Author Archives: Scott

Anne Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland

by Scott Mehl
© Unofficial Royalty 2018

Anne Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland; Credit – Wikipedia

Anne Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland, served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria from 1870 until 1874. The Mistress of the Robes was always a Duchess and attended Queen Victoria on every State occasion. She had precedence over every lady of the Court and when in residence, presided at the Household table. She looked over and passed on the Queen’s personal bills sent to her from the Robes Office. During Queen Victoria’s reign, the Mistress of the Robes was a political appointment and changed when the political party of the government changed.

Born Anne Hay-Mackenzie on April 21, 1829, she was the only child of John Hay-Mackenzie of Newhall and Cromarty and Anne Gibson-Craig. Through her father, Anne was the great-great-granddaughter of George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie, who had participated in the Jacobite rising of 1745, the attempt of Charles Edward Stuart to take the British throne for the House of Stuart. He was captured, tried, and sentenced to death, but managed to get a pardon. In exchange for his life, he was stripped of his titles and all of his estates were confiscated. His eldest son was able to get the family’s estates restored in 1784, but not the titles.

George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke of Sutherland. source: Wikipedia

On June 27, 1849, Anne married George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Marquess of Stafford (later 3rd Duke of Sutherland), the son of George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland and Lady Harriet Howard. Anne and George had five children:

Anne became Duchess of Sutherland on February 22, 1861 upon her husband’s accession to the dukedom. Later that year, she also received titles of her own. On October 21, 1861, Anne was created Countess of Cromartie, Viscountess Tarbat, Baroness Castlehaven and Baroness MacLeod in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. These were all titles previously held by her ancestors, and were granted with special remainder to her younger son, Francis.  She also inherited Castle Leod in the Scottish Highlands, the seat of the Earls of Cromartie going back to the 17th century.

Castle Leod in the Scottish Highlands. photo: By Craig Wallace, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36322284

In 1870, she succeeded her sister-in-law, Elizabeth Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, as Mistress of the Robes, and served until 1874. The position had also previously been held by her mother-in-law Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland four different times between 1837 and 1861.

The Duchess of Sutherland died on November 25, 1888, at Stafford House in London. She is buried at Babbacombe Cemetery in Torquay, Devon, England.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Elizabeth Campbell, Duchess of Argyll

by Scott Mehl
© Unofficial Royalty 2018

Elizabeth Campbell, Duchess of Argyll; Credit – Wikipedia

Elizabeth Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria from 1868 to 1870. The Mistress of the Robes was always a Duchess and attended Queen Victoria on every State occasion. She had precedence over every lady of the Court and when in residence, presided at the Household table. She looked over and passed on the Queen’s personal bills sent to her from the Robes Office. During Queen Victoria’s reign, the Mistress of the Robes was a political appointment and changed when the political party of the government changed.

Born Elizabeth Georgiana Sutherland-Leveson-Gower on May 30, 1824, she was the eldest child of George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland and Lady Harriet Howard, who served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria four different times between 1837 and 1861. Elizabeth had ten siblings:

George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll. source: Wikipedia

Elizabeth married George Douglas Campbell, Marquess of Lorne (later 8th Duke of Argyll) at Trentham Hall on July 31, 1844, in a ceremony officiated by the Archbishop of York. He was the son of John Campbell, 7th Duke of Argyll and Joan Glassel. The couple had met at Taymouth Castle in 1842 when Elizabeth accompanied Queen Victoria on her first visit to Scotland. Elizabeth and George quickly began their family, and had 12 children:

The couple took up residence at Rosneath House, given to them by her husband’s father, and enjoyed a very close and happy marriage. Both had strong interests in liberal policies and shared many of the same interests. Three years after their marriage, Elizabeth’s husband became Duke of Argyll and Chief of Clan Campbell upon his father’s death. He also became Master of the Household in Scotland, a hereditary office held by the Earls and Dukes of Argyll since the reign of King James IV of Scotland. Upon his accession, he also inherited Inveraray Castle, the seat of the Dukes of Argyll in Scotland, and Argyll Lodge in London.

Inveraray Castle. photo: By DeFacto – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43283799

Like her mother, Elizabeth was an ardent supporter of the abolitionist movement and helped draft a letter to the women of the United States calling for an end to slavery. After the letter was sent to Harriet Beecher Stowe – author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin – the two began a correspondence and friendship that lasted for many years. She and her husband also developed a friendship with Charles Sumner, an American politician and leader in the anti-slavery movement.

Elizabeth was appointed Mistress of the Robes in December 1868. She served for a year before resigning in January 1870 due to ill health. She had suffered a mild stroke earlier in 1868, and never fully recovered. Her sister-in-law, Anne Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland succeeded her as Mistress of the Robes. The following year, her eldest son John married Queen Victoria’s fourth daughter Princess Louise.

The tombs of Elizabeth and her husband in the Argyll Mausoleum. photo © Historic Kilmun, used with permission.

Elizabeth Campbell, Duchess of Argyll died in London on May 25, 1878, while dining with the former Prime Minister Gladstone. She was just 53 years old. She is buried beside her husband in the Argyll Mausoleum at the Kilmun Parish Church in Kilmun, Scotland.

Recommended Book – Serving Queen Victoria: Life in the Royal Household by Kate Hubbard

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Elizabeth Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington

by Scott Mehl
© Unofficial Royalty 2018

Elizabeth Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington; Credit – Wikipedia

Elizabeth Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington served as a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria from 1843 until 1858, and then Mistress of the Robes from 1861 to 1868, and 1874 to 1880. The Mistress of the Robes was always a Duchess and attended Queen Victoria on every State occasion. She had precedence over every lady of the Court and when in residence, presided at the Household table. She looked over and passed on the Queen’s personal bills sent to her from the Robes Office. During Queen Victoria’s reign, the Mistress of the Robes was a political appointment and changed when the political party of the government changed.

Lady Elizabeth Hay was born at Yester House, in East Lothian, Scotland on September 27, 1820, the daughter of George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale and Lady Susan Montagu (a daughter of the 5th Duke of Manchester). She had 13 siblings:

Her sister Susan, Marchioness of Dalhousie also served briefly as a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria in 1842. Her brother William, 10th Marquess of Tweeddale, was appointed by Queen Victoria as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland from 1889 to 1892 and again from 1896 to 1897.

Embed from Getty Images 

On April 18, 1839, Elizabeth married Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Douro (later 2nd Duke of Wellington). He was the son of the famed Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington and The Honorable Catherine Pakenham. Their families arranged the marriage which was never particularly happy, and they had no children. Elizabeth did have a very close relationship with her father-in-law.

Elizabeth became Duchess of Wellington upon her husband’s accession to the title in 1852. At that time, they inherited Stratfield Saye House in Hampshire, the family seat of the Dukes of Wellington, and Apsley House, the family home in London.

Following the retirement of Harriet Sutherland in April 1861, Elizabeth was appointed Mistress of the Robes. She held the position until 1868, serving in governments led by four different Prime Ministers – Viscount Palmerston (1861-1865), Earl Russell (1865-1866), Earl of Derby (1866-1868), and Benjamin Disraeli (1868). When Disraeli returned to power in 1874, Elizabeth was once again appointed Mistress of the Robes, serving until 1880.

Stratfield Saye House. photo: By Andrew Smith, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14172142

The Dowager Duchess of Wellington died in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, on August 13, 1904 – exactly twenty years to the day after her husband. She is buried alongside him at Stratfield Saye House.

Recommended Book – Serving Queen Victoria: Life in the Royal Household by Kate Hubbard

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Louise Montagu, Duchess of Manchester

by Scott Mehl
© Unofficial Royalty 2018

Louise Montagu, Duchess of Manchester. source: Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 2809221

Louise Montagu, Duchess of Manchester served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria briefly from 1858-1859. The Mistress of the Robes was always a Duchess and attended Queen Victoria on every State occasion. She had precedence over every lady of the Court and presided at the Household table when in residence. Louise looked over and passed on Queen Victoria’s personal bills sent to her from the Robes Office. During Queen Victoria’s reign, the Mistress of the Robes was a political appointment and changed when the political party of the government changed.

Because of her second marriage to the Duke of Devonshire years later, she became known as “The Double Duchess”, and is renowned for throwing the famed Devonshire House Ball of 1897.  She was born Luise Friederike Auguste, Countess von Alten on June 15, 1832, in Hanover, the daughter of Karl Franz Viktor, Count von Alten and Hermine de Schminke.  Luise had three siblings:

  • Helene von Alten (1830-1890) – married Count André Bludoff
  • Guidobaldine von Alten (1838-1922) – married (1) Auguste Grote; (2) Hermann von Bülow
  • Julie von Alten (1835-1915) – married Emil von Albedyll

William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester. source: Wikipedia

In Hanover on July 22, 1852, Luisa married William Montagu, Viscount Mandeville (later the 7th Duke of Manchester). He was the son of George Montagu, 6th Duke of Manchester and Millicent Sparrow.

The couple had five children:

She became Louise Montagu, Viscountess Mandeville upon marriage, and then Duchess of Manchester upon her father-in-law’s death in 1855. Her home was Kimbolton Castle in Cambridgeshire, the family seat of the Dukes of Manchester since 1615. The couple also spent time at Tandragee Castle in Northern Ireland, built in the 1830s by Louise’s father-in-law.

In 1858, Louise was appointed Mistress of the Robes in March 1858 and served until June 1859. She was both preceded and succeeded in the position by Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland. In addition to serving Queen Victoria, Louise became friends with The Prince and Princess of Wales and other members of the Royal Family. These friendships would last for the rest of her life.

Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire. source: Wikipedia

After separating from her husband, Louise began a relationship with Spencer Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, the heir to the Dukedom of Devonshire. He was the son of William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire and Lady Blanche Howard. Following her husband’s death in 1890, the widowed Louise and Spencer, by then the 8th Duke of Devonshire, married at Christ Church in Mayfair, London on August 16, 1892. They had no children.

As Duchess of Devonshire, Louise had numerous residences at her disposal. These included Chatsworth House in Derbyshire, the seat of the Dukes of Devonshire; Devonshire House in Piccadilly – the family’s London residence; Bolton Abbey in North Yorkshire, and Lismore Castle in County Waterford, Ireland.

The Duchess of Devonshire, dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra. photograph by Walker & Boutall, July 1897. source: National Portrait Gallery NPG Ax41001

At Devonshire House, Louise hosted a lavish costume ball to celebrate Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee. Held on July 2, 1897, the Devonshire House Ball saw many royals in attendance, including the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of York, The Duke and Duchess of Fife, Princess Victoria, The Duke Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, The Duke and Duchess of Teck, Prince Charles and Princess Maud of Denmark, The Emperor and Empress of Russia, Grand Duke Mikhail Mikhailovich of Russia and The Countess of Torby, the Maharajah Duleep Singh and Prince Victor Duleep Singh. Also in attendance were many members of the British aristocracy and London society. The Duchess of Devonshire dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra. The ball was the highlight of the 1897 London Season.

Louise was widowed again in March 1908. Three years later, The Dowager Duchess of Devonshire passed away on July 15, 1911, after suffering a seizure while attending the Sandown Races in Esher Park. She is buried in the churchyard at St. Peter’s Church in Edensor, the traditional burial site of the Dukes of Devonshire and their families.

Several members of Louise’s family later served in the Royal Household of Queen Alexandra. Her daughter Louisa, Countess of Gosford, served as a Lady of the Bedchamber from 1901 until Queen Alexandra died in 1925. Louisa’s husband, The Earl of Gosford, also served as Vice-Chamberlain of The Queen’s Household from 1901 until he died in 1922. Another daughter, Alice, Countess of Derby served as a Lady of the Bedchamber from 1901 until 1910, and then as an Extra Lady of the Bedchamber from 1910 until 1925.

Recommended Book – Serving Queen Victoria: Life in the Royal Household by Kate Hubbard

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Anne Murray, Duchess of Atholl

by Scott Mehl
© Unofficial Royalty 2018

Anne Murray, Duchess of Atholl, 1860.  source: Royal Collection Trust RCIN 2910738

Anne Murray, Duchess of Atholl served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria from 1852 to 1853, and then as a Lady of the Bedchamber from 1854 until she died in 1897. She also served as Acting Mistress of the Robes, along with the Duchess of Roxburghe, from August 1892 to July 1895.  Ladies of the Bedchamber were always wives of peers. Only one Lady of the Bedchamber was in waiting at a time.  She was always ready to attend to the Queen. The Lady-in-Waiting attended all State occasions and presided over the Household table when the Mistress of the Robes was not in residence.  A Lady of the Bedchamber had two to three waits a year from twelve to thirty days at a time.

Born Anne Home-Drummond at the family home on Princes Street in Edinburgh, Scotland on June 17, 1814, she was the only daughter of Henry Home-Drummond and Christian Moray of Abercairney.

Anne had two brothers:

  • George Stirling Home-Drummond (1813-1876) – married (1) Mary Hay, no issue; (2) Kalitza Hay, no issue
  • Charles Stirling-Home-Drummond-Moray (1816-1900) – married Lady Anne Douglas, had issue

George Murray, 6th Duke of Atholl; Credit – Wikipedia

On October 29, 1839 in Blair Drummond, Anne married George Murray, 2nd Baron Glenlyon, the son of James Murray, 1st Baron Glenlyon (son of the 4th Duke of Atholl) and Lady Emily Frances Percy (daughter of the 2nd Duke of Northumberland). Her husband would later succeed his uncle as the 6th Duke of Atholl. Anne and George had one son:

Blair Castle. photo: By © Guillaume Piolle /, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7565974

The new Baroness Glenlyon and her husband made their home at Blair Castle in Blair Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland where, in 1839, her husband formed a regiment called the Atholl Highlanders. The regiment escorted Queen Victoria during her tour of Perthshire in 1842, and mounted the guard when Queen Victoria and Prince Albert stayed at Blair Castle for several weeks in 1844. In recognition of their service, Queen Victoria decreed that she would present the regiment with colours, thus giving them official status. Lady Glenlyon presented the colours to them on The Queen’s behalf in 1845.

Anne became Duchess of Atholl in 1846 upon her husband’s accession to the dukedom. They preferred to use the alternative spelling of ‘Athole’. In 1852, she was appointed Mistress of the Robes when the Earl of Derby and the Conservative party came to power. Derby’s government was short-lived, and Anne served for less than a year. She was then appointed a Lady of the Bedchamber, and served in that role for nearly 45 years, becoming a close friend of The Queen. Back at home, she founded the Duchess of Atholl Girls’ School in Dunkeld in 1853.

The Dowager Duchess of Atholl (seated to the left) photographed at Balmoral in May 1868, along with Prince Arthur and Prince Leopold, and several members of The Queen’s Household. source: Royal Collection Trust RCIN 2901892

Anne was in-waiting in December 1861 when Prince Albert died at Windsor Castle. Upon his death, Queen Victoria is reported to have come out of his room and said to Anne, “Oh Duchess, he is dead.” The Duchess was widowed three years later but continued serving as one of the Queen’s Ladies of the Bedchamber for the rest of her life.

The Dowager Duchess of Atholl, 1876. Hand-painting photograph by Alexander Bassano. source: Royal Collection Trust RCIN 2914324 

When Gladstone returned to power in 1892, no one would accept the position of Mistress of the Robes, due to the Prime Minister’s policy of Home Rule for Ireland. While the position remained vacant for several years, Anne and the Duchess of Roxburghe, performed the duties of the role. Several years later, at the age of 83, the Dowager Duchess of Atholl died in Dunkeld, Scotland on May 22, 1897. She is buried alongside her husband in the family’s cemetery beside the ruins of St. Bride’s Church in Old Blair, a village adjacent to Blair Castle.

Recommended Book – Serving Queen Victoria: Life in the Royal Household by Kate Hubbard

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Charlotte Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry

by Scott Mehl
© Unofficial Royalty 2018

Charlotte, Duchess of Buccleuch and her daughter Victoria. Painted by Robert Thorburn in 1847. source: Royal Collection Trust RCIN 420401

Charlotte Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry

Charlotte Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria from 1841 until 1846. The Mistress of the Robes was always a Duchess and attended Queen Victoria on every State occasion. She had precedence over every lady of the Court and when in residence, presided at the Household table. She looked over and passed on the Queen’s personal bills sent to her from the Robes Office. During Queen Victoria’s reign, the Mistress of the Robes was a political appointment and changed when the political party of the government changed.

Born Lady Charlotte Anne Thynne on April 10, 1811, at Longleat in Wiltshire, she was the daughter of Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath and The Honourable Isabella Elizabeth Byng, and had ten siblings:

  • Lady Elizabeth (1795-1866) – married John Campbell, 1st Earl Cawdor, had issue
  • Thomas, Viscount Weymouth (1796-1837) – married Harriet Robbins, no issue
  • Henry, 3rd Marquess of Bath (1797-1837) – married the Hon. Harriet Baring, had issue
  • Reverend Lord John (1798-1824) – married Anne Beresford, had issue
  • Lady Louisa (1801-1859) – married Henry Lascelles, 3rd Earl of Harewood, had issue
  • Lord William (1803-1890) – married Belinda Brumel, no issue
  • Lord Francis (1805-1821) – unmarried
  • Lord Edward (1807-1884) – married (1) Elizabeth Mellish, no issue; (2) Cecilia Gore, had issue
  • Lord George (1808-1832) – unmarried
  • Reverend Lord Charles (1813-1894) – married Harriet Bagot, had issue

Charlotte’s brother, The Reverend Lord John Thynne, served as Deputy Dean of Westminster for 45 years and assisted in the coronations of King William IV and Queen Adelaide in 1831, and Queen Victoria in 1838.  And her paternal grandmother, Elizabeth, Marchioness of Bath, had previously served as Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte from 1761 until 1793, and then as Mistress of the Robes from 1793 until Queen Charlotte’s death in 1818.

Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch and 7th Duke of Queensberry. source: Wikipedia

Charlotte married Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch and 7th Duke of Queensberry, at St. George’s Church in Hanover Square, London, on March 13, 1829. He was the son of Charles Montagu Scott, 4th Duke of Buccleuch and 6th Duke of Queensberry and The Hon. Harriet Townshend. Deemed a love match from the start, the marriage produced seven children:

The Duke of Buccleuch was one of the wealthiest landowners in the United Kingdom, and the couple had several grand homes at their disposal. Dalkeith Palace in Midlothian, Scotland was the seat of the Dukes of Buccleuch and the couple’s primary residence. They also owned Drumlanrig Castle in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland; Montagu House in Westminster, London; Boughton House in Northamptonshire, England; Bowhill House in Selkirk, Scotland; and Ditton Park in Slough, Buckinghamshire.

Charlotte was appointed Mistress of the Robes in 1841 when the Conservative party took control of government under Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel. Her husband also served as Lord Privy Seal under the Prime Minister from 1842-1846. Quite different from how she is portrayed in the series Victoria, The Duchess of Buccleuch was just six years older than Queen Victoria, and the two were close and lifelong friends. It was Charlotte who helped peak Queen Victoria’s interest in visiting Scotland and helped to teach her about the country before traveling there. When The Queen and Prince Albert made their first visit to Scotland in 1842, the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch hosted them at Dalkeith Palace. So close were the Duchess and The Queen that Charlotte named her eldest daughter Victoria Alexandrine in the Queen’s honor. The child was christened at Buckingham Palace in April 1845, with Queen Victoria serving as godmother.

The Duchess of Buccleuch, c1864. source: Royal Collection Trust RCIN 2907038

Charlotte’s role as Mistress of the Robes ended in 1846 when the Whig party returned to control of the government. She was succeeded by The Duchess of Sutherland (who had also been her predecessor). Charlotte returned to Scotland, once again becoming involved in philanthropic work, and overseeing the restoration of the gardens at Drumlanrig Castle. Raised in the high church, Charlotte had always been a huge supporter of religious organizations and charities. However, it caused much distress when, in 1860, she converted to Catholicism. Many years earlier, she had become friends with the Marchioness of Lothian (her sister Margaret’s mother-in-law) who had converted to Catholicism in the 1840s, and the two had worked together for years in their philanthropic work.

The Duchess of Buccleuch. source: Royal Collection Trust RCIN 2911724

After her husband’s death in 1884, Charlotte lived primarily at Ditton Park, which served as her dower home. Here, she often hosted her children and grandchildren and continued to pursue her charitable work. It was at Ditton Park that the Dowager Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry died on March 18, 1895. Her son Walter had died just a few weeks earlier, and Charlotte was devastated and never recovered from her loss. She is buried alongside her husband in the family crypt at The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, at Dalkeith Palace.

St. Mary’s Church, Dalkeith Palace. photo: by kim traynor, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14160157

Recommended Book – Serving Queen Victoria: Life in the Royal Household by Kate Hubbard

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland

by Scott Mehl
© Unofficial Royalty 2018

Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland painted by Winterhalter, 1849. source: Wikipedia

Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland was the first Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria.  Harriet did not have an affair with Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as depicted in the television series Victoria. The real Harriet was twelve years older than Ernst and her husband George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland did not die until 1861. Harriet and her husband had a successful, loving marriage and had eleven children.

The Mistress of the Robes was always a Duchess and attended Queen Victoria on every State occasion. She had precedence over every lady of the Court and when in residence, presided at the Household table. She looked over and passed on the Queen’s personal bills sent to her from the Robes Office. During Queen Victoria’s reign, the Mistress of the Robes was a political appointment and changed when the political party of the government changed.

Harriet was born The Honourable Harriet Elisabeth Georgiana Howard, on May 21, 1806, to George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle and Lady Georgiana Cavendish, a daughter of the 5th Duke of Devonshire. Harriet had eleven siblings:

Harriet’s brother George, the 7th Earl of Carlisle, was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster by Queen Victoria in 1850 and served until 1852. He later served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1855 to 1858, and 1859 to 1864. He was also a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and the Privy Council of Ireland. Her sister, Caroline, married William Lascelles, who served as Comptroller of the Household from 1847 to 1851, and her sister, Blanche, was a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria from 1838 until 1840.

George Leveson-Gower, Earl Gower, c1810. source: Wikipedia

On May 18, 1823, Harriet married George Leveson-Gower, Earl Gower, her father’s first cousin, nearly 20 years her senior. He was the son of George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Marquess of Stafford (later 1st Duke of Sutherland) and Elizabeth Sutherland, Countess of Sutherland. Harriet and her husband had had eleven children:

Harriet’s eldest daughter Elizabeth, Duchess of Argyll, served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria from 1868 until 1870. She was succeeded by Harriet’s daughter-in-law, Anne, Duchess of Sutherland, who served from 1870 until 1874.

Harriet with her eldest daughter Elizabeth, the future Duchess of Argyll. by: George Henry Phillips, published by Grames & Warmsley, after Sir Thomas Lawrence; mezzotint, published 15 April 1841. source: National Portrait Gallery, NPG D40930

Harriet’s title changed several times over the next ten years. Upon marriage, she became Harriet Leveson-Gower, Countess Gower, and when her father-in-law was created Duke of Sutherland in 1833, she became Marchioness of Stafford. Several months later, she became Duchess of Sutherland when her husband succeeded to the dukedom. In 1839, after his mother’s death, Harriet’s husband inherited her title as Earl of Sutherland and Chief of Clan Sutherland in Scotland. At that time, he added ‘Sutherland’ to the family’s surname.

  • The Honourable Harriet Howard (1806-1823)
  • Harriet Leveson-Gower, Countess Gower (1823-1833)
  • Harriet Leveson-Gower, Marchioness of Stafford (1833)
  • Harriet Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland (1833-1839)
  • Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland (1839-1861)
  • Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Dowager Duchess of Sutherland (1861-1868)

Dunrobin Castle. photo: By Dunrobin_Castle_-Sutherland_-Scotland-26May2008.jpg: jack_spellingbaconderivative work: Snowmanradio (talk) – originally posted to Flickr as Dunrobin castle and uploaded to commons at Dunrobin_Castle_-Sutherland_-Scotland-26May2008.jpg, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8639843

The family had numerous residences in the United Kingdom and spent time at all of them throughout the year. These included Trentham Hall in Staffordshire, Dunrobin Castle in the Scottish Highlands, Cliveden in Buckinghamshire, and the lavish Stafford House (now Lancaster House) in London.

Due to her family’s wealth and her relationship with Queen Victoria, Harriet was one of the leading ladies of British society. She turned the family’s London home, Stafford House, into one of the centers of high society and used her influence to support various philanthropic causes. In 1852, she helped to organize the ‘Stafford House Address’, a petition against slavery that was met with much resistance from the aristocracy. It also led to a rebuttal from former First Lady of the United States, Julia Tyler, who defended slavery.

Harriet was first appointed Mistress of the Robes in August 1837, the first to serve Queen Victoria. Just two years later, Queen Victoria’s refusal to give up her ladies brought about the Bedchamber Crisis. For the next 24 years, Harriet served as Mistress of the Robes whenever the Whig Party controlled  the government:

  • August 1837 – September 1841
  • July 1846 – March 1852
  • January 1853 – February 1858
  • June 1859 – April 1861

Harriet Elizabeth Georgiana Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (née Howard), Duchess of Sutherland by Hills & Saunders, albumen carte-de-visite, 1860s. source: National Portrait Gallery, NPG Ax30376

She retired a few months after her husband died in 1861 but remained a close friend and confidante to Queen Victoria for the rest of her life. When Queen Victoria was widowed in December of that year, Harriet returned to court unofficially and was The Queen’s sole companion for several weeks.

Harriet’s last public appearance was at the March 1863 wedding of the Prince of Wales and Princess Alexandra of Denmark. Later that year, she was taken ill and never fully recovered. The Dowager Duchess of Sutherland died at Stafford House in London on October 27, 1868. She is buried in the Sutherland Mausoleum in Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent.

Engagement photo of Princess Louise and John Cambell, Marquess of Lorne (Harriet’s grandson), 1871. source: Wikipedia

Through her large family, Harriet is a direct ancestor of numerous members of the British aristocracy, including the Dukes of Hamilton, Argyll, Northumberland, Leinster and Westminster; the Marquesses of Hertford and Londonderry; the Earls of Selkirk, Lichfield and Cromartie; and the Countess of Sutherland, Chief of Clan Sutherland. She was also connected to Queen Victoria through marriage. In 1871, Queen Victoria’s daughter Princess Louise married John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, the son of Harriet’s elder daughter Elizabeth.

Recommended Book – Serving Queen Victoria: Life in the Royal Household by Kate Hubbard

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Wedding of Princess Eugenie of York and Jack Brooksbank

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2018

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On Friday, October 12, 2018, HRH Princess Eugenie of York married Mr. Jack Brooksbank at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor.

 

The Bride – HRH Princess Eugenie of York
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Princess Eugenie Victoria Helena is the younger daughter of HRH Prince Andrew, Duke of York and the former Sarah Ferguson. She was born at Portland Hospital in London on March 23, 1990. Eugenie has an elder sister, Princess Beatrice. Her christening was held at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Sandringham, the first public christening of a member of the royal family.

She was educated at the Winkfield Montessori School, the Upton House School, Coworth Park School, St. George’s School and Marlborough College. Following a gap year, she attended Newcastle University, graduating in 2012 with a degree in English Literature and History of Art. The Princess interned with Christie’s and The Royal Collection Trust before taking a job as a Benefit Auctions Manager at Paddle8, an online auction firm located in New York City. Since July 2015, she has worked as an associate director at the Hauser & Wirth art gallery in London. She shared an apartment at St. James’s Palace in London with her sister, until moving to Ivy Cottage, on the grounds of Kensington Palace, in April 2018.

Unofficial Royalty: HRH Princess Eugenie

The Groom – Mr. Jack Brooksbank
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John (Jack) Christopher Stamp Brooksbank was born May 3, 1986 to George and Nicola (née Newton) Brooksbank. He has one younger brother, Thomas. He and Eugenie are third cousins, 2 times removed, through their mutual descent from Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester. Jack’s great-grandfather, Sir Jack Coke, served as Gentleman Usher to King George VI and Extra Gentleman Usher to Queen Elizabeth II. He also served as an Equerry to Queen Mary.

Jack attended the Stowe School and then embarked on a career in the hospitality industry. He worked at several pubs and restaurants, including the Admiral Codrington and the Markham Inn in Chelsea, and then worked as manager of the nightclub Mahiki, in Mayfair. He is currently the brand ambassador for Casamigos Tequila, and in 2017 established Jack Brooksbank Limited, a wholesale company for the sale of wine, beer, and other alcoholic beverages.

Unofficial Royalty: Mr. Jack Brooksbank

The Engagement
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Eugenie and Jack were introduced by mutual friends in Verbier, Switzerland. The Princess was on holiday and Jack was working there at the time. After seven years together, Jack proposed to Eugenie while on holiday in Nicaragua at the end of 2017.

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The groom had already purchased a large Padparadscha sapphire, and after returning home, the couple worked together to design the engagement ring. It features the oval-cut pink-orange sapphire surrounded by diamonds, on a gold band. Their engagement was formally announced on January 22, 2018, after which the couple met with the media and photographers in the Picture Gallery at Buckingham Palace.

Wedding Guests

850 guests filled St. George’s Chapel for Eugenie and Jack’s wedding. This included a large number of the extended royal family and countless friends and colleagues. Here is a partial list of those in attendance:

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The Groom’s Family and Friends
Mr. and Mrs. George and Nicola Brooksbank
Mr. Thomas Brooksbank
Mr. and Mrs. David and Vanessa Brooksbank
Mr. Charles Brooksbank
Mrs. Amy Brooksbank Rodgers
Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Newton
Mr. John Newton
Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Farr
Mr. and Mrs. William Gayner
Mr. and Mrs. Rory Chichester

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The Royal Family
The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh
The Prince of Wales
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge
Prince George of Cambridge (page boy)
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (bridesmaid)
The Duke and Duchess of Sussex
The Duke of York and Sarah, Duchess of York
Princess Beatrice of York
The Earl and Countess of Wessex
Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor (special attendant)
Viscount Severn (special attendant)
The Princess Royal and Sir Timothy Laurence
Peter and Autumn Phillips
Zara and Mike Tindall
The Earl and Countess of Snowdon
Viscount Linley
Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones
Lady Sarah and Daniel Chatto
The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester
The Duke of Kent
Lady Helen and Timothy Taylor
Prince and Princess Michael of Kent
Lord and Lady Frederick Windsor
Miss Maud Windsor (bridesmaid)
Lady Gabriella Windsor and Mr. Thomas Kingston
James Ogilvy
Zenouska Mowatt

Noticeably absent were The Duchess of Cornwall (previously scheduled engagements), The Duchess of Kent (mostly retired from royal life), and Princess Alexandra (recovering from a broken arm and recent surgery)

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Royal Guests
Crown Prince Pavlos and Crown Princess Marie Chantal of Greece
Princess Maria-Olympia of Greece
Hereditary Prince Ernst-August and Hereditary Princess Ekaterina of Hanover
Prince Christian and Princess Alessandra of Hanover
Ms. Chantal Hochuli (formerly Princess Chantal of Hanover)

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Some Notable Guests
James Blunt and Sofia Wellesley
Cressida Bonas
Naomi Campbell
Chelsy Davy
Olivier and Zoe de Givenchy
Cara Delevingne
Poppy Delevingne
Julian Fellowes and Emma Kitchener-Fellowes
Stephen Fry and Elliott Spencer
Pixie Geldof
Ellie Goulding
Ricky Martin and Jwan Yosef
James and Pippa (Middleton) Matthews
James Middleton
Demi Moore
Kate Moss
Guy Pelly
Zac Posen
Jamie Redknapp
Liv Tyler
Jack Whitehall
Robbie Williams and Ayda Field Williams

Eugenie and Jack also invited representatives from several of the charities they support, and members of the public, to be on the grounds of the chapel for the festivities.

The Wedding Attendants
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Maid of Honour

  • HRH Princess Beatrice of York (the bride’s sister)

Best Man

  • Mr. Thomas Brooksbank (the groom’s brother)

Bridesmaids

  • HRH Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (daughter of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge)
  • Miss Savannah Phillips (daughter of Peter and Autumn Phillips)
  • Miss Isla Phillips (daughter of Peter and Autumn Phillips)
  • Miss Mia Tindall (daughter of Zara and Mike Tindall)
  • Miss Maud Windsor (daughter of Lord and Lady Frederick Windsor, and Eugenie’s goddaughter)
  • Miss Theodora Williams (daughter of Robbie Williams and Ayda Field)

Page Boys

  • HRH Prince George of Cambridge (son of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge)
  • Mr. Louis de Givenchy (son of Olivier and Zoe de Givenchy, friends of the couple)

In addition, Eugenie’s two younger cousins, the children of The Earl and Countess of Wessex, were Special Attendants. Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor accompanied the bridesmaids and pageboys, while Viscount Severn escorted Sarah, Duchess of York and Princess Beatrice down the aisle to their seats in the Quire.

The Wedding Attire
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Princess Eugenie wore a dress designed by Peter Pilotto and Christopher De Vos of the British label Peter Pilotto. Consisting of several layers, each carefully designed to provide the desired silhouette, the dress featured a fitted bodice and a full pleated skirt. The neckline folded around the shoulders and down into a low back which continued into a full-length train. Princess Eugenie specifically requested a low back to show the scars from her corrective surgery for scoliosis as a child. For this reason, she also chose not to wear a veil. The fabric, a jacquard of silk, cotton, and viscose blend, incorporated several symbols with special meaning to the couple:

  • Thistle – representing the couple’s fondness for Balmoral
  • Shamrock – representing the bride’s maternal family’s Irish heritage
  • York Rose – representing her father’s Dukedom
  • Ivy – representing the couple’s home, Ivy Cottage at Kensington Palace

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The wedding was the first time Princess Eugenie has been seen publicly in a tiara. While many expected she would wear her mother’s wedding tiara, she wore a tiara loaned to her by her grandmother Queen Elizabeth II. The Greville Emerald Kokoshnik Tiara was made by Boucheron in 1919 for The Hon. Mrs. Ronald Greville, a prominent member of British society and a noted philanthropist. Upon her death in 1942, Mrs. Greville left a large bequest of all of her jewelry to Queen Elizabeth (later The Queen Mother). This tiara was part of that bequest. In addition to Eugenie’s first tiara appearance, this is also the first time the tiara has been worn publicly since arriving in the vaults of Buckingham Palace 76 years ago. It is made of brilliant and rose-cut diamond pavé set in platinum, with six emeralds on either side of a large cabochon emerald in the center. Princess Eugenie also wore diamond and emerald drop earrings, a wedding gift from the groom.

The bride’s bouquet included lily of the valley, stephanotis pips, baby blue thistle, white spray roses, and trailing ivy. It also included sprigs of myrtle from Osborne House, in a tradition dating back 160 years. While visiting her husband’s grandmother in Germany, Queen Victoria was given a nosegay that contained some myrtle. A sprig from this was planted along the terrace walls at Osborne House and continues to flourish to this day. In 1858, Queen Victoria’s eldest daughter married and carried a sprig of this myrtle in her bouquet. Since then, nearly all royal brides in the British Royal Family have incorporated a sprig of this myrtle into their wedding bouquet.  In keeping with a tradition started by The Queen Mother following her wedding in 1923, Princess Eugenie’s flowers were later taken to Westminster Abbey and placed on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior.

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The groom and his best man wore traditional morning suits. Both wore tie pins featuring the white rose of york and the padparadscha sapphire, gifts from the bride’s mother.

The Ceremony
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The bride arrived at St. George’s Chapel, accompanied by her father The Duke of York in a 1977 Rolls Royce Phantom VI, given to The Queen in 1978 for her Silver Jubilee. This was the same car used by Catherine Middleton for her wedding to Prince William in 2011. She entered the chapel on her father’s arm and was met at the Quire Screen by the groom and the Dean of Windsor. Following the introduction, all processed through the Quire to the altar. The wedding ceremony was conducted by the Dean of Windsor, David Connor, and the prayers were led by the Archbishop of York, John Sentamu. The ceremony itself was very traditional, with the couple exchanging their vows, and the groom placing the wedding ring – made from a piece of Welsh gold given to them by The Queen – on the bride’s finger. Readings were given by Charles Brooksbank, the groom’s cousin, and Princess Beatrice of York, the bride’s sister. The music was provided by The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the State Trumpeters of the Household Cavalry. Andrea Bocelli performed two solos during the service, and additional signing was provided by the Choir of St. George’s Chapel.

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After the ceremony, the couple along with their parents and siblings went to the North Quire Aisle to sign the Registers. Upon returning, the National Anthem was played after which the bride and groom paid homage to The Queen before processing out of the chapel through the West Door. There, the steps were lined with members of the Nijmegen Company of the Grenadier Guards, of which the Duke of York is Colonel.

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The couple greeted the crowds gathered outside the chapel with waves and a kiss before getting into the Scottish State Coach, pulled by four Windsor Greys, for a carriage procession through Windsor. As the procession departed, pipers from the 2nd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland, performed from the Garter Tower.

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Following the wedding and carriage procession, Eugenie and Jack returned to Windsor Castle where The Queen hosted a reception.

The Wedding Banquet and Receptions
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Following the wedding and carriage procession, Eugenie and Jack returned to Windsor Castle where The Queen hosted a reception in St. George’s Hall. After greeting their guests, the couple posed for formal photographs with the bridal party and their families. The centerpiece of the reception was the five-tiered wedding cake. Made by Sophie Cabot, the cake features 3 tiers of red velvet cake and 2 tiers of chocolate sponge cake, all covered with butter cream and white icing. The bottom tier features the couple’s initials in gold, surrounded by hand-painted blackberry bramble. Keeping with the autumnal theme, the cake is adorned with ivy, fall leaves, and berries, which cascade down from the top tier. These are all made of sugar and hand-painted.

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The couple departed the castle in an Aston Martin DB10 – a one-of-a-kind model made specifically for the James Bond movie ‘Spectre’ – for Royal Lodge, where the bride’s parents hosted a black-tie reception that evening. The following day, the festivities continued with a carnival-themed party at Royal Lodge.

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Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2018

Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein: In November 1863, Prince Friedrich of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg claimed the twin duchies as Friedrich VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein after the death without a male heir of King Frederick VII of Denmark, who was also the Duke of Schleswig and the Duke of Holstein.  In 1864, following the Second Schleswig War, the Duchy of Holstein and the Duchy of Schleswig became occupied territories of the German Confederation and two years later, following the Austro-Prussian War, part of the new Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein. However, Prussia recognized the head of the House of Oldenburg as the *mediatized duke of these two duchies, with the rank and all the titles. The Duchy of Schleswig and the Duchy of Holstein are now the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

*mediatize – to annex (a principality) to another state, while allowing certain rights to its former sovereign

Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein; Credit – WIkipedia

Princess Dorothea Maria Henriette Auguste Louise of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was born in Vienna, Austria on April 30, 1881, to Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Princess Louise of Belgium. Through her mother, she was a granddaughter of King Leopold II of the Belgians. Dorothea had one older brother:

Ernst Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein. source: Wikipedia

On August 2, 1898, in Coburg, Dorothea married Ernst Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein. He was the son of Friedrich VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein and Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. Upon his father’s death in January 1880, Ernst Günther had inherited his father’s title. However, just like his father before him, the title was merely in pretense, as the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein had been annexed by Prussia following the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Ernst Günther served as a General in the Cavalry and was a member of the Prussian House of Lords.

Dorothea and Ernst Günther had no children of their own, but in 1920, they adopted Princess Marie Luise and Prince Johann Georg of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, the children of Prince Albrecht of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and his first wife, Countess Ortrud of Ysenburg and Büdingen.

Schloss Taxis. source: Wikipedia

Widowed in 1921, Dorothea survived her husband by nearly 46 years. The Dowager Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein, aged 86, died at Schloss Taxis in Dischingen, Germany on January 21, 1967. She is buried at St. Augustin Church in Coburg, Germany.

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Schleswig-Holstein Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Ernst Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2018

Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein: In November 1863, Prince Friedrich of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg claimed the twin duchies as Friedrich VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein after the death without a male heir of King Frederick VII of Denmark, who was also the Duke of Schleswig and the Duke of Holstein.  In 1864, following the Second Schleswig War, the Duchy of Holstein and the Duchy of Schleswig became occupied territories of the German Confederation and two years later, following the Austro-Prussian War, part of the new Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein. However, Prussia recognized the head of the House of Oldenburg as the *mediatized duke of these two duchies, with the rank and all the titles. The Duchy of Schleswig and the Duchy of Holstein are now the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

*mediatize – to annex (a principality) to another state, while allowing certain rights to its former sovereign

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Ernst Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein; Credit – Wikipedia

Ernst Günther was the mediatized Duke of Schleswig-Holstein from 1880 until his death in 1921. He was born in Dolzig, Kingdom of Prussia, now in Poland, on August 11, 1863, to Friedrich VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein and Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, a daughter of Queen Victoria’s half-sister Feodora of Leiningen.

Ernst Günther had six siblings:

Upon his father’s death in January 1880, Ernst Günther inherited his father’s title. However, just like his father before him, the title was merely in pretense, as the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein had been annexed by Prussia following the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. He served as a General in the Cavalry and was a member of the Prussian House of Lords.

An affair in 1896 caused a great scandal within Germany. Ernst Günther had fallen in love with Baroness Johanna von Spitzemberg, the daughter of Hildegard von Spitzemberg, a noted hostess in Berlin, and a friend of the German Imperial Family. Ernst Günther and Johanna wanted to marry, but Kaiser Wilhelm and Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria – Ernst Günther’s sister – quickly made it clear that marriage would not be permitted.

Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. source: Wikipedia

Two years later, on August 2, 1898, in Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, now in the German state of Bavaria, Ernst Günther married Princess Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the daughter of Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Princess Louise of Belgium. They had no children. However, in 1920, they adopted Princess Marie Luise and Prince Johann Georg of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, the children of Prince Albrecht of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and his first wife, Countess Ortrud of Ysenburg and Büdingen.

Ernst Günther died at Schloss Primkenau in Primkenau, Germany, now in Przemków, Poland, on February 22, 1921. He is buried in the Ducal Graveyard in Primkenau. As he had no legal heir, his titles were inherited by his cousin, Prince Albert, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, son of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom and Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and a grandson of Queen Victoria.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Schleswig-Holstein Resources at Unofficial Royalty