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Queen Mary I of England; Credit – Wikipedia
November 17, 1558 – Death of Queen Mary I of England at St. James Palace in London, England; buried at Westminster Abbey in London, England
Mary was the only child of King Henry VIII of England and his first wife Catherine of Aragon to survive infancy. Upon the death of her half-brother King Edward VI of England in 1553, John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland and Lord Protector of the Realm arranged for his daughter-in-law Lady Jane Grey, a great-granddaughter of King Henry VII of England, to be proclaimed Queen of England instead of Mary. Mary quickly assembled a force and deposed Jane, who was ultimately beheaded. Mary was 37 and needed to marry to produce an heir to supplant her Protestant sister, the future Queen Elizabeth I of England. In 1554, Mary married the future King Philip II of Spain but the couple had no children. Throughout her reign, Mary was steadfast in her determination to restore the Roman Catholic religion to England. Edward VI’s religious laws were abolished during the first Parliament of her reign. During Mary’s reign, nearly 300 Protestants were burned at the stake for heresy. Mary had become weak and ill in May 1558, possibly from ovarian cysts or uterine cancer. In November 1558, Mary fell ill during an influenza outbreak and died at the age of 42. Mary had wanted to be buried with her mother at Peterborough Cathedral but was buried in Westminster Abbey in a vault she would eventually share with her Protestant sister Elizabeth.
Unofficial Royalty: Queen Mary I of England
November 17, 1592 – Death of King Johan III of Sweden at Stockholm Castle in Stockholm, Sweden; buried at Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden
Johan was the eldest of the ten children of King Gustav I Vasa of Sweden and his second wife Margareta Leijonhufvud. In 1569, he became King of Sweden after a rebellion against his mentally ill half-brother King Eric XIV of Sweden. Johan married Katarina Jagellonica of Poland and the couple had three children. During his reign, Johan III carried out extensive building projects. He participated personally in the planning of various buildings and provided his own architectural drawings. In 1570, Johan III ended the Nordic Seven Years War with Denmark and Sweden, a war his half-brother Erik had started. During the following years, Johan successfully fought Russia in the Livonian War and made a peace treaty with Russia. After the death of his first wife, Johan married Gunilla Bielke and they had one son. After a reign of twenty-three years, Johan died at the age of 54.
Unofficial Royalty: King Johan III of Sweden
November 17, 1729 – Birth of Maria Antonia of Spain, Queen of Sardinia, wife of Vittorio Amadeo III, King of Sardinia, at the Royal Alcázar in Seville, Spain
Maria Antonia was the daughter of Felipe V, King of Spain and his second wife Elisabeth Farnese of Parma. Her father was born Philippe of France, Duke of Anjou at the Palace of Versailles in France and was the grandson of King Louis XIV of France. In 1700, King Carlos II of Spain died childless with no immediate Habsburg heir. Philippe’s father Louis, Le Grand Dauphin had the strongest genealogical claim to the throne of Spain because his mother Maria Teresa, Infanta of Spain had been the half-sister of Carlos II. However, neither Philippe’s father nor his elder brother Louis, Duke of Burgundy, Le Petite Dauphin could be displaced from their place in the succession to the French throne. Therefore, Carlos II, King of Spain, in his will, named 16-year-old Philippe of Anjou, Duke of Anjou as his successor. In 1750, Maria Antonia married the future Vittorio Amedeo III, King of Sardinia and the couple had twelve children. Upon the death of her father-in-law Carlo Emanuele III, King of Sardinia in 1773, Maria Antonia’s husband succeeded him as Vittorio Amedeo III.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Antonia of Spain, Queen of Sardinia
November 17, 1755 – Birth of King Louis XVIII of France at the Palace of Versailles in Versailles, France
Full name: Louis Stanislas Xavier
King Louis XVIII of France was born in 1755, during the reign of his grandfather King Louis XV of France. He was the son of Louis, Dauphin of France, and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, and the brother of King Louis XVI of France who was beheaded during the French Revolution. In 1771, Louis married Princess Maria Giuseppina of Savoy, the daughter of the future King Vittorio Amadeo III of Sardinia and Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain. The marriage was far from loving, with Louis finding his bride ugly and repulsive. The couple had no children. During the French Revolution, Louis escaped France. In April 1814, following Napoleon’s overthrow, the French Senate restored the Bourbons to the French throne and Louis XVIII officially became King of France.
Unofficial Royalty: King Louis XVIII of France
November 17, 1769 – Birth of Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen, wife of the future Friedrich, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, in Hanover, Electorate of Hanover, now in Lower Saxony, Germany
Full name: Charlotte Georgine Luise Friederike
Charlotte was the eldest child of Carl II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt. Her paternal aunt was Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the wife of King George III of the United Kingdom. In 1785, Charlotte married Friedrich, then the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The marriage was unhappy from the beginning, and Friedrich mostly ignored his wife who was far more intelligent than he was. Despite this, the couple had twelve children. Despite her husband’s disinterest, Charlotte became much loved by the people of Saxe-Hildburghausen. She gave generously to causes and charities that helped the poor and funded numerous programs that provided education and training to the less fortunate.
Unofficial Royalty: Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen
November 17, 1796 – Death of Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia; buried at the Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul in St. Petersburg, Russia
Never destined at birth to be a monarch or even married to a monarch, Princess Sophie Auguste Friederike of Anhalt-Zerbst achieved both. She married Grand Duke Peter Feodorovich (born Carl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp), the grandson of Peter I (the Great), Emperor of All Russia, and the successor of his unmarried aunt Elizabeth, Empress of All Russia as Peter III, Emperor of All Russia. A conspiracy to overthrow Peter was planned and centered around the five Orlov brothers. After a reign of five months, Peter III was deposed, and died under circumstances that remain unclear, and his wife became Catherine II, Empress of All Russia, now known as Catherine the Great. During Catherine’s reign, Russia grew larger and stronger and was recognized as one of the great powers of Europe. Catherine died from a stroke at the age of 67 after a reign of 34 years.
Unofficial Royalty: Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia
November 17, 1818 – Death of Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of the United Kingdom, wife of King George III of the United Kingdom, at Kew Palace in Surrey, England; buried at St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle in Windsor, England
In 1761, Charlotte married George III, then King of Great Britain, later King of the United Kingdom. George and Charlotte’s marriage was a very happy one and George remained faithful to Charlotte. Between 1762 and 1783, Charlotte gave birth to fifteen children, all of whom survived childbirth. Only two of the children, who died from smallpox, did not survive childhood. The only disruption in the family’s domestic lives was George’s attacks of illness. We now know that he probably suffered from porphyria and his attacks severely worried Charlotte. Charlotte is the second longest-serving consort in British history. Only her descendant, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Queen Elizabeth II, served as a consort longer. Queen Charlotte died at the age of 74, at Kew Palace seated in a small armchair holding the hand of her eldest son, the future King George IV.
Unofficial Royalty: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of the United Kingdom
November 17, 1845 – Birth of Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, wife of Prince Philippe of Belgium, Count of Flanders, and mother of King Albert I of the Belgians, at Schloss Sigmaringen in the Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen now in Sigmaringen, Germany
Full name: Marie Luise Alexandrine Karoline
Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was one-half of the couple who secured the future of the Belgian royal dynasty. Marie was the daughter of Sovereign Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and the sister of the future King Carol I of Romania. In 1867, Marie married Prince Philippe of Belgium, Count of Flanders, the second surviving son of Leopold I of the Belgians. In 1869, ten-year-old Leopold, Duke of Brabant, the only son and heir of Philippe’s brother King Leopold II, fell into a pond, caught pneumonia, and died. Hoping for a crown prince because only males could inherit the throne, Leopold II and his wife had another child, but the child was a girl. Marie and Philippe’s elder son Baudouin was second in line to the throne until he died in 1891 from influenza. Then Marie and Philippe’s younger son Albert became second in line to the throne. Marie lived long enough to see her son Albert succeed his uncle King Leopold II as King Albert I in 1909.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Countess of Flanders
November 17, 1887 – Birth of Ernst August III of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick in Penzig, Austria
Full name: Ernst August Christian Georg
The son of Ernst August II, Crown Prince of Hanover and Princess Thyra of Denmark, Ernst August was the last reigning Duke of Brunswick, abdicating on November 8, 1918. He was also the pretender to the throne of Hanover. In 1913, Ernst August married Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia, the only daughter of Wilhelm II, German Emperor, King of Prussia. The wedding was one of the last large gatherings of European royalty before World War I began the following year, attended by 1,200 guests. The couple had five children. After his abdication in 1918, Ernst August and his family were able to remain in Hanover. He lived his remaining years at his various properties, including Cumberland Castle in Gmunden, Austria, Marienburg Castle in Hanover, Germany, and Blankenburg Castle in Harz, Germany.
Unofficial Royalty: Ernst August III of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick
November 17, 1905 – Birth of Astrid of Sweden, Queen of the Belgians, first wife of Leopold III, King of the Belgians, at the Hereditary Prince’s Palace in Stockholm, Sweden
Full name: Astrid Sofia Lovisa Thyra
Astrid was the daughter of Prince Carl of Sweden, Duke of Västergötland, and Princess Ingeborg of Denmark. Through both of her parents, she was closely related to the Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian royal families. Her father was the son of King Oscar II of Sweden and the brother of King Gustav V of Sweden. Her mother was the daughter of King Frederik VIII of Denmark, and sister to King Christian X of Denmark and King Haakon VII of Norway. In 1926, Astrid married the future Leopold III, King of the Belgians. They were the parents of the two Belgian kings, Baudouin and Albert II, and Grand Duchess Josephine-Charlotte of Luxembourg. In 1934, Astrid’s husband became King of the Belgians upon the death of his father. Astrid threw herself into her royal duties while continuing to raise her young family. Sadly, just a year later, Astrid was killed in a car crash.
Unofficial Royalty: Astrid of Sweden, Queen of the Belgians
November 17, 1905 – Death of Prince Philippe of Belgium, Count of Flanders, son of King Leopold I and father of King Albert I of the Belgians, at the Palace of the Count of Flanders in Brussels, Belgium; buried at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken near Brussels, Belgium
Philippe was a younger son of Leopold I, King of the Belgians, and the ancestor of the current Belgian royal family as his son succeeded to the Belgian throne as King Albert I. In 1867, Philippe married Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and they had five children. It was Philippe and Marie who secured the future of the Belgian dynasty. Philippe was the heir presumptive to the Belgian throne until he died in 1905. Philippe’s elder son Baudouin was second in line to the throne until he died in 1891 from influenza. Then Philippe’s younger son Albert became second in line to the throne. Eventually, Albert succeeded his uncle, King Leopold II, upon his death in 1909 as King Albert I. Philippe led a comfortable life in the intimacy of his Brussels palace surrounded by his objets d’art, his superb horses, and especially his precious library of 30,000 books. He died at the age of 68.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Philippe of Belgium, Count of Flanders
November 17, 1905 – Death of Grand Duke Adolphe of Luxembourg at his summer home Schloss Hohenburg in Lenggries, Kingdom of Bavaria, now Bavaria, Germany; buried at the burial chapel of Schloss Weilburg, the former residence of the House of Nassau and Dukes of Nassau-Weilburg, now in the German state of Hesse
Adolph was the son of Wilhelm, Duke of Nassau whom he succeeded in 1839. Adolph’s first wife Grand Duchess Elisabeth Mikhailovna of Russia died in childbirth along with her child. Adolph married again to Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau. They had five children, but only two lived to adulthood including his successor Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. In 1890, Adolphe became Grand Duke upon the accession of Queen Wilhelmina to the Dutch throne. The three previous kings of the Netherlands had also been Grand Dukes of Luxembourg. However, because Luxembourg did not allow female succession, Wilhelmina could not succeed to the throne of Luxembourg. 73-year-old Adolphe was a Protestant in a Catholic country and knew little about Luxembourg, so he left the governing to his prime minister. Adolph died at the age of 88.
Unofficial Royalty: Grand Duke Adolphe of Luxembourg
November 17, 1945 – Death of Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin at Glücksburg Castle in Germany, the home of his youngest daughter and her husband; buried in the New Cemetery in Glücksburg, Germany
Friedrich Franz became Grand Duke upon his father’s death in April 1897. Because he was still a minor, his uncle Duke Johann Albrecht, served as regent until Friedrich Franz came of age in 1901. Once he had taken control of his government, the young Grand Duke attempted to reform the Mecklenburg constitution. However, his efforts failed when the government of Mecklenburg-Strelitz refused to agree to his ideas. In 1904, he married Princess Alexandra of Hanover and Cumberland and they had five children. Friedrich Franz was the last Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, abdicating on November 14, 1918. Forced to leave Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Friedrich Franz and his family traveled to Denmark at the invitation of his sister, Queen Alexandrine where they lived for a year, before being permitted to return to Mecklenburg, Germany, and recovering several of the family’s properties. At the end of World War II, with the advance of the Soviet Union’s Red Army, Friedrich Franz, his wife, and son Christian Ludwig, fled to Glücksburg Castle, in Glücksburg, Germany, the home of his youngest daughter and her husband, intending to return to Denmark. However, he became ill, and while under house arrest at Glücksburg Castle, died at the age of 63.
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
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