Author Archives: Susan

Queen Silvia of Sweden

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2014

Queen Silvia of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Silvia Renate Sommerlath was born on December 23, 1943, in Heidelberg, Germany. She is the only daughter and the youngest of four children of Walther Sommerlath (1901-1990) and his Brazilian wife Alice Soares de Toledo (1906-1997).  Silvia had three older brothers: Ralf (born 1929), Walther (1934-2020), and Jörg (1941–2006).

When Silvia was almost four years old, the Sommerlath family moved from Germany to São Paulo, Brazil where they lived from 1947-1957. Silvia attended Colégio Visconde de Porto Seguro, a private, bilingual (German/Portuguese) founded in 1878 by German immigrants so their children could learn about German culture without losing their connection with Brazil. The family returned to Germany in 1957 and Silvia graduated from high school in Düsseldorf, Germany in 1963. Between 1965 and 1969 she studied at the Munich School of Interpreting, majoring in Spanish. Silvia worked briefly as a flight attendant and then worked at the Argentinean Consulate in Munich, Germany. Silvia is fluent in six languages: English, French, German, Spanish, Swedish, and Portuguese.

Silvia put her language skills to good use when she worked as a hostess trainer between 1971 and 1973 for the Organizing Committee of the 1972 Summer Olympic Games in Munich, Germany. She became Deputy Head of Protocol of the Organizing Committee for the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.

At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, Silvia met Carl Gustaf, then Crown Prince of Sweden. Carl Gustaf has said that the couple immediately “clicked” upon meeting.  While the couple was courting, Carl Gustaf’s grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf, died on September 15, 1973, and Carl Gustaf became King at the age of 27.

The engagement of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Silvia Sommerlath was announced on March 12, 1976.  The couple was married at Stockholm’s Storkyrkan Cathedral on June 19, 1976. The night before the wedding the Swedish group ABBA performed the first live Swedish television performance of their song Dancing Queen at a gala in honor of Carl Gustaf and his queen-to-be.

silvia_wedding

King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia on their wedding day; Credit – http://www.kungahuset.se

King Carl Gustaf and Queen Silvia have three children:

Embed from Getty Images 

The King and Queen and their family moved to Drottningholm Palace, a short distance from Stockholm, in 1982.  The official offices remain at the Royal Palace of Stockholm.

Drottningholm

Drottningholm Palace; Photo Credit – Susan Flantzer

Queen Silvia is involved in numerous charity organizations, especially in the area of disadvantaged children, the handicapped, drug abuse, dementia and elder care, and dyslexia which King Carl Gustaf has. In 1999, Queen Silvia founded the World Childhood Foundation (WCF) which works towards better living conditions for children all over the world. The WCF has offices in Sweden, Brazil, Germany, and the United States, where Princess Madeleine, the Queen’s youngest child, once worked in the New York City office.

Queen Silvia also is involved with:

  • Mentor Foundation, a leading international organization for drug use and substance abuse prevention.
  • The Queen Silvia Fund, an endowment that enables young handicapped people, all over the world, to benefit through Scouting.
  • The Silvia Home, an organization that strives for the development of good health and care of people with dementia and their families.

In 2011, Queen Silvia became the longest-serving queen consort of Sweden, a record previously held by Sophia of Nassau, the wife of King Oscar II.  She enjoys participating in outdoor activities with her husband including gardening, hiking, skiing, water skiing, and horseback riding.

Silvia_hiking

The King and Queen hiking in the Swedish mountains; Photo: Swedish Royal Court 

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Sweden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Princess Charlene of Monaco

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2014

Charlene Lynette Wittstock was born on January 25, 1978, in Bulawayo, Rhodesia, the former name of the country of Zimbabwe. She is the daughter of Michael Wittstock (born 1946), a computer business operator, and Lynette Humberstone Wittstock (born 1959), a former competitive diver and swimming coach. Charlene has two brothers, Gareth (born 1979) and Sean (born 1983). The family moved to South Africa when Charlene was ten years old and she attended the Tom Newby School in Benoni, South Africa.

Charlene competed for the South African national swimming team. In the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, she competed in the 4 X 100-meter medley and the team came in fifth place. She planned to compete in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, but could not due to a shoulder injury. Prince Albert was also an Olympian having competed in bobsledding in five Winter Olympics.

charlene_swimming

Charlene Wittstock swims for South Africa at the 2000 Sydney Olympics; Photo source: Sydney Morning Herald

In June 2000 at the Marenostrum International Swimming Meet in Monaco, Charlene first met Prince Albert II of Monaco who presided over the meet. For the next five years, the couple periodically dated privately. Their relationship went public at the Opening Ceremonies for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. After the Olympics, the couple was seen together at a number of events including the Monaco Grand Prix, the Rose Ball held annually in Monaco, the Princess Grace Foundation Awards Gala, and most notably at the wedding of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden and Daniel Westling in Stockholm on June 19, 2010. On June 23, 2010, four days after the wedding of Crown Princess Victoria, Prince Albert II of Monaco and Charlene Wittstock became engaged. The civil ceremony was held on July 1, 2011, in the Throne Room of the Prince’s Palace. The religious ceremony took place on July 2, 2011, in the courtyard of the Palace.

albert_wedding

Photo source: BBC/AP

Prince Albert and Princess Charlene have two children, boy and girl twins. Even though their daughter was born first, their son is the heir apparent because Monaco’s succession is male-preference cognatic primogeniture.

Embed from Getty Images

Princess Charlene is involved in the following organizations:

  • Princess Charlene of Monaco Foundation has the goal to transmit the sporting values that former Olympians Princess Charlene and Prince Albert II of Monaco both have to the next generation of young athletes.
  • Ladies Lunch Monte-Carlo raises funds for Monegasque charity associations benefiting children and adolescents; Princess Charlene is the Honorary President
  • Nelson Mandela Foundation originally provided a base for Mandela’s charitable work and now continues his legacy.
  • asfAR is a foundation for AIDS research.
  • Special Olympics provides year-round sports training and athletic competition in a variety of Olympic-type sports for children and adults with intellectual disabilities; Princess Charlene is a Global Ambassador of Special Olympics.
  • The Giving Organisation is a group of South African charities that deals with issues ranging from AIDS among underprivileged children to the protection of the environment; Princess Charlene is Co-Patron with Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu.
  • Monaco Against Autism; Princess Charlene is the Honorary President

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Principality of Monaco Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Queen Letizia of Spain

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2014

Queen Letizia of Spain; Credit – Wikipedia

Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano was born on September 15, 1972, in Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. She is the eldest of three daughters of Jesús José Ortiz Álvarez, a journalist, and his first wife, María de la Paloma Rocasolano Rodríguez, a registered nurse and hospital union representative.

Letizia was christened on September 29, 1972, at the San Francisco de Asís Church in Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. Her godparents were Francisco Rocasolano Rodríguez, her maternal uncle, and Cristina Ortiz Álvarez, her paternal aunt.

Regarding Spanish naming customs, using Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano, the first surname or paternal family name is Ortiz and the second surname or maternal family name is Rocasolano. Letizia’s parents divorced in 1998 and her father has since married again to a fellow journalist, Ana Togores. Letizia has two younger sisters, Telma (born 1973) and Érika (1975-2007). It was widely reported that Letizia’s sister Érika died from an intentional prescription drug overdose.

In her hometown of Oviedo, Letizia completed her primary education at the Colegio Público La Gesta de Oviedo and started her secondary education at the Instituto Alfonso II.  Due to her father’s job as a journalist, the whole family moved to Madrid in 1987 where Letizia continued her secondary education at the Instituto Ramiro de Maeztu.  Letizia has a Bachelor’s Degree in Journalism from Complutense University of Madrid and a Master’s Degree in Audiovisual Journalism from the Institute for Audiovisual Journalism Studies.

In 1998, Letizia civilly married Alonso Guerrero Pérez, a high-school literature teacher, and the couple divorced in 1999. Since this marriage was only a civil ceremony, the Roman Catholic Church did not need to issue an annulment in order for Letizia to have a religious wedding in the future.

While Letizia was pursuing her university degrees, she worked for La Nueva España, a daily newspaper published in her hometown of Oviedo, ABC,  a Spanish national daily newspaper, and Agencia EFE, a Spanish international news agency. After Letizia completed her university, she took a position at Siglo XXI, a newspaper in Guadalajara, Mexico.

When she returned to Spain, Letizia worked for the Spanish version of the financial channel Bloomberg before moving to the CNN+, a Spanish 24-hour television news channel, where she spent two years broadcasting the news in the morning shift. In 2000, she received the Mariano José de Larra Award from the Press Association of Madrid as the most accomplished journalist under the age of 30.

Letizia presenting the news

Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano presenting the news; Photo Credit – http://www.casareal.es / TVE/EFE

In 2000, Letizia began working at Televisión Española, the national state-owned public television broadcaster in Spain where she worked for the news channel 24 Horas.  By 2002, Letizia was anchoring the weekly news report program Informe Semanal and then the daily morning news program Telediario Matinal. In August 2003, Letizia started anchoring the daily evening news program Telediario 2, the most-watched newscast in Spain. During most of this time period, Letizia was maintaining a secret relationship with Felipe, Prince of Asturias, the heir to the Spanish throne.

It was in November 2002 while covering the Prestige oil tanker disaster, Spain’s largest environmental disaster, that Letizia’s life would change forever. Felipe, Prince of Asturias had flown to the area to offer his support to the communities worst affected by the oil spill. Although the couple had met the year before at a mutual friend’s dinner party, it was during this terrible disaster that they fell in love. Their relationship was kept a closely guarded secret until the engagement was announced on November 1, 2003.

11/06/2003. Photo Call : Prince Felipe of Borbon and Letizia Ortiz at Pardo Palace after the official announcement of their engagement.

Engagement announcement; Photo Credit – http://time.com

The couple was married on May 22, 2004, at the Santa María la Real de La Almudena Cathedral in Madrid, Spain.  It was the first royal wedding held in Madrid since the wedding of Felipe’s great-grandparents King Alfonso XIII of Spain and Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg in 1906.

Felipe_wedding

Photo Credit – http://www.casareal.es

The couple has two daughters:

  • The Princess of Asturias (Leonor de Todos los Santos de Borbón Ortiz), born October 31, 2005, at the Ruber International Clinic in Madrid, Spain
  • Infanta Sofía (Sofía de Todos los Santos de Borbón Ortiz), born on April 29, 2007, at the Ruber International Clinic in Madrid, Spain

Queen Letizia with her family in 2019; Credit – Wikipedia

On June 2, 2014, King Juan Carlos, Felipe’s father, announced his intention to abdicate the throne in favor of his son. On June 18, 2014, King Juan Carlos signed the formal instrument of abdication and Felipe ascended the throne at midnight. At the same time, Letizia automatically became Queen of Spain. King Felipe VI was sworn in and proclaimed king on June 19, 2014, in a ceremony in the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Spanish legislature.

Proclamacionfelipevi3

King Felipe and Queen Letizia at the proclamation ceremony; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Spain Resources at Unofficial Royalty

World War I Resources

Below is a list of general resources about World War I.

The blood supply into the erection containers made of spongy tissue called as corpus cavernosum in tadalafil 20mg india the penile organ. Unquestionably, you might discover get cialis online this capsule as a harmless drug. This tablet widens the conduits channel and standardizes the blood stream in the penile range, accordingly giving a hard and long-lasting cialis in india price erection. For a man, there is nothing worse than having to bear questioning eyes, trying to come up with some reason, some excuse, to explain why you weren’t able to perform and satisfy their lady. cialis price no prescription

European Monarchies at the Start of World War I in 1914

german empire map

Europe in 1914; Photo Credit – www.clas.ufl.edu

All photos of monarchs are from Wikipedia. Current monarchies are noted. For comparison, see Unofficial Royalty: European Monarchies at the End of World War I in 1918

· Principality of Albania

WilhelmPrinceAlbania
Wilhelm of Wied, Sovereign Prince of Albania (reigned 1914)
Wikipedia: Prince Wilhelm of Wied, Prince of Albania

·  Austrian-Hungarian Empire

Emperor_Franz_Josef_I_-_ca_1885
Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (reigned 1848–1916)
Unofficial Royalty: Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria

·  Kingdom of Belgium (current monarchy)

Albert_I_Koning_der_Belgen
Albert I, King of the Belgians (reigned 1909–1934)
Unofficial Royalty: Albert I, King of Belgians

·  Kingdom of Bulgaria

Ferdinand_Bulgarien
Ferdinand I, Tsar of Bulgaria (reigned 1887–1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Ferdinand I, Tsar of Bulgaria

·  Kingdom of Denmark (current monarchy)

Christian_X_of_Denmark
Christian X, King of Denmark (reigned 1912–1947)
Unofficial Royalty: Christian X, King of Denmark

·  German Empire

Kaiser_Wilhelm_Ii_
Wilhelm II, German Emperor, King of Prussia (reigned 1888–1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Wilhelm II, German Emperor

The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent states, most of them ruled by royal families. The constituent states retained their own governments, but had limited sovereignty. For example, both postage stamps and currency were issued for the German Empire as a whole. While the constituent states issued their own medals and decorations, and some had their own armies, the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control. In wartime, armies of all the constituent states would be controlled by the Prussian Army and the combined forces were known as the Imperial German Army. Listed below are the constituent states of the German Empire ruled by royal families in 1914.

germany-1870

Photo Credit – http://www.atsnotes.com

German Kingdoms

Wilhelm_II_of_Germany
Prussia – Wilhelm II, German Emperor, King of Prussia (reigned 1888–1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Wilhelm II, German Emperor, King of Prussia

Kingludwig3bavaria
Bavaria – Ludwig III, King of Bavaria (reigned 1913–1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Ludwig III, King of Bavaria

FA3_of_Saxony
Saxony – Friedrich Augustus III, King of Saxony (reigned 1904–1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich Augustus III, King of Saxony

Wilhelm_II_of_Wurtt
Württemberg – Wilhelm II, King of Württemberg (reigned 1891–1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Wilhelm II, King of Württemberg

German Grand Duchies

GrandDukeFriedrichII
Baden – Friedrich II, Grand Duke of Baden (reigned 1907-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich II, Grand Duke of Baden

Ernest_Ludwig_de_Hesse_1920
Hesse and by Rhine – Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (reigned 1892-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine

Frederick_Francis_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (reigned 1897-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

AdolfFriedrichVI
Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Adolf Friedrich VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (reigned 1914-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Adolf Friedrich VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

August_II_von_Oldenburg_1902
Oldenburg – Friedrich Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (reigned 1900-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg

GrandDukeWILHELM
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Wilhelm Ernst, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (reigned 1901-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Wilhelm Ernst, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

German Duchies

FriedrichDukeAnhalt2
Anhalt – Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt (reigned 1904-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt

Ernstaugusthannover
Brunswick – Ernst Augustus III, Duke of Brunswick (reigned 1913-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Ernst Augustus III, Duke of Brunswick

Ernstii
Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (reigned 1908-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

Carl_Eduard_Sachsen_Coburg_und_Gotha
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (reigned 1900-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Bernhard_III_(Saxe-Meiningen)
Saxe-Meiningen – Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (reigned 1914-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

German Principalities

Leopold_IV_Fürst_zur_Lippe
Lippe – Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (reigned 1905 – 1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe

Heinrich_XXIV_RäL
Reuss-Greiz – Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (reigned 1902-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz

HeinrichXXVII
Reuss-Gera – Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line (reigned 1913-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line

AdolfSchaumburgLippe
Schaumburg-Lippe – Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (reigned 1911-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

Günther_Victor_von_Schwarzburg
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (reigned 1909-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg

220px-PrinceFRIEDRICHPyrmont
Waldeck-Pyrmont – Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (reigned 1893-1918)
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

·  Kingdom of Greece

Constantineiofgreece
Constantine I, King of the Hellenes (reigned 1913–1917)
Unofficial Royalty: Constantine I, King of the Hellenes

·  Kingdom of Italy

Vitorioemanuel
Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italy (reigned 1900–1946)
Unofficial Royalty: Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italy

·  Principality of Liechtenstein (current monarchy)

Johann_II_v_Liechtenstein
Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (reigned 1858–1929)
Unofficial Royalty: Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein

·  Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (current monarchy)

Marie-Adélaïde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg_2
Marie Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (reigned 1912–1919)
Unofficial Royalty: Marie Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

·  Principality of Monaco (current monarchy)

Albert I monaco
Albert I, Prince of Monaco (reigned 1889–1922)
Unofficial Royalty: Albert I, Prince of Monaco

·  Kingdom of Montenegro

Nikola_of_Montenegro
Nikola I, King of Montenegro (reigned 1860–1918)
Wikipedia: Nikola I, King of Montenegro

· Kingdom of the Netherlands (current monarchy)

Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands,_1909
Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (reigned 1890–1948)
Unofficial Royalty: Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands

· Kingdom of  Norway (current monarchy)

Haakon7
Haakon VII, King of Norway (reigned 1905–1957)
Unofficial Royalty: Haakon VII, King of Norway

·  Ottoman Empire

Sultan_Mehmed_V_of_the_Ottoman_Empire
Mehmed V, Ottoman Sultan (reigned 1909–1918)
Wikipedia: Mehmed V, Ottoman Sultan

·  Kingdom of Romania

Carol_I_King_of_Romania
Carol I, King of Romania (reigned 1866–1914)
Unofficial Royalty: Carol I, King of Romania

King_Ferdinand_of_Romania
Ferdinand I, King of Romania (reigned 1914–1927)
Unofficial Royalty: Ferdinand I, King of Romania

·  Russian Empire

Nicholas_II
Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia (reigned 1894–1917)
Unofficial Royalty: Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia

·  Kingdom of Serbia

PedroIDeSerbia--excitingpersonal00ever
Peter I, King of Serbia (reigned 1903–1921)
Unofficial Royalty: Peter I, King of Serbia

·  Kingdom of Spain (current monarchy)

Alfonso_XIII_de_España_by_Kaulak
Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (reigned 1886–1931)
Unofficial Royalty: Alfonso XIII, King of Spain

·  Kingdom of Sweden (current monarchy)

CrownPrinceGustav(V)Sweden
Gustaf V, King of Sweden (reigned 1907–1950)
Unofficial Royalty: Gustaf V, King of Sweden

·  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (current monarchy)

Kinggeorgev1923
George V, King of the United Kingdom (reigned 1910–1936)
Unofficial Royalty: George V, King of the United Kingdom

King Harald V of Norway

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2014

King Harald V of Norway; Credit – Wikipedia

King Harald V of Norway was born on February 21, 1937, at Skaugum, the residence of the Crown Prince, in Asker, Norway. His parents were Crown Prince Olav of Norway (later King Olav V) and Princess Märtha of Sweden.  At the time of Harald’s birth, his grandfather, King Haakon VII (born Prince Carl of Denmark, son of King Frederik VIII of Denmark) was the monarch and his grandmother, Queen Maud (born Princess Maud of Wales, daughter of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom) was his consort. King Harald is closely related to several European monarchs: King Philippe of Belgium and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg are his first cousins once removed, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark is his second cousin, and King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and King Charles III of the United Kingdom are his second cousin once removed.

Harald was christened in the Royal Chapel of the Royal Palace in Oslo on March 31, 1937, by Bishop Johan Lunde. His godparents were:

King Harald has two older sisters:

Harald_baby

Harald in his mother’s arms with his family; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1940, when Harald was just three years old, Germany invaded Norway.  To avoid being taken into custody by the Germans, the Norwegian Royal Family and many members of the Government and the Storting (legislature) left Norway. Crown Princess Märtha and her three children, Princess Ragnhild, Princess Astrid, and Prince Harald, fled to Sweden, Märtha’s native country. King Haakon VII (Queen Maud had died in 1938) and Crown Prince Olav fled to London where they stayed with the Norwegian government in exile for the duration of World War II.

The family gathered outside Pook’s Hill: Prince Harald, Crown Princess Märtha, Princess Astrid, Princess Ragnhild, and Crown Prince Olav; Credit – Wikipedia

After staying in Sweden for several months, Crown Princess Märtha and her three children traveled to the United States by ship. President Franklin Roosevelt offered refuge to Crown Princess Märtha and her children. They stayed briefly at Roosevelt’s Hyde Park estate in New York State and then at the White House. Eventually, they settled into Pook’s Hill, a Tudor-style mansion in Bethesda, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, DC. Crown Princess Märtha worked quietly behind the scenes to support the war effort.

The family members were special favorites of President Roosevelt and when he took his fourth and final oath of office at the White House, an 8-year-old Prince Harald was standing behind him. Crown Princess Märtha’s work in the United States had a lasting impact on U.S.-Norwegian relations. Her advocacy on her country’s behalf during World War II influenced President Roosevelt’s famous “Look to Norway” speech. In September 2005, the United States erected a statue of Crown Princess Märtha on the grounds of the Norwegian Embassy in Washington, D.C. as a symbol of the enduring friendship between the two nations. The statue was unveiled by her three children.

Princess_Märtha_of_Sweden_statue

Statue of Crown Princess Märtha outside the Norwegian Embassy in Washington, DC; Credit – Wikipedia

Harald returned to Norway in June 1945 with his mother and his sisters. That autumn, he began to attend Smestad School in Oslo. In 1955, Harald graduated from the Oslo Cathedral School.  He then entered the Norwegian Cavalry Officers’ Training School and finished his military education at the Norwegian Military Academy in 1959. After Harald finished his compulsory military service, he studied social science, history, and economics at Balliol College, Oxford University in Oxford, England from 1960 – 1962.

Harald’s mother Crown Princess Märtha died of cancer in 1954 at the age of 53. On September 21, 1957, when Harald’s grandfather King Haakon VII died, Harald’s father became King Olav V, and Harald became Crown Prince. Thereafter, Harald attended the Council of State and acted as Regent in the King’s absence. He worked closely alongside his father and carried out an increasing number of official tasks, such as traveling with trade delegations to promote the Norwegian industry abroad.

When he was Crown Prince of Norway, Harald’s father King Olav V had won an Olympic Gold Medal for Sailing Mixed 6 Meters in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Although he did not win a medal, Harald followed in his father’s footsteps and represented Norway in Sailing events in three Summer Olympics: 1964/Tokyo, 1968/Mexico City, 1972/Munich.

Harald V_Olympics

Crown Prince Harald carries the Norwegian flag at the opening ceremony in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics; Photo: Royal House of Norway

In June 1959, Crown Prince Harald attended a party hosted by a friend, Johan Stenersen. At the party, he met another friend of Johan Stenersen, Sonja Haraldsen. In August 1959, when the Crown Prince graduated from the Norwegian Military Academy, he invited Sonja to attend the graduation ball, and the couple was photographed together.

Sonja_Crown Prince

Crown Prince Harald of Norway and Sonja Haraldsen at the Norwegian Military Academy Graduation Ball in August of 1959; Photo source: ATF

The relationship between the Crown Prince and Sonja was controversial because many people including politicians and journalists, felt the Crown Prince should marry a princess and not a Norwegian commoner. The controversy continued for years as did the relationship despite the media’s attempts to promote a royal marriage with either of the Greek princesses Sophia and Irene. Crown Prince Harald made it clear to his father King Olav V that he would remain unmarried if he could not marry Sonja. This would have resulted in a succession crisis as Harald was the sole heir to the throne. At that time, Norway did not allow female succession, so his two sisters Ragnhild and Astrid were not in the line of succession.

Finally, in 1968, when King Olav felt the position of the Norwegian people had changed to favor Sonja, he consulted with government leaders and consented to the Crown Prince to marry a commoner. The engagement of the couple was announced on March 19, 1968, with this announcement from King Olav V: “It is with pleasure that I inform you, Mr. President and Members of the Storting, that I, after seeking advice from the Prime Minister, members of the Government, you, Mr. President, and the parliamentary leaders of the political parties, have today given my consent to my dear son, Crown Prince Harald, to take as his wife Miss Sonja Haraldsen, daughter of the late Mr. Karl August Haraldsen and Mrs. Dagny Haraldsen née Ulrichsen.”

Sonja_Norway_engagement

Engagement Photo; Photo source: ATF

The wedding was held on August 29, 1968, at the Oslo Cathedral in the presence of 850 guests. Because the bride’s father was deceased and to show his support for his soon-to-be daughter-in-law, King Olav escorted the bride down the aisle.

Sonja_aisle

King Olav V escorting the bride down the aisle; Photo: Royal House of Norway

Sonja_Harald_wedding

The future King Harald V and Queen Sonja at their wedding; Photo: Royal Order of Sartorial Splendor

The couple had two children:

 

On January 17, 1991, King Olav V died and the Crown Prince became King Harald V. Crown Princess Sonja became the first Queen Consort of Norway in 53 years, since Queen Maud, wife of King Haakon VII, died in 1938. Along with King Harald, Queen Sonja was consecrated in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway on June 23, 1991.

Harald_Sonja_consecration

Consecration of the King and Queen; Photo: Royal House of Norway

In recent years, King Harald has been unable to perform his duties as sovereign due to ill health on several occasions: from December 2003 to mid-April 2004 due to urinary bladder cancer, from April to early June 2005 due to aortic stenosis, and in 2020 due to cardiac surgery to replace of a heart valve. In January 2021, King Harald underwent surgery for torn knee tendons and remained on sick leave through mid-April 2021. Crown Prince Haakon served as the country’s regent on these occasions, including giving the King’s Speech at the State Opening of Parliament in 2020. On January 31, 2024, the royal palace announced that King Harald was on “sick leave” until 2 February due to a respiratory infection. On 27 February 27, 2024, while on holiday in Malaysia, King Harald was again hospitalized on the resort island of Langkawi.

sonja_harald

Queen Sonja and King Harald; Photo: Royal House of Norway

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Norway Resources at Unofficial Royalty

King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2014

Embed from Getty Images 

King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands was born on April 27, 1967, at the University Medical Center in Utrecht, The Netherlands. He was the first of three sons of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands and Claus von Amsberg.

Embed from Getty Images
Willem-Alexander being held by his mother as his father looks on

The infant prince was christened Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church on September 2, 1967, in Grote of Sint-Jacobskerk in The Hague.

  • Willem: traditionally the first name of the heir to the throne.
  • Alexander: a name his parents liked
  • Claus: after his father
  • George: after his paternal great-grandfather Baron George von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen
  • Ferdinand: after Ferdinand von Bismarck, his father’s best friend

His godparents were

King Willem-Alexander has two brothers:

willem alexander birth family

Willem-Alexander, second from the right, with his family; Photo: Hello

Willem-Alexander lived with his family at Drakensteyn in Baarn, The Netherlands until 1981 when the family moved to Huis ten Bosch in The Hague, The Netherlands. Along with his brothers, he attended Nieuwe Baarnse School and Het Baarnsch Lyceum in Baarn. After moving to Huis Ten Bosch in 1981, Willem-Alexander attended the Eerste Vrijzinnig Christelijk Lyceum in The Hague. He completed his secondary education at Atlantic College in Llantwit Major, Wales, where he received an International Baccalaureate in 1985.

From 1985 – 1987, Willem-Alexander received military training at the Royal Netherlands Naval College in Den Helder, The Netherlands and then he served on board the frigates HNLMS Tromp and HNLMS Abraham Crijnssen. He served as a reservist in the Royal Netherlands Navy until his accession to the throne in 2013 when he was honorably discharged.

willem alexander navy

Willem-Alexander in the navy uniform of Sub-Lieutenant in 1986; Photo: Wikipedia

In 1987, Willem-Alexander enrolled as a history student at Leiden University in Leiden, The Netherlands and received his Master of Arts degree in 1993. While he was at Leiden University, Willem-Alexander was a member of the Minerva Student Society. The topic for his Masters dissertation was the Dutch response to France’s decision under President de Gaulle to leave NATO’s integrated command structure.

willem alexander_leiden

Willem-Alexander with his mother at his graduation in 1993; source: http://www.anp-archief.nl/

Willem-Alexander has long been interested in water management and sports issues. He was an honorary member of the World Commission on Water for the 21st century and patron of the Global Water Partnership. He was appointed as the Chairperson of the United Nations Secretary General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation in 2006.

From 1995 – 1998, Willem-Alexander was a patron of the Dutch Olympic Games Committee. In 1998, he became a member of the International Olympic Committee. He resigned from the IOC upon becoming King in 2013.

Willem+Alexander+Winter+Olympics

King Willem-Alexander cheering on the Dutch speed skating team at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi; Photo: Zimbio

In April of 1999, Willem-Alexander met his future wife Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti (born 1971 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) in Seville, Spain, during the Seville Spring Fair.  He did not introduce himself as a Prince and at a later time when he told Máxima who he was, she thought he was joking. Willem-Alexander and Máxima announced their engagement on March 30, 2001. The couple’s relationship caused significant controversy due to the role Máxima’s father, Jorge Zorreguieta, had in the Argentinian military dictatorship. Máxima’s father was forbidden to attend his daughter’s wedding. Willem-Alexander and Máxima were married on February 2, 2002, in a civil ceremony in the Beurs van Berlage in Amsterdam and then in a religious ceremony at Amsterdam’s Nieuwe Kerk.

King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima have three daughters:

Embed from Getty Images

On January 28, 2013, Willem-Alexander’s mother Queen Beatrix announced her intention to abdicate in favor of him. Queen Beatrix signed the Instrument of Abdication at the Royal Palace in Amsterdam on April 30, 2013. Afterward, Willem-Alexander was inaugurated as King at the Nieuwe Kerk, adjacent to the Royal Palace in Amsterdam.

Willem+Alexander_inauguration

King Willem-Alexander at his inauguration with Queen Máxima; Photo: Zimbio

When he became King of the Netherlands, Willem-Alexander resigned from most of his official executive functions. The reason given was that he wanted to be a “king of all”, which did not include executive functions of a limited number of organizations. Willem-Alexander remained actively involved with the Orange Fund because he considered it the most important of his organizations. He is the honorary patron of several organizations.

Willem-Alexander is an avid pilot and has said that if he had not been born a royal, he would have liked to be an airline pilot. During the reign of his mother, he regularly flew the Dutch royal aircraft on trips. In May 2017, Willem-Alexander revealed that he had served as a first officer on KLM flights for 21 years, flying twice a month, even after his accession to the throne. Willem-Alexander was rarely recognized while in the KLM uniform.  A few passengers recognized his voice although he never gave his name and only welcomed passengers on behalf of the captain and crew.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of the Netherlands Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Prince Albert II of Monaco

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2014

Prince Albert II of Monaco; Credit – Wikipedia

Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre) was born on March 14, 1958, at the Prince’s Palace in Monaco.  He is the only son and the second of three children of Rainier III, Sovereign Prince of Monaco and American actress and Academy Award winner Grace Kelly.

Albert was christened on April 20, 1958, at Saint Nicholas Cathedral in Monaco. His godparents were:

  • Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain, born Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria
  • Prince Louis de Polignac, first cousin of his paternal grandfather
Albert_family

Prince Albert on left with his family; Photo source: The Telegraph

Prince Albert has two sisters:

Albert_and_Grace_Kelly_1972

Prince Albert with his mother in 1972; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

Prince Albert received his primary and secondary education in Monaco and graduated from the Lycée Albert Premier of Monaco in 1976. He spent time in his mother’s native country at Camp Tecumseh on Lake Winnipesaukee in Moultonborough, New Hampshire where he attended summer camp and was a camp counselor for six summers in the 1970s. Prince Albert spent additional time in the United States when he attended Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts as Albert Grimaldi. At Amherst College, he joined the Chi Psi fraternity, and the Amherst Glee Club, graduating in 1981 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science.

Albert_UN

Prince Albert addressing the General Assembly of the United Nations; Photo source: http://www.un.org/

After he graduated from college, Prince Albert had several educational opportunities that broadened his experience. From September 1981 – April 1982, Prince Albert trained onboard the French Navy’s helicopter carrier “Jeanne d’Arc.” He trained with various international companies in the United States and Europe in communication, financial management, and marketing from January 1983 to late 1985. Since May 1993, Prince Albert has led the Monaco delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations and has regularly taken the floor on behalf of the Principality of Monaco.

albert_olympics

Photo Credit – royalcorrespondent.com

Prince Albert has enjoyed participating in a variety of sports. He represented Monaco in Two-Man Bobsled and Four-Man Bobsled in five Winter Olympics (1988/Calgary, 1992/Albertville, 1994/Lillehammer, 1998/Nagano, 2002/Salt Lake City). Prince Albert has been a member of the International Olympic Committee since 1985 and is President of the Monegasque Olympic Committee.

Prince Albert II being blessed by the Archbishop of Monaco at the Mass on July 12, 2005; Credit – Zimbio

Prince Rainier III died on April 6, 2005, and Albert became the Sovereign Prince of Monaco. On July 12, 2005, at the end of the official mourning period, Prince Albert’s accession to the throne was celebrated by a Mass at St. Nicholas’ Cathedral followed by a garden party for 7,000 Monégasques born in the principality. A second ceremony was held at St. Nicholas Cathedral on November 12, 2005, attended by many guests and royalty from around the world. The evening ended with a gala and opera performance in Monte Carlo.

In 2006, Prince Albert founded The Prince Albert II Foundation, a charity that has donated millions to various environmental projects. The foundation concentrates on environmental protection, sustainable development, climate change, the promotion of renewable energies, and biodiversity.

Before Prince Albert’s marriage in 2011, there was much discussion about what seemed to be his perpetual bachelor state and his dating experiences. On July 6, 2005, a few days before his enthronement ceremony, Prince Albert officially confirmed through his lawyer that he had an illegitimate son. Alexandre Coste (born August 24, 2003, in Paris, France) is the son of Prince Albert and Nicole Coste, a former Air France flight attendant, originally from Togo in Africa. Then in 2006, Prince Albert confirmed that he had an illegitimate daughter. Jazmin Grace Grimaldi (born March 4, 1992, in Palm Beach, California) is the daughter of Prince Albert and Tamara Rotolo, a California woman who reportedly worked as a waitress. DNA tests confirmed the paternity of both children and neither child has a claim on the throne of Monaco.

In June 2001 at the Marenostrum International Swimming Meet in Monaco which Prince Albert presided over, he met Charlene Wittstock (born 1978), a South African swimmer, who had represented her country in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. They were first seen together at the opening ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. Charlene moved in with Prince Albert in 2006. She began accompanying him to events including the weddings of the Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden in 2010 and of the Duke of Cambridge in 2011. On June 23, 2010, the Prince’s Palace announced the couple’s engagement. The civil ceremony was held on July 1, 2011, in the Throne Room of the Prince’s Palace.  The religious ceremony took place on July 2, 2011, in the courtyard of the Palace.

albert_wedding

Photo source: BBC/AP

Prince Albert and Princess Charlene have two children, boy and girl twins.  Even though their daughter was born first, their son is the heir apparent because Monaco’s succession is male-preference cognatic primogeniture.

Embed from Getty Images 

Principality of Monaco Resources at Unofficial Royalty

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2014

Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg; Credit – Wikipedia

Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg (Henri Albert Gabriel Félix Marie Guillaume) was born on April 16, 1955, in Betzdorf Castle in Luxembourg. He is the eldest son and second child of Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg and Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium, and a first cousin of Philippe, King of the Belgians.

Henri was christened on April 19, 1955, at Betzdorf Castle in Luxembourg. His godparents were:

Grand Duke Henri has four siblings:

Jean_and_Josephine-Charlotte_with_their_children

Grand Duke Henri on the left with his parents and three of his siblings; Credit – Wikipedia

Henri received his primary and secondary education in Luxembourg and France. In 1974, he enrolled at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the United Kingdom and was commissioned an officer in 1975. Henri studied political science at the University of Geneva and the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, both in Geneva, Switzerland, and he graduated with honors in 1980.

While studying in Geneva, Henri met his future wife, María Teresa Mestre y Batista-Falla, also a political science student. María Teresa was born in Cuba, but her parents left Cuba when she was three years old, and she grew up in New Jersey and New York City. The engagement took Luxembourg by surprise when it was announced on November 8, 1980. The couple married civilly at the Grand Ducal Palace in Luxembourg City on February 4, 1981, and religiously on February 14, 1981, at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Luxembourg City.

Embed from Getty Images 

The couple had five children:

Embed from Getty Images

On October 7, 2000, Grand Duke Jean abdicated, Henri became Grand Duke and took the constitutional oath before the Chamber of Deputies later that day. Grand Duke Henri is a constitutional monarch and therefore has limited powers. He has the power to appoint the Prime Minister and Government, to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies, to proclaim laws enacted by the Chamber of Deputies, and to accredit ambassadors. Grand Duke Henri is Commander-in-Chief of the Luxembourg Army and holds the rank of General.

Embed from Getty Images
Grand Duke Henri and his family at the swearing-in ceremony

Grand Duke Henri is active in many organizations. He is a member of the International Olympic Committee, a member of The Mentor Foundation established by the World Health Organization as an international NGO voice of drug use and substance abuse prevention, and a Director of the Charles Darwin Trust for the Galapagos Islands.  The Grand Duke is a member of the board of directors of the Foundation of the Grand Duke and of the Grand Duchess, of which the Grand Duchess is President, and which aims to work for people in distress and with specific needs in Luxembourg society. The Foundation also supports projects in Africa and Asia.

In his Christmas Eve speech on December 24, 2024, Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg announced that he would abdicate in favor of his eldest son, Prince Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, on October 3, 2025. The elder of Prince Guillaume’s two sons, Prince Charles of Luxembourg, born  May 10, 2020, will become the Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

Embed from Getty Images
Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg arrive for the baptism of their grandson, Prince Charles of Luxembour,g on September 19, 2020

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Queen Sonja of Norway

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2014

Queen Sonja of Norway; Credit – Royal House of Norway

Sonja Haraldsen was born on July 4, 1937, in Oslo, Norway, the daughter of Karl August Haraldsen (1889–1959) and Dagny Ulrichsen (1898–1994). Sonja grew up at 1B Tuengen Allé in Vinderen, Oslo, Norway, one of the wealthiest areas of Oslo. After her elementary education, Sonja received her secondary education at Oslo Vocational School where she studied dressmaking and tailoring. This was a useful course of study as her family owned a clothing store. Sonja then attended a finishing school in Lausanne, Switzerland, École Professionelle des Jeunes Filles, where she studied social science, accounting, and fashion design. When she returned to Norway, Sonja attended the University of Oslo. She studied French, English, and Art History and received an undergraduate degree.

In June of 1959, a few months after her father died, Sonja attended a party hosted by a friend, Johan Stenersen. At this party, Sonja met another friend of Johan Stenersen, Crown Prince Harald of Norway. In August 1959, when the Crown Prince graduated from the Norwegian Military Academy, he invited Sonja to attend the graduation ball, and the couple was photographed together.

Sonja_Crown Prince

Crown Prince Harald of Norway and Sonja Haraldsen at the Norwegian Military Academy Graduation Ball in August of 1959; Photo: ATF

The relationship between the Crown Prince and Sonja was controversial as many people felt the Crown Prince should marry a princess, not a Norwegian commoner. The controversy continued for years as did the relationship despite the media’s attempts to promote a royal marriage with either of the Greek princesses Sophia and Irene. Crown Prince Harald made it clear to his father King Olav V that he would remain unmarried if he could not marry Sonja. This would have resulted in a succession crisis as Harald was the sole heir to the throne. At that time, Norway did not allow female succession, so his two sisters Ragnhild and Astrid were not in the line of succession.

Finally, in 1968, when King Olav felt the position of the Norwegian people had changed to favor Sonja, he consulted with parliamentary leaders and other government leaders and gave his consent for the Crown Prince to marry a commoner. The engagement of the couple was announced on March 19, 1968, with this announcement from King Olav V: “It is with pleasure that I inform you, Mr. President and Members of the Storting, that I, after seeking advice from the Prime Minister, members of the Government, you, Mr. President, and the parliamentary leaders of the political parties, have today given my consent to my dear son, Crown Prince Harald, to take as his wife Miss Sonja Haraldsen, daughter of the late Mr. Karl August Haraldsen and Mrs. Dagny Haraldsen née Ulrichsen.”

Sonja_Norway_engagement

Engagement photo of Sonja and Harald; Credit – ATF

The wedding was held on August 29, 1968, at the Oslo Cathedral in the presence of 850 guests. Because the bride’s father was deceased and to show his support for his soon-to-be daughter-in-law, King Olav escorted the bride down the aisle. After her marriage, Sonja became Her Royal Highness The Crown Princess of Noway.

Sonja_aisle

King Olav V escorting the bride down the aisle; Photo: Royal House of Norway

Sonja_Harald_wedding

The future King Harald V and Queen Sonja at their wedding; Photo: Royal Order of Sartorial Splendor 

The couple had two children:

On January 17, 1991, King Olav V died and Sonja’s husband became King Harald V. Sonja became the first Queen Consort of Norway in 53 years, since the death of Queen Maud, wife of King Haakon VII, in 1938. Along with King Harald, Queen Sonja was consecrated in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway on June 23, 1991.

Harald_Sonja_consecration

Consecration of the King and Queen; Photo: Royal House of Norway

Queen Sonja has been very active in cultural and social causes. In 1988, as Crown Princess, she started a music competition, now called The Queen Sonja International Music Competition. Originally only for pianists, the competition is now only for singers and the winners receive a cash prize and prestigious engagements at Norwegian music institutions. In addition, Queen Sonja’s School Award was established in 2006 and is awarded to schools that have “demonstrated excellence in its efforts to promote inclusion and equality”. In 2011, Queen Sonja established The Foundation for the Queen Sonja Nordic Art Award.

sonja_harald

Queen Sonja and King Harald; Photo: Royal House of Norway

Queen Sonja is also the patron of the following organizations:

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Norway Resources at Unofficial Royalty