta of Bavaria. Soon after that first meeting, in August 1814 Wilhelm received a divorce from his wife because the marriage had not been consummated. It had been an arranged marriage and the two had little in common and little interest in each other, and an annulment was granted by the Pope on January 12, 1816. Twelve days later, on January 24, 1816, Ekaterina and Wilhelm were married in St. Petersburg. They had two daughters:

On October 30, 1816 – the day she gave birth to her first daughter – Katharina (having taken the German version of her name) also became Queen of Württemberg when her husband succeeded to the throne following his father’s death. She became very active in charity work in her new country, which was in a period of great need due to crop failures and widespread famine. In 1817, Katharina established the Central Charitable Society which worked to help people in need. She also established the Queen-Katharina-Stift, a school for girls.

The Württemberg Mausoleum, Stuttgart. photo: By Julian Herzog, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43006254

Despite their happy marriage, Wilhelm continued his relationships with numerous mistresses, including the Italian Blanche de la Flèche. When Katharina was made aware of this, she drove to Scharnhausen on January 3, 1819, where she found Wilhelm and his mistress together. She quickly returned to Stuttgart, the Kingdom of Württemberg, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, and just six days later, on January 9, 1819, 30-year-old Queen Katharina died of complications from pneumonia which she had apparently contracted from not being dressed warmly enough on her travels to confront her husband. King Wilhelm had the Württemberg Mausoleum built in Rotenberg, Stuttgart, and her remains were interred there in 1824.

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Württemberg Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Wilhelm I, King of Württemberg

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Kingdom of Württemberg: Württemberg was a County, a Duchy, and an Electorate before becoming a Kingdom in 1806. At the end of 1805, in exchange for contributing forces to France’s armies, Napoleon, Emperor of the French recognized Württemberg as a kingdom, with Elector Friedrich formally becoming King Friedrich I  on January 1, 1806. The reign of Wilhelm II, the last King of Württemberg, came to an end in November 1918, after the fall of the German Empire led to the abdications of all the ruling families. Today the land that encompassed the Kingdom of Württemberg is located in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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King Wilhelm I of Württemberg; Credit – Wikipedia

King Wilhelm I of Württemberg reigned from 1816 until he died in 1864. He was born Friedrich Wilhelm Karl (known as Fritz) on September 27, 1781, in Lüben, Kingdom of Prussia, now Lubin, Poland, to the future King Friedrich I of Württemberg and his wife Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He had three siblings:

Fritz’s early years were spent in Russia, where his father served as Governor-General of Eastern Finland. They left Russia in 1786 and eventually took up residence at the Ludwigsburg Palace, where Fritz and his brother received a strict education. In 1797, his father became reigning Duke of Württemberg, and Fritz was the Hereditary Prince. By this time, Fritz’s relationship with his father had grown strained, as Fritz rebelled against his strict upbringing and his father’s domineering manner. He attended the University of Tübingen and served as a volunteer in the Austrian Army. Despite returning to Württemberg in 1801, his relationship with his father continued to deteriorate, compounded by Fritz’s relationship with Therese von Abel, the daughter of a politician. Fritz once again left Württemberg in 1803, settling in Saarburg, where Therese gave birth to twins who died shortly after birth.

Fritz returned to Württemberg in 1805, and although his father did not include him in the affairs of state, he set up his own court. The following year, Württemberg became a Kingdom but was soon defeated after joining the coalition against Napoléon. The French Emperor, wanting to establish close dynastic ties to Württemberg, arranged for the marriage of his brother Jérôme, to Fritz’s sister Catherina.

Princess Karoline Auguste of Bavaria. source: Wikipedia

To avoid being forced into a marriage by Napoleon, Fritz quickly negotiated to marry Princess Karoline Auguste of Bavaria., the daughter of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and Augusta Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt. The couple was married in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, now in the German state of Bavaria, on June 8, 1808. Fritz had no interest in his wife, they had no children, and his marriage would be relatively short-lived. Soon after his marriage, Fritz met his brother-in-law Jérôme’s former mistress Blanche La Flèche, and began an affair that would continue for much of his life. However, Fritz also fell in love with someone else.

Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna. source: Wikipedia

While in London in 1814, Fritz met and fell in love with his first cousin Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna of Russia. Ekaterina was the daughter of Paul I, Emperor of All Russia and his second wife Princess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg, and was the widow of Duke Georg of Oldenburg. With Napoleon no longer in power, Fritz quickly sought a divorce from Karoline Auguste. After she quickly agreed, and with the consent of both of their fathers, a divorce was granted in August 1814. However, the Pope did not issue an annulment until January 1816. Later that year, Fritz’s first wife Karoline Auguste married Emperor Franz I of Austria, as his fourth wife.

Twelve days after the annulment was granted, Fritz married Ekaterina in St. Petersburg on January 24, 1816. During their short marriage, the couple had two daughters:

Fritz became King of Württemberg upon his father’s death on October 30, 1816. As a way of distancing himself from his father’s reign, he dropped his first name and chose to reign as King Wilhelm I. He came to the throne during a difficult time in Württemberg, with 1816 being known as the Year Without A Summer. However, Wilhelm and his wife are credited with making great strides to alleviate the suffering and establishing policies and reforms that helped the people of Württemberg, regardless of social class. The king arranged for food and livestock to be imported, and established an Agricultural Academy to help promote the growth of crops and better general nutrition amongst his people. The Queen established numerous charities to help the poor and was behind the establishment of the Württemberg State Savings Bank in 1818.

Duchess Pauline of Württemberg. source: Wikipedia

Sadly, the Queen died on January 9, 1819, leaving Wilhelm a widower with two young daughters. To find a stepmother for his children, and hopefully, to provide a male heir, Wilhelm again set out to find a bride. On April 15, 1820, in Stuttgart, Wilhelm married another first cousin, Duchess Pauline of Württemberg. She was the daughter of Duke Ludwig of Württemberg and Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg.

The couple had three children:

King Wilhelm with Queen Pauline and his children – Karl; Sophie and Marie (center); Katherina and Augusta (bottom). source: Wikipedia

Despite the public perception that the marriage was happy, it was far from it. The King had maintained his affair with Blanche La Flèche, and in 1828, began a relationship with a German actress Amalie von Stubenrauch, which would last until his death.

Wilhelm’s reign saw the economic boom of the 1830s, the expansion of roads and shipping routes, and a healthy and prosperous economy. But by the mid-1840s, several years of poor harvests had led to a rise in famine and calls for a more democratic government. Protests in 1848, and another revolution in France, led to Wilhelm conceding many of the demands being made – reinstating freedom of the press, and agreeing to form a liberal government.

King Wilhelm I, c1860. source: Wikipedia

In his later years, King Wilhelm’s health deteriorated, and he had little contact with his family, instead, spending all of his time in the company of his mistress Amalie von Stubenrauch. Knowing his death was approaching, he had all of his letters and journals destroyed. King Wilhelm I died on June 25, 1864, at Schloss Rosenstein in Stuttgart, Kingdom of Württemberg, now in Baden-of Württemberg, Germany. He was buried in the Württemberg Mausoleum in Stuttgart, next to his second wife. In his will, he left bequests to two of his mistresses and excluded his last wife Queen Pauline.

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Württemberg Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess Friedrich of Württemberg

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess Friedrich of Württemberg; Credit – Wikipedia

Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was the first wife of the future King Friedrich I of Württemberg. She was born August Caroline Friederike Luise (known in the family as Zelmira) on December 3, 1764, in Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, now in Lower Saxony, Germany. Her parents were Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Princess Augusta of Great Britain, a sister of King George III. Augusta had six siblings:

Friedrich of Württemberg. source: Wikipedia

On October 15, 1780, in Brunswick, Augusta married Prince Friedrich of Württemberg (later King Friedrich I). He was the son of Friedrich Eugen, Duke of Württemberg and Margravine Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt. Despite an unhappy marriage, Augusta and Friedrich had four children:

Koluvere Castle. photo: By MinuHiiumaa – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0 ee, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35791062

The marriage was a disaster from the start, with Augusta wanting to leave her husband as early as her first pregnancy. However, they remained married for several years. In 1782, Friedrich had impressed Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia while visiting Russia, and she made him Governor-General of Eastern Finland. Four years later, while they were visiting the Empress in St. Petersburg, Augusta asked Catherine for protection from her husband. She claimed that Friedrich was abusive to her, and was having affairs with several men. The Empress took Augusta in and told Friedrich to leave the country. Augusta hoped to obtain a divorce, but her father would not permit it. So the Empress provided Augusta with a home at Koluvere Castle in Estonia, along with a custodian, Wilhelm von Pohlmann. Soon, Augusta and von Pohlmann began an affair and she became pregnant.

Augusta’s tomb in the Kullamaa Church. photo: By Avjoska – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16334954

On September 27, 1788, Augusta went into premature labor. Fearing that their affair would become known, von Pohlmann refused to call for a doctor and Augusta died of blood loss. She was quickly buried in an unmarked grave in the nearby Kullamaa Church. To avoid a scandal, both Empress Catherine II and Augusta’s father were told that she had died suddenly, with a broken blood vessel as the cause of death. The truth did not come out until many years later when her son had her body exhumed and the details of her death investigated.

Württemberg Resources at Unofficial Royalty

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Friedrich I, King of Württemberg

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Kingdom of Württemberg: Württemberg was a County, a Duchy, and an Electorate before becoming a Kingdom in 1806. At the end of 1805, in exchange for contributing forces to France’s armies, Napoleon, Emperor of the French recognized Württemberg as a kingdom, with Elector Friedrich formally becoming King Friedrich I  on January 1, 1806. The reign of Wilhelm II, the last King of Württemberg, came to an end in November 1918, after the fall of the German Empire led to the abdications of all the ruling families. Today the land that encompassed the Kingdom of Württemberg is located in the German state Baden-Württemberg.

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Friedrich I, King of Württemberg – source: Wikipedia

King Friedrich I was the first King of Württemberg, reigning from 1805 to 1816. He was born Friedrich Wilhelm Karl, on November 6, 1754, at the Treptow Palace in Treptow an der Rega, Pomerania (now Trzebiatów, Poland), the eldest child of Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Württemberg and Margravine Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt. Friedrich had eleven siblings:

At the time of his birth, Friedrich was fourth in line to become Duke of Württemberg, behind his grandfather (the reigning Duke), his two childless uncles, and his father. However, his grandfather did not include any of his family in the government of the dukedom, so Freidrich set out on a military career in the Prussian court of King Friedrich II (the Great) of Prussia. He entered the Prussian Army in June 1774 and fought in the War of the Bavarian Succession.

Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. source: Wikipedia

On October 15, 1780, in Brunswick, Friedrich married Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. She was the daughter of Carl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and Princess Augusta of Great Britain. Her younger sister Caroline later married the future King George IV of the United Kingdom. Friedrich and Augusta had four children:

Catherine the Great. source: Wikipedia

In 1781, Friedrich resigned from the Prussian Army and joined his sister Sophie and her husband in Russia. The Russian Empress Catherine the Great was intrigued with Friedrich and named him Governor-General of Eastern Finland.

Despite a quickly expanding family, Friedrich’s marriage to Augusta was not happy. While visiting St. Petersburg in 1786, Augusta sought refuge from Catherine the Great, claiming that Friedrich was violent to her and was having physical relationships with several men. The Empress took Augusta in and strongly suggested to Friedrich that he leave the country. After Augusta’s father refused to permit a divorce, Empress Catherine gave her refuge at Koluvere Castle in Estonia. The Empress also provided a caretaker, with whom Augusta soon began an affair and became pregnant. Just after giving birth prematurely in September 1788, Augusta died as a result of complications from the birth.

Charlotte, Princess Royal. source: Wikipedia

The following year, on May 18, 1797, at St. James’s Palace in London, England, Friedrich married again to Charlotte, Princess Royal. She was the eldest daughter of King George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. They had one stillborn daughter born in 1798.

Upon his father’s death in December 1797, Friedrich became Duke of Württemberg. Two years later, Friedrich and his family fled to Vienna when the French forces occupied Württemberg. When the empire was reorganized following France’s annexation of the west bank of the Rhine, Württemberg was raised to an Electorate and Friedrich became Elector on February 25, 1803.

In exchange for providing France with a large armed force, Napoleon allowed Friedrich to raise Württemberg to a kingdom in 1805. He formally became King of Württemberg on January 1, 1806, and was crowned that day in Stuttgart. Friedrich quickly left the Holy Roman Empire and joined the Confederation of the Rhine. To recognize the new alliance between Friedrich and Napoleon, a marriage was arranged between Friedrich’s daughter Catharina and Napoleon’s younger brother Jérôme Bonaparte. Despite being on opposite sides from his father-in-law, King George III of the United Kingdom, Friedrich used his family connections to serve as a mediator between Britain and other foreign powers.

Friedrich changed his alliance during the 1813 War of Liberation and sided with the Allies, capitalizing on his close relationship with the British and Russian rulers. His position as King of Württemberg was confirmed at the Congress of Vienna, after which he joined the newly formed German Confederation.

In the fall of 1816, King Friedrich developed pneumonia and died in Stuttgart on October 30, 1816. He was buried in the Royal Crypt in the Palace Chapel at Ludwigsburg Palace in Ludwigsburg, Kingdom of Württemberg, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Württemberg Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Top Ten Articles of April 2017

The top ten viewed articles for April 2017 listed below have among them articles about royals who had a birthday or wedding anniversary in April.  Wedding articles are always popular. Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones’ wedding article is our most popular one with over 43,000 views since its publication.  During the month of June, the traditional month for weddings, we will be featuring a selection of royal wedding articles.

We invite you to spend some time checking out our archive of over 1,000 articles about royalty, past and present, at Unofficial Royalty: Royal Articles Index.

  1. Americans Who Married Royalty
  2. Wedding of Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones and Daniel Chatto
  3. Fort Belvedere, Windsor Great Park

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  4. Tragedy in the British Royal Family at the End of August
  5. Princess Muna al-Hussein of Jordan
  6. King Edward VIII, The Duke of Windsor
  7. European Monarchs at the Start of World War I in 1914
  8. Wedding of King George VI and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
  9. The Spencers’ Royal Stuart Ancestors
  10. Younger Children of Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein: Prince Maximilian, Prince Constantin, Princess Tatjana

May 1917: Royalty and World War I

by Susan Flantzer

  • The Reverend The Honorable Maurice Berkeley Peel
  • Timeline: May 1, 1917 – May 31, 1917
  • A Note About German Titles
  • May 1917 – Royals/Nobles/Peers/Sons of Peers Who Died In Action

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The Reverend The Honorable Maurice Berkeley Peel

The Reverend The Honorable Maurice Berkeley Peel; Photo Credit – http://www.nnwfhs.org.uk

Born on April 23, 1873, in London, England, The Reverend The Honorable Maurice Berkeley Peel was the youngest of the seven children of Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel and Adelaide Dugdale.  Serving in Parliament was a family tradition. Maurice’s father served in the House of Commons from 1865 – 1895 and was Speaker of the House of Commons from 1884 – 1895. When he retired in 1895, he was created Viscount Peel. Both of Maurice’s grandfathers were also in Parliament. His maternal grandfather William Stratford Dugdale served in the House of Commons from 1830 – 1847. His paternal grandfather, whose father also served in Parliament, was Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet of Drayton Manor who served in the House of Commons from 1809 – 1850 and served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1834 – 1836 and from 1841 – 1846. Needless to say, Maurice most likely grew up thinking that service to one’s country was important.

Maurice’s father as Speaker of the House of Commons, circa 1888; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

Maurice had six siblings:

Maurice began his education at Mr. Parry’s School in Slough, Berkshire, England and then attended Winchester College in Winchester, Hampshire, England from 1887 – 1891. Next, Maurice attended New College, Oxford and received a degree in History with Honours in 1895.

After university, Maurice worked for a few years at Oxford House in Bethnal Green, one of the poorest parts of London. Part of the settlement movement, Oxford House was established in 1884, the first university settlement”. It was built as a home for graduates, tutors and those intending to enter the church so they could learn at first-hand about the problems of disadvantaged areas and provide practical support for the local community. During this same period, Maurice held a commission in the 4th Volunteer Battalion (meaning part-time) of the Queen’s Royal West Surrey Regiment.  While Maurice was volunteering at Oxford House and in the Queen’s Royal West Surrey Regiment, he was also serving as a curate from 1892 – 1899 at St. Simon Zelotes, a church in the midst of the poverty of Bethnal Green, London. Despite growing up in a well-to-do family, it is obvious that Maurice considered it important to serve those less fortunate.

In 1899, Maurice was ordained a priest in the Church of England. From 1899 to 1906, he was attached to St. Simon Zelotes, Bethnal Green, and after serving as Rector of the Church of St. Peter, Wrestlingworth for a few years, he became Rector of St. Paul’s, Beckenham in 1909. On July 29, 1909, Maurice married Emily Allington at St. Denys Church, Little Barford, Bedfordshire. Unfortunately, Emily died on March 24, 1912, four days after the birth of her last child. The couple had two children:

When World War I started in August 1914, Maurice immediately volunteered to be an army chaplain. He went to France in October 1914 and worked as a chaplain and a stretcher bearer. At the Battle of Festubert (May 15-25, 1915), Maurice was allowed to go “over the top” to comfort the wounded in “No Man’s Land.”  The term “over the top” referred to the attacking soldiers rising out of their own trenches to attack the enemy. The soldiers were required to climb over the top of their trenches and cross “No Man’s Land.” As World War I infantry attacks generally resulted in heavy casualties, “going over the top” was an unpopular and dangerous activity for soldiers.

 Going Over the Top

Armed with only a Bible and his walking stick, Maurice went “over the top” with the soldiers. He was shot four times and despite being severely wounded, he refused medical attention until all the other injured soldiers had been looked after. He was sent home to England to recover and was awarded the Military Cross which is given in recognition of “an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land to all members, of any rank in Our Armed Forces.”

World War I Military Cross with a Bar, Maurice received a bar in 1917; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

In November 1915, Maurice was appointed the Vicar of St. Editha’s Church, Tamworth, West Midlands where he is still remembered and there is a memorial window in his memory. He was happy to be in Tamworth because Drayton Manor, the traditional home of the Peel family was there. In August 1916, Maurice spoke with his bishop about returning to the combat zone and on January 10, 1917, Maurice was sent back to join his original battalion. He lived with the soldiers in the trenches and when there was action, Maurice went “over the top” with the third wave, so that he might aid the wounded. For his service to the wounded, Maurice received a Bar for his Military Cross.

Memorial window at St. Editha’s Church, Tamworth; Photo Credit – http://www.nnwfhs.org.uk

On May 14, 1917, at the Second Battle of Bullecourt in France, Maurice was killed by a sniper. The senior Chaplain of the Division, The Reverend Eric Milner-White, described what happened to Maurice in a letter to Mrs. Allington, Maurice’s mother-in-law who was the caretaker of his two children:

“His brigade were put into a village [Bullecourt] for twenty-four hours. In that time, the Germans made three desperate counter-attacks on it, gaining a little each time. It was not clear where the Germans were, and where the English and German snipers crept about. At early dawn on the 15th (the second anniversary of Festubert) he got out of his trench to visit either a wounded man or an isolated post of men. On the way, a sniper’s bullet caught him in the chest; he fell unconscious and died very shortly, one Welsh Fusilier officer crawling out and staying with him till the end. That same night, one of the chaplains, Mr. McCalman, with great courage went up with a cross, hoping to bring in the body and bury it. Arrived within a few yards, he was not allowed to go further, the risk being too great.

On Ascension Day, the 17th, Mr. McCalman and I went up together in daylight. Some men then holding the dreadful line had that morning crept out and buried the body a yard or two from the spot where he fell. We raised a temporary cross upon it, and I said the service over the little grave, using with tragic appropriateness the Collect for Ascension Day, which Maurice always used at his burials.”

Listen to a tribute to The Reverend The Honorable Maurice Berkeley Peel by his great-grandson, The Reverand David Longe on the BBC website: www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01wtts9

The Reverend The Honorable Maurice Berkeley Peel remains are now buried at the Queant Road Cemetery in Buissy, France.

Grave of The Reverend The Honorable Maurice Berkeley Peel; Photo Credit – http://www.nnwfhs.org.uk

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Timeline: May 1, 1917 – May 31, 1917

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A Note About German Titles

Many German royals and nobles died in World War I. The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent states, most of them ruled by royal families. Scroll down to German Empire here to see what constituent states made up the German Empire. The constituent states retained their own governments but had limited sovereignty. Some had their own armies, but the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control. In wartime, armies of all the constituent states would be controlled by the Prussian Army and the combined forces were known as the Imperial German Army. German titles may be used in Royals Who Died In Action below. Refer to Unofficial Royalty: Glossary of German Noble and Royal Titles.

24 British peers were also killed in World War I and they will be included in the list of those who died in action. In addition, more than 100 sons of peers also lost their lives, and those that can be verified will also be included.

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May 1917 – Royals/Nobles/Peers/Sons of Peers Who Died In Action

The list is in chronological order and does contain some who would be considered noble instead of royal. The links in the last bullet for each person is that person’s genealogical information from Leo’s Genealogics Website or to The Peerage website  If a person has a Wikipedia page or a website page with biographical information, their name will be linked to that page.

Elimar, Freiherr von Dornberg

Lieutenant The Honorable Frederic Ivor Thesiger

Ludwig, Graf von Lerchenfeld

Reverend The Honorable Maurice Berkeley Peel (see article above)

Rudolf, Graf von Waldersee

Margaret Drummond, Queen of Scots

by Susan Flantzer

The second wife of David II, King of Scots, Margaret Drummond was born in Perthshire, Scotland in about 1330. She was the daughter of Sir Malcolm Drummond, a minor Lennox and Perthshire lord, and his wife from the Graham family, possibly named Annabelle. In 1314, Sir Malcolm fought at the decisive Battle of Bannockburn, a landmark in Scottish history. Stirling Castle, a Scots royal fortress, occupied by the English, was under siege by the Scottish army. King Edward II of England, who was at the battle, assembled a formidable force to stop the siege. This attempt failed, and Edward II’s army was defeated by a smaller army commanded by Robert I the Bruce, King of Scots. Sir Malcolm is credited with the use of caltrops at the battle, a weapon made up of two or more sharp nails or spikes arranged in such a manner that one of them always points upward from a stable base to injure horses and unseat their riders. The caltrops were spread on the ground prior to the Battle of Bannockburn and were very effective against the English horses. After the battle, the Clan Drummond was given lands in Perthshire by Robert I the Bruce, King of Scots.  In memory of Malcolm’s feat, caltrops appear in many versions of the Drummond coat of arms and the Clan Drummond motto is “Gang Warily” (Go carefully).

Crest badge for Clan Drummond; Credit – CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17521683

Margaret had at least one sibling:

  • Sir John Drummond of Stobhall (born circa 1300 – died circa 1360), married Mary de Montfichet, daughter and co-heiress with her sisters of Sir William de Montfichet, of Stobhall, Cargill, and Auchterarder, had issue including Annabelle Drummond who married John Stewart, Earl of Carrick (the future Robert III, King of Scots), son of Robert II, King of Scots

Sir Malcolm Drummond, a son of Margaret’s brother, obtained the clan home, Stobhall Castle, seen above, from Margaret after she became Queen of Scots; Photo Credit – By Andrew Mitchell, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9211639

Margaret first married Sir John Logie, and the couple had a son John of Logie, born about 1350. As very young children, David II, King of Scots, son of Robert I the Bruce, King of Scots from his second marriage, and Joan of the Tower, daughter of King Edward II of England, were married under the terms of the peace which ended the Wars of Scottish Independence which were fought between Scotland and England. The marriage was unhappy and childless, and David had mistresses. Around 1360, David and Margaret began an affair.

David II of Scotland (left) and Edward III of England (right); Credit – Wikipedia

In 1362, Joan of the Tower died, leaving David free to marry Margaret, who had lived with him for some time. Around 1363, either Margaret’s first husband died or her first marriage was annulled and David and Margaret made plans to marry. However, the marriage plans provoked a rebellion by supporters of David’s nephew and heir presumptive Robert Stewart, High Steward of Scotland. Robert was the only child of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce by his first wife Isabella of Mar. The rebels eventually submitted and on February 20, 1364, David and Margaret married at Inchmurdoch, the manor of the Bishop of St. Andrews near Crail, Scotland.

History has depicted Margaret as beautiful, but also arrogant and greedy. As Queen of Scots, Margaret received land in Perthshire and the customs revenue from Aberdeen and Inverkeithing. She also managed to procure royal lands in Annandale for her son John of Logie. Margaret pressed her husband into stripping his first cousin William, 5th Earl of Ross of his lands and title and briefly arresting his heir presumptive Robert Stewart, High Steward of Scotland.

By 1368, Margaret’s behavior and her failure to produce an heir had convinced David to annul their marriage. Instead, he planned to marry his current mistress Agnes Dunbar. David had the marriage annulled on March 20, 1369, on grounds of Margaret’s infertility. However, Margaret traveled to Avignon, in southern France, and made a successful appeal to the Pope Urban V to reverse the annulment which had been pronounced against her in Scotland. Since Margaret had a child in her first marriage, it seems likely that David himself was infertile, since his thirty-four-year marriage to his first wife was childless. David never did marry Agnes Dunbar. He died unexpectedly on February 22, 1371, at Edinburgh Castle and was buried at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, now in ruins. His nephew, the son of his half-sister Marjorie, succeeded him as Robert II, King of Scots, the first monarch of the House of Stewart. Around 1373, Margaret died in Marseilles, France. Pope Gregory XI paid for her funeral and burial. Her burial place is unknown, but it is assumed it is in France.

Wikipedia: Margaret Drummond, Queen of Scotland

Works Cited

  • “Clan Drummond”. En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 7 Apr. 2017.
  • “David II Of Scotland”. En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 7 Apr. 2017.
  • Ewan, Elizabeth et al. The Biographical Dictionary Of Scottish Women. 1st ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007. Print.
  • “Margaret Drummond: Genealogics”. Genealogics.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 7 Apr. 2017.
  • “Margaret Drummond, Queen Of Scotland”. En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 7 Apr. 2017.
  • “Marguerite Drummond”. Fr.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 7 Apr. 2017.

Elizabeth de Burgh, Queen of Scots

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Elizabeth de Burgh, Queen of Scots; Credit – Wikipedia

Born in Ireland around 1284, Elizabeth de Burgh was the second wife of Robert I (the Bruce), King of Scots and his only Queen Consort. Robert’s first wife Isabella of Mar died in childbirth before Robert became king. Elizabeth was the third of the ten children of Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster and 3rd Baron of Connaught and his wife Margaret, possibly his cousin Margaret de Burgh or Margaret de Guines.

Elizabeth had nine siblings:

Elizabeth’s father Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster and 3rd Baron of Connaught was one of the most powerful Irish nobles of his time. He was the friend and ally of King Edward I of England and ranked first among the Earls of Ireland. He played a leading role among the Anglo-Irish nobility, supporting the expansion of the Norman barons in Ireland at the expense of the ancestral territories of the Irish Gaelic. Despite the marriage of his daughter to Robert the Bruce, that did not stop him from leading his forces from Ireland to support England’s King Edward I in his Scottish campaigns.

Through her father, Elizabeth was the descendant of the Irish Kings of Munster, Kings of Thomond, and also of the famous Brian Boru, High King of Ireland. Her father also had a line of descent from William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, called William the Marshal, the Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman who served five English kings: Henry II, his sons Henry the Young King, Richard I, John, and John’s son Henry III.

Richard’s great-granddaughter Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster married Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence who was the third, but the second surviving son of King Edward III of England and was one of the two people on whom the House of York would base its claim to the English throne during the Wars of the Roses.

de Burgh Arms; Credit – By Sodacan – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27269486

Elizabeth probably met Robert the Bruce, then the Earl of Carrick, at the English court. Today, Earl of Carrick is one of the titles of the eldest living son and heir-apparent of the British sovereign. Along with Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick was one of the traditional titles of the eldest living son and heir-apparent of the throne of Scotland. When King James VI of Scotland also became King James I of England after the death of Queen Elizabeth I, the Scottish titles came along with him.

Elizabeth and Robert married at Writtle, near Chelmsford, Essex, England in 1302 when Elizabeth was about 18 years-old and Robert was about 28 years-old. This was the second marriage for Robert. His first wife Isabella of Mar died soon after giving birth to a daughter named Marjorie Bruce on December 12, 1296. Marjorie married Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland.  It was Marjorie’s son who succeeded to the Scots throne as King Robert II, the first monarch of the House of Stewart, after the death of Elizabeth and Robert the Bruce’s childless son King David II.

Robert the Bruce and Elizabeth de Burgh from Seton Armorial in the Nation Library of Scotland (MS Acc. 9309); Credit – Wikipedia

In 1302, when Elizabeth married Robert the Bruce, Scotland had been in political turmoil for some time. Alexander III, King of Scots (reigned 1249 – 1286) had only two surviving children, a son Alexander and a daughter Margaret who married King Eric II of Norway. Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway died in childbirth in 1283, giving birth to her only child Margaret, Maid of Norway. In 1284, the earls and barons of Scotland recognized Margaret, Maid of Norway as the heir to the throne of her grandfather King Alexander III of Scotland if he died without a male heir. Later that year, Alexander III’s 20-year-old Alexander died. When Alexander III died in 1286, his three-year-old granddaughter was the heir to his throne. The earls, barons, and clerics of Scotland met to select the Guardians of Scotland who would rule the kingdom for the rightful heir. In 1290, while on her way to Scotland, Margaret, Maid of Norway died.

The death of Margaret, Maid of Norway began a two-year interregnum in Scotland caused by the succession crisis. With Margaret’s death, the line of William I (the Lion), King of Scots became extinct and there was no obvious heir by primogeniture. Fifteen candidates presented themselves as candidates for the throne of Scotland.  The most prominent were John Balliol, great-grandson of William I’s younger brother David, Earl of Huntingdon, and Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, David of Huntingdon’s grandson and the grandfather of Elizabeth’s husband.

The Scottish lords invited King Edward I of England to arbitrate the claims. Edward I agreed but forced the Scots to swear allegiance to him as their overlord. In 1292, it was decided that John Balliol should become King of Scots. After John Balliol became King, Robert, 5th Lord of Annandale resigned the lordship of Annandale and his claim to the throne to his eldest son Robert de Brus, the father of Elizabeth’s husband. Around the same time, Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale’s wife Marjorie, Countess of Carrick died, and the Earldom of Carrick, which Robert had ruled jure uxoris (by right of his wife), devolved upon their eldest son, also called Robert, Elizabeth’s husband. John Balliol proved weak and incapable, and in 1296 was forced to abdicate by Edward I, who then attempted to annex Scotland into the Kingdom of England. For ten years, there was no monarch of Scotland.

The Scots refused to tolerate English rule and the result was the Wars of Scottish Independence, a series of military campaigns fought between Scotland and England, first led by William Wallace and after his execution, led by Robert the Bruce, Elizabeth’s husband. Robert the Bruce as Earl of Carrick and 7th Lord of Annandale, held estates and property in Scotland, a barony and some minor properties in England, and a strong claim to the throne of Scotland

On February 10, 1306, Robert the Bruce and his supporters killed a rival for the throne, John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch at Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Scotland. The bad blood between the two men went far back, and they had found it impossible to work together as Guardians of the Realm. Shortly after, Robert and his followers went to Scone, the traditional coronation site of the Kings of Scots. On March 27, 1306, Robert the Bruce was proclaimed Robert I, King of Scots, and the crown was placed on his head by Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan “in the presence and with the consent of four bishops, five earls, and with the consent of the people.” According to tradition, the ceremony of crowning the monarch was performed by a representative of Clan MacDuff.

Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan, crowns Robert the Bruce at Scone in 1306 from a modern tableau at Edinburgh Castle; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

And so Elizabeth de Burgh was now Queen of Scots. However, she did not think she would be queen for long because she feared her husband would be defeated by Edward I. She supposedly said, “Alas, we are but king and queen of the May! ” Both Robert the Bruce and John Comyn had sworn fealty to King Edward I of England. When Edward I heard that John Comyn had been murdered, he vowed “by the God of Heaven and these swans” to avenge Comyn’s death and the treachery of the Scots. On his demand, his knights took a similar oath, and they were sent off to Scotland to seek revenge.

In Scotland, Robert I, King of Scots was already engaged in a civil war with the family and friends of the murdered John Comyn. His coronation had given him some legitimacy, but his position was very uncertain. By the middle of June 1306, the English were in Perth, Scotland, and were joined by supporters of John Comyn. Robert, abiding by the conventions of feudal warfare, invited the English commander to leave the walls of Perth and join him in battle, but the English commander declined to do so. Robert, believing that the English refusal to accept his challenge was a sign of weakness, moved his forces a few miles to nearby Methven, where he made camp for the night. Before dawn on June 19, 1306, Robert’s army was taken by surprise and almost destroyed. Robert barely escaped and fled with a few followers to the Scottish Highlands.

Elizabeth was not so lucky. After the Battle of Methven, under the protection of his brother Niall, Robert sent Elizabeth, his daughter Marjorie from his first marriage, his sisters Mary and Christina and Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan (who had crowned him) to Kildrummy Castle, the seat of the Earls of Mar, the family of his first wife Isabella of Mar. The English besieged Kildrummy Castle and Niall Bruce and all the men of the castle were hanged, drawn, and quartered. However, the women had escaped and sought sanctuary at St. Duthac’s Chapel in Tain, Scotland. The sanctuary was breached by William, Earl of Ross who had the women arrested and handed over to the English.

King Edward I of England sent his hostages to different places in England. Marjorie went to the convent at Watton, Yorkshire and her aunt Christina Bruce was sent to another convent. Marjorie’s aunt Mary Bruce and Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan were imprisoned in wooden cages and exposed to public view. Mary’s cage was at Roxburgh Castle and Isabella’s was at Berwick Castle. Marjorie, Mary, and Christina were finally set free around 1314 – 1315, probably in exchange for English noblemen captured after the Battle of Bannockburn in June 1314. There is no mention of Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan in the records, so she probably died in captivity.

 The punishment of Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan

Queen Elizabeth’s punishment was lighter than that of the other women because King Edward I needed the support of her father, the powerful Earl of Ulster. She was imprisoned for eight years by the English and was moved around quite a bit:

After the Scots’ victory at the Battle of Bannockburn where they routed the English in June 1314, Elizabeth was moved to York while prisoner exchange talks took place and where she had an audience with King Edward II of England who had succeeded his father in 1307. Finally, in November 1314, she was moved to Carlisle, close to the Scots border, just before the exchange and her return to Scotland.  Because of the turmoil in Scotland and Elizabeth’s imprisonment, Robert and Elizabeth did not have any children until after her return to Scotland in 1314.

Elizabeth and Robert had four children:

After falling from her horse, Elizabeth died on October 27, 1327, at Cullen Castle in Banffshire, Scotland, aged about 43-years-old. She was buried at Dunfermline Abbey in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland, the resting place of many Kings and Queens of Scots. Robert I, King of Scots died 18 months later and was buried next to his wife. In 1560, Dunfermline Abbey was sacked by the Calvinists during the Scottish Reformation, and Elizabeth and Robert’s tomb was destroyed. During construction work on the new abbey in 1819, Robert’s coffin was discovered and then Elizabeth’s coffin was rediscovered in 1917. Both coffins were re-interred in the new abbey.

Victorian brass plate covering the tomb of Robert Bruce and Elizabeth de Burgh; Photo Credit – By Otter – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5117548

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Ashley, Michael. British Kings & Queens. 1st ed. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1998. Print.
  • “Battle Of Methven”. En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 3 Apr. 2017.
  • Dodson, Aidan. The Royal Tombs Of Great Britain. 1st ed. London: Duckworth, 2004. Print.
  • “Elizabeth De Burgh”. En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 3 Apr. 2017.
  • “Richard Óg De Burgh, 2Nd Earl Of Ulster”. En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 3
  • “Robert The Bruce”. En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 3 Apr. 2017.
  • Williamson, David. Brewer’s British Royalty. London: Cassell, 1996. Print.