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Louise de la Vallière, mistress of King Louis XIV of France

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

Louise de la Vallière was the mistress of King Louis XIV of France from 1661 until 1667. She later entered a convent, becoming Sister Louise de la Miséricorde (Sister Louise of Mercy) until her death in 1710.

Louise de La Vallière – source: Wikipedia

Louise Françoise de La Baume Le Blanc was born on August 6, 1644, at the Hôtel de la Crouzille in Tours, France. She was the daughter of Laurent La Baume Le Blanc, Marquis of La Vallière and Françoise Le Provost.

Following her father’s death in 1651, Louise’s mother was remarried to the Marquis de Saint Rémy, who served in the court of the Gaston, Duke of Orléans, son of King Henri IV of France. Louise became a companion to the Duke’s three younger daughters and was educated alongside them. After the Duke died, Louise accompanied the widowed Duchess and her daughters to Paris where they took up residence at the Palais de Luxembourg.

Soon, Louise became a Maid of Honor to Princess Henrietta Anne of England, the wife of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, the brother of King Louis IV of France. Henrietta then presented Louise to King Louis XIV, and within months she had become his mistress. Although discreet, their relationship soon became well-known within the French court, causing Louise much distress. She continued to serve as a Maid of Honor to Princess Henrietta, which caused a falling out with the King in 1662. Louise refused to reveal any information to him about the Princess’s alleged affair with the Count of Guiche and fled to a convent before King Louis XIV convinced her to return. Pregnant with her first child, Louise was removed from service to the Duchess, and given apartments in the Palais Royal.  Over the next five years, gave birth to five children – only two of whom would survive:

  • Charles de La Baume Le Blanc (1663-1665)
  • Philippe de La Baume Le Blanc (1665-1666)
  • Louis de La Baume Le Blanc (1665-1666)
  • Marie Anne de Bourbon (1666-1739) – legitimized by the King in 1667, and later married to Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti
  • Louis de Bourbon (1667-1683) – legitimized by the King in 1669, created Count of Vermandois

After the birth of her daughter Marie Anne in 1666, the relationship between Louise and King Louis XIV began to change. Much of this was due to the return to the court of Madame de Montespan who quickly drew the King’s attention and replaced Louise as his favorite mistress.

Marie Anne de Bourbon, later Princess of Conti. source: Wikipedia

In 1667, King Louis XIV legitimized their daughter Marie Anne, known as Mademoiselle de Blois, and created Louise Duchess de La Vallière and Duchess de Vaujours. This allowed Louise a greater position at court. However, she would not remain there for much longer. She gave birth to their last child Louis de Bourbon in October 1667. During the next several years, Louise remained at court, sharing apartments with Madame de Montespan, but her relationship with King Louis XIV was long over. Two years later, King Louis XIV legitimized their son, creating him Count of Vermandois.

By 1670, having been forced to remain at court and live with the King’s new mistress, Madame de Montespan, Louise became ill and at one point was near death. Upon recovering, she sought solace in religion, and the following year, decided to leave the court and enter a convent. However, King Louis XIV forced her to return for several years. Finally, in 1674, she was permitted to leave the court and entered the Carmelite convent in Faubourg-Saint-Jacques. She took her vows the following year, becoming Sister Louise de la Miséricorde.

Louise remained at the convent until her death, 35 years later, on June 6, 1710. Per her wishes, she was buried in the convent cemetery. By that time, she was survived only by her daughter Marie Anne, who inherited the Duchies of La Vallière and Vaujours and Louise’s entire estate.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Gabrielle d’Estrées, Mistress of King Henri IV of France

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

Gabrielle d’Estrées.source: Wikipedia

Gabrielle d’Estrées was the mistress of King Henri IV of France from 1591 until her death in 1599. In addition to being his mistress, she was one of his closest confidantes and advisers and was instrumental in the King’s renunciation of Protestantism and conversion to Catholicism.

She was born in 1573 at the Château de Cœuvres in Picardy, France, one of 11 children of Antoine d’Estrées, Marquis de Cœuvres, and his wife Françoise Babou de La Bourdaisière.

Gabrielle was first introduced to King Henri in the fall of 1590, and he was quickly smitten with her. However, she resisted for many months before becoming his mistress the following year. The King was married to Marguerite of Valois, although the marriage was not a close or happy one. On June 8, 1592, in a marriage arranged by Henri – strictly for appearance – Gabrielle was married to Nicolas d’Amerval. She was the Henri’s constant companion, and the two were very publicly affectionate with each other.

King Henri IV of France. source: Wikipedia

Henri found Gabrielle to be quite intelligent and relied heavily on her advice, particularly on the issue of religion. A devout Catholic, Gabrielle encouraged Henri to convert to Catholicism as a way to end the religious wars and appease the Catholic League. He formally converted in July 1593, and was then finally able to be crowned in Chartres Cathedral the following February. He also arranged for Gabrielle’s marriage to be annulled.

Gabrielle and Henri had three children:

Soon after the birth of their first child, Henri formally recognized and legitimized him and made Gabrielle his official mistress. In March 1596, he purchased the Château de Montceaux as a gift for Gabrielle and gave her the title Marquise de Monceaux. The following year, he also created her Duchess de Beaufort, making her a peeress of France and solidifying her position at court. Disliked by many in the French aristocracy, Gabrielle continued to be Henri’s closest confidante and advisor and he used her connections to help ease the religious tensions that persisted at the time. Following the Edict of Nantes in 1598, Gabrielle and Henri’s sister worked to ease the objections of both the Catholics and the Huguenots to allow more religious freedom in France.

Château de Montceaux. source: Wikipedia

In March 1599, King Henri announced his intention to have his marriage to Marguerite of Valois annulled so he could marry Gabrielle. He applied to the Pope for an annulment, and so confident in the expected decision, Henri gave his Coronation Ring to Gabrielle. Sadly, a marriage would not happen. Pregnant at the time, Gabrielle suffered an attack of eclampsia on April 9, 1599, while in Paris. Henri was informed and began his return to Paris from the Château de Fontainebleau the following day. However, it was too late. Gabrielle d’Estrées, Duchess of Beaufort and Marquise of Montceaux, died in Paris on April 10, 1599.

Grief-stricken, King Henri decreed that she be given the funeral of a Queen, and wore all black while he was in mourning, something that had never been done before in the French royal family. Gabrielle’s funeral was held at the Church of Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois, with her coffin traveling in a procession that included princes, princesses, and many of the highest nobility of France. Following the funeral, her remains were interred in the Notre-Dame-La Royale church at Maubuisson Abbey on the outskirts of Paris, where her sister was serving as Abbess at the time.

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Assassination of Carlos I, King of Portugal (1908)

by Scott Mehl
© Unofficial Royalty 2020

On February 1, 1908, in what became known as the Lisbon Regicide, King Carlos I of Portugal was shot and killed by two gunmen while riding in an open carriage in the Terreiro do Paço (now Commerce Square) in Lisbon, Portugal. The king’s elder son and heir, Luís Filipe, Prince Royal, was also killed in the attack.

Carlos I of Portugal. source: Wikipedia

King Carlos I of Portugal

Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal in September 1863, the elder son of King Luís I of Portugal and Princess Maria Pia of Savoy. He married Princess Amelie of Orleans, daughter of the pretender to the French throne and had three children. Becoming King upon his father’s death in 1889, Carlos faced numerous crises during his reign. Giving in to British demands that he cede sovereignty of some land in Africa, Carlos began to quickly lose the loyalty of the Portuguese people. Despite this, the King was able to bring Portugal to the center of European diplomacy and developed close friendships and alliances with many of the crowned heads of Europe. However, the country also fell into bankruptcy twice during Carlos’s reign, spurring on the Republican movement. After appointing Joāo Franco as Prime Minister in 1906, the little support he had quickly diminished, as many felt that Franco was turning the country into a dictatorship.

For more information, see Unofficial Royalty: King Carlos I of Portugal

The Assassination

Embed from Getty Images 

On February 1, 1908, King Carlos, along with his wife and elder son Luís Filipe, were returning from a stay in Vila Viçosa. Upon their arrival in Lisbon, they were greeted by their younger son, Manuel, the King’s brother, and the Prime Minister. The King, his wife, and two sons got into an open carriage for their ride back to the Palace of Necessidades.

Manuel Buiça.  source: WIkipedia

Alfredo Costa. source: Wikipedia

While crossing the Terreiro do Paço, the royal family was soon attacked with gunfire. One of the shooters, Manuel Buiça, emerged in the square about 25 feet behind the carriage and fired a shot that struck the King in the neck killing him instantly. A second shot struck the King in the shoulder, forcing his body to slump over in the carriage. A second shooter, Alfredo Costa, jumped on the carriage step and fired two more shots into the King’s back – ensuring that he was dead. Then the two assassins took aim at Luís Filipe who had stood and drawn his revolver, firing at, and injuring, Costa. Buiça rushed to the carriage and fired, striking the Prince in the head. Amazingly, the Queen was unharmed, and Prince Manuel only suffered a gunshot to his arm. The carriage rushed to the nearby Naval Arsenal where Luís Filipe also died from his injuries. A soldier quickly moved in and fired on Buiça, injuring him in the leg and subduing him. Soon after, a police officer shot and killed Buiça on the spot. Costa was also subdued by the same soldier before the police apprehended him and took him to the police station. Upon arriving at the entrance to the station, Costa was shot and killed by an unidentified officer or member of the Municipal Guard.

What happened to Carlos?

Embed from Getty Images

King Carlos was killed instantly, and Luís Filipe died moments later at the Naval Arsenal.  The King and his son were buried together in the Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza, at the Monastery of Sāo Vicente de Fora in Lisbon. The King’s younger son took the throne as King Manuel II and would be the last King of Portugal. In October 1910, Portugal was declared a Republic, and the Portuguese monarchy was abolished.

Tomb of Carlos and Luís Filipe. source: findagrave.com

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Execution of Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico (1867)

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

On June 19, 1867, Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico was executed by firing squad on the Cerro de las Campanas (Hill of the Bells) in Querétaro City, Mexico.

Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. source: Wikipedia

Archduke Maximilian of Austria was born in Vienna on July 6, 1832, the second son of Archduke Franz Karl of Austria and Princess Sophie of Bavaria. His elder brother was Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. Following a strict education in the Austrian court, Maximilian began his military training and quickly distinguished himself in the Austrian Navy serving as Commander.

In July 1857, Maximilian married Princess Charlotte of Belgium, his second cousin. The couple had no children. Two years later, Maximilian was first approached by a group of monarchists who wanted him to take the Mexican throne. Several offers were made over the next four years which Maximilian declined. However, after the French intervention in Mexico in 1863, he received a similar offer from Napoleon III, Emperor of the French. This time, he accepted. In doing so, he lost all his Austrian titles and dignities – something he was aware of until just before he departed for Mexico.

After accepting the Mexican crown, Maximilian and Charlotte arrived in their new country in May 1864, receiving little support from the Mexican people. They established their primary residence in Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City, a former military academy that Maximilian had remodeled and turned into an appropriate home for an Emperor.

For more information, see Unofficial Royalty: Archduke Maximilian of Austria, Emperor of Mexico

What led to Maximilian’s execution?

Benito Juarez, President of Mexico. source: Wikipedia

Maximilian arrived in Veracruz, Mexico, to a frosty reception. He was supported by Napoleon III and the Mexican conservatives but the liberal forces led by Benito Juárez, the former president deposed by the French, refused to recognize his rule. Despite this, Maximilian and Carlotta (as she was now known) set out to improve conditions in Mexico. He soon angered his conservative supporters when he chose to continue several of the liberal policies set in place by the Juarez government, including religious freedom and land reforms.

Following the American Civil War, the United States recognized Juarez as the rightful leader of Mexico and pressured France to end its support for Maximilian. Eventually, in 1866, Emperor Napoleon III withdrew his troops from Mexico under pressure from the United States, and to build up his troops at home in the ongoing battle with Prussia. Napoleon III even urged Maximilian to leave Mexico but he refused. He continued to fight the conservative forces led by Juarez before being forced to retreat to Santiago de Queretaro in February 1867. In May 1867, Maximilian tried to escape but the plan was sabotaged by a military officer who was bribed to leave a gate open and allow the forces through. The city fell to the conservative forces and Maximilian was taken into custody, court-martialed, and sentenced to death. Despite pleas from many of the reigning crowns of Europe, President Juarez refused to pardon the former Emperor and save his life.

The Execution

The execution of Maximilian (on right) and his generals. source: Wikipedia

On the morning of June 19, 1867, Emperor Maximilian of Mexico and two of his generals were executed by firing squad in the Cerro de las Campanas. His last words, in Spanish, were reportedly “I forgive everyone, and I ask everyone to forgive me. May my blood, which is about to be shed, be for the good of the country. Long live Mexico, long live independence.”

What happened to Maximilian?

Maximilian’s embalmed body on display. source: Wikipedia

Following the execution, Maximilian’s body was embalmed and put on display in Mexico. In January 1868, an Austrian admiral was sent to bring the body back to Austria. The Emperor’s coffin was taken on board the SMS Novara which sailed for Trieste, Italy. It was then taken to Vienna, where on January 18, 1868, it was placed in The Imperial Crypt.

Tomb of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico; Photo Credit – © Susan Flantzer

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Assassination of Abdullah I, King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (1951)

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

On July 20, 1951, King Abdullah I was shot and killed while attending prayers at the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, Jordan. He was succeeded by his eldest son, King Talal.

King Abdullah I of Jordan. source: Wikipedia

King Abdullah I

King Abdullah was the first King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. He was born in February 1882 to the Emir of Mecca and his first wife. Following the Great Arab Revolt in 1916, Abdullah was named King of Iraq but refused the throne. The Iraqi throne went instead to his brother Faisal. In 1921, Abdullah was recognized by the United Kingdom as Emir of Transjordan, a British protectorate. In 1946, Transjordan ceased to be a British protectorate and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (later renamed Jordan in 1949), with Abdullah as its first King. He had three wives and five children, including his successor, King Talal. The only Arab ruler to accept the UN’s plan for Palestine, Abdullah later took part in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, annexing the territories of the West Bank captured by Jordanian troops in Palestine. He later entered into secret peace negotiations with Israel, which likely led to his assassination.

The Assassin – Mustafa Shukri Ashu

Mustafa Shukri Ashu was a 21-year-old tailor’s apprentice, who was described as a “former terrorist” and had been recruited to kill the King. While he was the one who pulled the trigger, ten men were tried for the part in the assassination, including Colonel Abdullah at-Tell who had been the Governor of Jerusalem, and Musa Ahmad al-Ayubbi, a vegetable merchant. At-Tell and al-Ayubbi were found guilty and sentenced to death, despite having fled the country.

The Assassination

Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem. photo: By Andrew Shiva / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29652325

On July 16, 1951, the former Prime Minister of Lebanon, Riad Bey Al Solh, was assassinated in Amman, Jordan. Four days later, on July 20, King Abdullah, accompanied by his grandson, the future King Hussein I of Jordan, traveled to Jerusalem to attend Al Solh’s funeral at the Al-Aqsa Mosque. While waiting for Friday prayers to begin, the king was approached by a Palestinian activist Mustafa Shukri Ashu who fired three shots, hitting the king in the chest and head and killing him instantly. The young Hussein was also caught in the gunfire, miraculously escaping harm when a bullet ricocheted off a medal he was wearing at his grandfather’s insistence.

What happened to King Abdullah?

The mausoleum of King Abdullah I (center)

King Abdullah I died instantly from his wounds. His body was returned quickly to Amman, where his funeral and burial took place. As his son and successor King Talal was in a hospital in Switzerland being treated for mental illness, Abdullah’s second son, Naif, was appointed as Regent until Talal could return to Jordan. Naif, along with the Regent of Iraq, presided over the funeral services, after which Abdullah’s body was interred in a mausoleum at the Royal cemetery near Raghadan Palace.

Abdullah’s grandson, King Hussein, circa 1953. source: Wikipedia

Just a year later, King Talal was forced to abdicate due to his mental illness and was succeeded by his eldest son King Hussein, who was just 16 years old at the time.

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Assassination of George I, King of the Hellenes (1913)

by Scott Mehl © Unofficial Royalty 2020

On March 18, 1913, King George I of the Hellenes was shot and killed while out walking in Thessaloniki, Greece. His assassin, Alexandros Schinas, died six weeks later under somewhat mysterious circumstances.

King George I of the Hellenes. source: Wikipedia

King George I of the Hellenes

King George I was born Prince Christian Vilhelm Ferdinand Adolf Georg, a younger son of the future King Christian IX of Denmark. His siblings included King Frederik VIII of Denmark, Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom, and Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia.

In 1863, at just 17 years old, he was elected unanimously by the Greek National Assembly as King of the Hellenes, replacing King Otto who had been deposed to the previous year. Taking the name George I of the Hellenes, he was enthroned in Denmark on June 6, 1863, and arrived in Greece in October of that year. He married Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia and the couple had eight children. King George I went on to reign for nearly 50 years and was much loved by the Greek people.

For more information, see Unofficial Royalty: King George I of the Hellenes

The Assassin – Alexandros Schinas

Not much is known about Alexandros Schinas’s life before the King’s assassination. Born in Greece, it was reported that he had left the country and moved to New York City for several years. Shinas stated that he had been deported from Thessaloniki because he was “a good Greek patriot” in 1910. However, in a later interview, he stated that he had sought financial assistance from the palace in 1911 and been turned away, suggesting that he had remained in Greece. What is known is that by 1913 he was back in Greece, and told authorities that he had contracted tuberculosis and had suffered from fits of delirium.

For more information, see Wikipedia: Alexandros Schinas

The Assassination

A depiction of the King’s assassination. source: Wikipedia

Thessaloniki – Greece’s second-largest city – had been under the Ottoman Empire until the Greeks successfully took the city on November 9, 1912, during the First Balkan War. Several days later, King George I, accompanied by his son Crown Prince Constantine, rode through the streets in triumph.

By March 1913, King George I was approaching his 50th year on the Greek throne and was planning to step down in favor of his son, Crown Prince Constantine, in October of that year. On March 18, the King went for an afternoon walk through the streets of Thessaloniki. As he was known to do, he went out with just an aide-de-camp and very little security protection. That day, it would prove to be a fatal choice. Various reports exist of exactly what happened – some state that Schinas was lying in wait and leaped out from hiding to shoot the King. Others, including Schinas’s interviews with authorities, state that he wandered from a nearby cafe, happened to see King George I and in a fit of delirium, pulled his gun and fired. Either way, the result was the same. The bullet entered the king’s back, piercing his heart and lungs, and exited through his abdomen. The king collapsed and was quickly put into a carriage and taken to the hospital but died before arriving.

What happened to King George?

Tomb of King George I. photo by Kostisl – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25375493

The King collapsed following the attack and died in the carriage before arriving at the nearby hospital. His family traveled to Salonika, where the king’s body lay for a week. On March 25, a grand procession took place with the King’s coffin being borne on a gun carriage and accompanied by the rest of the Greek royal family, making its way to the Royal Yacht Amphitrite and sailing for Athens.

In Athens, the King lay in state for three days in the Metropolitan Cathedral followed by a lavish state funeral. The coffin was then interred in the Royal Cemetery at Tatoi Palace, the summer home of the Greek Royal Family.

What happened to the assassin?

Alexandros Schinas in custody. source: Wikipedia

Alexandros Schinas made no attempt to flee after shooting King George I and was quickly subdued and taken into custody. In an interrogation, he claimed that he had no prior plans to kill the King, but stated that he was delirious due to his tuberculosis. He stated that he simply saw the King walking just behind him, and pulled his gun, and fired. However, it was also widely reported that he held some animosity toward the King, having been turned away when seeking financial assistance at the palace.

Six weeks later, on May 6, 1913, Schinas died after falling from a window in the Magistrate’s office. The guards claimed that he jumped, while others claimed that he was thrown from the window.

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Assassination of Henri III, King of France (1589)

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

On August 1, 1589, King Henri III of France was stabbed by Jacques Clément, a Dominican friar. He died the following morning from his injuries. Henri was the last French king from the House of Valois, and as he had no children, was succeeded by King Henri III of Navarre who became King Henri IV of France, establishing the House of Bourbon on the French throne.

King Henri III of France. source: Wikipedia

Henri III, King of France

Henri was born September 19, 1551, at the Château de Fontainebleau, the fourth son of King Henri II of France and Catherine de’ Medici. Two of his elder brothers reigned as French kings – François II and Charles IX. Henri was created Duke of Angoulême and Duke of Orléans in 1560, and Duke of Anjou in 1566.

Henri was elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in May 1573. However, after becoming King of France in 1574, Henri never returned to Poland, and the Polish parliament declared the throne vacant in May 1575. Following his coronation, Henri married Louise of Lorraine, but the couple had no children. This led to the French throne passing to his distant cousin, Henri of Navarre, who took the throne as King Henri IV, the first French king from the House of Bourbon.

For more information, see Unofficial Royalty: King Henri III of France

The Assassination

The assassination of Henri III, King of France; Credit – Wikipedia

While staying with his forces in Saint-Cloud, intending to attack Paris the following day, the King received a visit from a Dominican friar, Jacques Clément. During the French Wars of Religion, Clément had become a supporter of the Catholic League and fanatically religious. He developed a plan to kill the King and was encouraged by some of the leaders of the Catholic League, including Catherine de Guise, the Duchess of Montpensier. With forged papers alleged to be for the King, Clément made his way to Saint-Cloud. Arriving on August 1, 1589, Clément was permitted to meet with the King. After handing the papers to the King, Clément told him he also had a private message to deliver. The King ordered his guards to step away and Clément approached him and began to whisper in his ear. At the same time, he drew a dagger from beneath his cloak and stabbed the King in the abdomen. The attendants quickly stepped in and Clément was immediately killed.

What happened to King Henri III?

Basilica of Saint-Denis. photo: By Thomas Clouet – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42109690

At first, it appeared that the King was not fatally injured. However, sensing his impending death, the King insisted that his officers pledge their loyalty to Henri of Navarre as their new king, should he not survive. The following morning, King Henri III of France died from his injuries. He was interred in the Basilica of Saint-Denis in Paris, the traditional burial site of the French kings and royal family.

What happened to Jacques Clément?

The King’s guards immediately killed Clément. Later his body was quartered and burned. For his act, he was seen by many as a martyr, particularly by those who supported the Catholic League. He was praised by Pope Sixtus V, and it was even discussed that he should be canonized as a saint.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Assassination of Mohammed Nadir Shah, King of Afghanistan (1933)

by Scott Mehl © Unofficial Royalty 2020

On November 8, 1933, Mohammad Nadir Shah, King of Afghanistan was shot and killed by an assassin while taking part in a high school awards ceremony at the royal palace in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Mohammed Nadir Shah, King of Afghanistan. source: Wikipedia

Mohammed Nadir Shah, King of Afghanistan

Mohammed Nadir Shah (born Mohammad Nadir Khan) reigned as King of Afghanistan from October 15, 1929, until his assassination on November 8, 1933. He was born in Dehradun, British India on April 9, 1883 to Mohammad Yusuf Khan and Sharaf Sultana Hukumat Begum.

Raised in British India (where his family had been exiled by the British government), he later came to Afghanistan and served as a General under King Amanullah Khan, leading the Afghan National Army in the Third Anglo-Afghan War. Following the war, he served as Minister of War, and later as Ambassador to France. Following a rebellion against the monarchy, led by Habibullah Kalakani, Mohammed was exiled once again. After Kalakani overthrew the monarchy, Mohammad returned to Afghanistan with his forces and retook most of the country. Declaring himself King upon his arrival in Kabul on October 15, 1929, he captured Kalakani and executed him. His reign, just four years, saw numerous uprisings and rebellions, all of which he managed to overcome. He established the country’s first university, worked to strengthen both diplomatic and commercial relations with the surrounding countries and put into place the country’s first banking system. After just four years on the throne, Mohammad Nadir Shah was killed by an assassin on November 8, 1933.

For more information, see: Wikipedia: Mohammed Nadir Shah

The Assassination

The assassin, Abdul Khaliq. source: Wikipedia

The assassin was Abdul Khaliq, a 16-year-old student at Nejat High School. After Khaliq’s father, uncle, and brothers were arrested in 1933 by King Mohammed Nadir Shah’s regime (after the execution of an Amanullah supporter), Khaliq began plotting to kill the King. His opportunity came when he and other student-athletes were invited to the palace in Kabul to receive medals for their achievements. Seeing no security at the gates, Khaliq quickly went home and borrowed a gun from a friend before returning to the palace.

With the gun wrapped in a handkerchief in his pocket, Khaliq waited until King Mohammed Nadir Shah entered the garden where the ceremony was taking place. As the King approached the students, Khaliq drew the gun and fired several shots. The first hit the King in the mouth, the second in his heart, and the third through his lung. A fourth shot was also fired, striking a guard who was rushing to subdue the assassin.

For more information see: Wikipedia: Abdul Khaliq

What happened to Mohammed Nadir Shah?

Tomb of Mohammed Nadir Shah

King Mohammed Nadir Shah died instantly from the gunshots. He was succeeded by his son, Mohammed Zahir Shah, who would become the last King of Afghanistan, reigning from 1933 until the overthrow of the Afghani monarchy in 1973.

King Mohammed Nadir Shah was buried in a large mausoleum at Teppe Maranjan overlooking east Kabul. Now in near ruins, the mausoleum was constructed of marble and topped with a large metal dome. The crypt beneath the structure holds King Mohammed Nadir Shah’s tomb and the tombs of several family members. Nearby is the tomb of Sultan Mohammed Telai, the king’s great-great-grandfather.

What happened to Abdul Khaliq?

Following the assassination, Khaliq was quickly apprehended and imprisoned. Tortured by the guards, he named several of his family members as accomplices, although this claim has been questioned by surviving members of his family. Along with sixteen family members, Khaliq was sentenced to death by hanging at the Deh Mazang prison. However, only sixteen nooses were prepared. On December 18, 1933, Khaliq and his family members were led to the prison yard to be hanged. Instead, however, Khaliq was tortured to death in front of the others, before they were then hanged.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Assassination of Umberto I, King of Italy (1900)

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

On July 29, 1900, while visiting Monza, Italy, King Umberto I of Italy was shot and killed by Gaetano Bresci, an Italian anarchist claiming to avenge the deaths of people in Milan during the riots of May 1898.

Umberto I, King of Italy

Umberto I, King of Italy – source: Wikipedia

King Umberto I was born in Turin on March 14, 1844, the eldest son of the future King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy and Archduchess Adelheid of Austria. He married his first cousin, Princess Margherita of Savoy and had one son, later King Vittorio Emanuele II. Umberto became King of Italy upon his father’s death in January 1878 and reigned until his assassination in 1900.

For more information, see Unofficial Royalty: King Umberto I of Italy

The Assassin – Gaetano Bresci

Gaetano Bresci. source: Wikipedia

Gaetano Bresci was born in Prato, Tuscany, in 1869, and later emigrated to the United States. Bresci had been exposed to an anarchist group in Prato and his views continued to evolve while living in the United States. Following the Bava-Beccaris massacre, Bresci became determined to return to Italy and avenge the deaths of so many innocent people. He arrived back in Italy in May 1900, eventually making his way to Monza, where he tracked the movements of King Umberto I of Italy who typically spent his summers at the Royal Villa in Monza, Italy

The Assassination

source: Wikipedia

King Umberto I had already survived two previous assassination attempts, in November 1878 and again in April 1897. Unharmed in both, he would not be so lucky the third time.

In May 1898, workers organized a strike in Milan, protesting the rising food costs in Italy. A peaceful strike turned violent and riots broke out around the city. Umberto’s government brought General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris in to help restore order. However, the General ordered his troops to fire on the demonstrators on May 7, 1898, resulting in nearly 100 deaths and several hundred injuries. Further uproar came when King Umberto I honored General Bava-Beccaris the following month, presenting him with the Great Cross of the Order of Savoy.

On the evening of July 29, 1900, King Umberto attended an athletic competition in Monza. Having been the target of previous assassination attempts, he usually wore a protective vest under this coat, but because of the extreme heat, and against the advice of his security team,  he chose not to wear it that evening. In the crowd was Gaetano Bresci, an anarchist who was out to avenge the deaths in the Bava-Beccaris massacre. Leaving the athletic competition at around 10:30 pm, King Umberto returned to his carriage for the brief trip back to the Royal Villa of Monza. While he acknowledged the crowd who had come to see him, Bresci came forward and fired four shots. King Umberto was hit three times, in his shoulder, his lung, and his heart. He slumped forward in the carriage, allegedly saying “I think I’m hurt” and lost consciousness. The carriage quickly rushed back to the Royal Villa, where, despite the doctors’ efforts to save his life, King Umberto I died at 11:30 pm.

Tomb of Umberto I at the Pantheon in Rome. photo: By Jastrow – Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1820580

King Umberto’s body was returned to Rome where his funeral and burial took place on August 9. His remains were interred in the Pantheon in Rome, Italy beside his father. King Umberto I would be the last Italian King to be buried in Italy until his son’s remains were later returned to the country in 2017.

photo: By MarkusMark – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4365063

In honor of his father, Umberto’s son Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italy had a chapel monument,  the Expiatory Chapel of Monza, built on the site where King Umberto was killed. It sits near the entrance to the Royal Villa of Monza and was inaugurated on July 29, 1910, the 10th anniversary of the King’s assassination.

What happened to Gaetano Bresci?

Remains of the Santo Stefano prison. source: Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=447753

Following the assassination, Gaetano Bresci was quickly subdued and taken into custody by the local police, who likely saved him from being killed by the crowds. He was tried for regicide and as the death penalty had been abolished in Italy years earlier, was sentenced to life in prison.

On May 22, 1901, Bresci was found dead, his lifeless body hanging from the railing in his cell in the Santo Stefano prison. Reportedly, the guard watching him had stepped away for a few minutes and found the body upon his return. Some reports state that he was beaten to death by the guards. The doctor who performed the autopsy wrote that the body was in a state of decomposition, suggesting that he had been dead for more than 48 hours, disputing the official suggestion that he had hanged himself. Bresci’s remains were buried in the prison cemetery.

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The Laird o’Thistle – Special Edition – The Sussex Adaptation

by The Laird o’Thistle
January 22, 2020

I was asked by my friends at Unofficial Royalty to share some thoughts on the changes in role and status for Prince Harry and Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex.  Like many, I was caught off guard by the sudden “crisis” with which the British royal family has begun the year, but in a way I think we should not have been very surprised at all.  The signs of a different tack have been emerging ever since the Sussexes engagement. And, while I have my concerns, I think something more important is afoot, something that has dogged the royal family for several generations.

The basic issue has, I think, been rightly framed as to who is a “working royal” and who is not?  And, if one is a “working royal” what does that entail? With the Sussex decision… as sorted out by the Queen, Prince Charles, Prince William, and Harry at their Sandringham gathering on January 13… there is now the outline of a pragmatic “in, or out” model for the future.  To see this, though, I think it is important to look to another relatively recent episode of royal family life involving the Queen’s youngest son, Prince Edward, the Earl of Wessex.

In several ways, Prince Edward and his now wife Sophie were trailblazers for the royal family.  The days when Edward left the Royal Marines to work in theatre now seem like the rather distant past, but at the time they were also seen as a crisis for the royals, a crisis “spun” by the media to their own advantage.  As Edward moved into his new life and work – moving toward becoming a producer of television documentaries, etc. – he also acquired a life-partner, Sophie Rhys Jones, with a career of her own in public relations. At the time, both intended to pursue their private careers, but ultimately… after several spectacular bumps along the way… found that a hybrid royal/private arrangement was unworkable.  And, so, they made the choice to be full-time working royals, supporting the Queen. In the years since, they have proved themselves to be solid and dependable members of “The Firm” and, with their children, they have also grown personally close to the Queen and Prince Philip from their Windsor home. That, I see, as “Model A” of royal/private adaptation. They are the “In” model.

What I see emerging for Harry and Meghan is “Model B” of royal/private adaptation.  They are pursuing the “Out” model… giving up the use of their HRH status, giving up other official roles, including Harry’s military roles, and so on.  (Giving up the Royal Marines role he took on from Prince Philip must be particularly poignant for both Harry and Philip.) For them this is facilitated by, for a time at least, living abroad in Canada for much of the time.  It currently seems that this is a more radical step than Harry himself wished, but it makes good institutional sense… especially as the House of Windsor, and other monarchies, move on from older gender-based models of who is “in” and “out” over time.  (As in Princess Margaret’s and Princess Anne’s “non-royal” children.)

What, I hope, is ultimately ended by this is the sort of hybrid model that has proved so troublesome across the generations of British and other monarchies.  The unfortunate example of the Duke of York, and his unrealistic hopes for his daughters, provides the current case-in-point. Ever since he left the Royal Navy, Andrew’s status has been problematic.  Without even taking up the whole Epstein Scandal, Prince Andrew’s penchant for hobnobbing with dodgy oligarchs, allegedly with some private dealings on the side, has tainted him. His further insistence on pushing the “royal” status of his daughters, who are never going to be true “working royals” in The Firm, is not only problematic for his relationship with his elder brother, but also unfair to Beatrice and Eugenie.  Edward and Sophie recognized that for their own offspring, Louise and James, long since. Harry and Meghan also realized that from the get-go with wee Archie.

In the future, then, what I foresee is a stronger delineation between being a “working royal” on the one hand, and a private member of the extended “royal family” on the other, and it may fall to personal choice as to which route a young royal (other than the “heir” him- or herself) takes.  It may be that someday, down the way, young Charlotte opts for “In” while Louis opts for “Out”, or vice versa.  Time will tell.

This, I think, is the substantive piece of the Sussex drama of the last few weeks.  At the personal level, concerning the choices made by them, I admit to being puzzled, and somewhat concerned.  What particularly strikes me is how… whatever the merit, or not, of doing so… first Meghan distanced herself from her father and half-siblings, and now Harry is rather distancing himself from his father and brother in particular.  I find that puzzling and worrisome. But, in their stepping back publicly, it also seems to be none of the public’s business. (Although, inevitably, they will still be in the public eye.) I just hope that in moving onward they do so with discretion and wisdom, for their own sake and for that of the Mountbatten-Windsor clan.

Yours aye,

Ken Cuthbertson