Author Archives: Susan

Henry FitzRoy, Illegitimate Son of King Henry I of England

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

King Henry I of England, father of Henry FitzRoy; Credit – Wikipedia

Born 1103 or 1105, and certainly by 1109, Henry FitzRoy was the illegitimate son of King Henry I of England and Princess Nest ferch Rhys, a Welsh princess, the daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, the last king of Deheubarth, and Gwladys ferch Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn. Through his son Gruffydd ap Rhys, Nest’s father is an ancestor of the House of Tudor. After the death in battle of Nest’s father, the Kingdom of Deheubarth was conquered by the English. As the daughter of the last king of Deheubarth, Nest was a valuable asset and was taken as a hostage to the court of King William II Rufus of England. Although only about fourteen years old at the time, Nest caught the eye of the brother of King William II Rufus, the future King Henry I, and gave birth to his son, Henry FitzRoy. Henry’s surname FitzRoy comes from the Anglo-Norman Fitz, meaning “son of” and Roy, meaning “king”, implying the original bearer of the surname was a child of a king. Henry FitzRoy’s paternal grandparents were King William I of England (the Conqueror) and Matilda of Flanders.

King Henry I holds the record for the British monarch with the most illegitimate children, 25 or so illegitimate children who were Henry FitzRoy’s half-siblings.

Henry FitzRoy’s royal half-siblings, the children of his father King Henry I and his first wife Matilda of Scotland:

Henry FitzRoy also had five half-siblings from his mother’s marriage to Gerald FitzWalter of Windsor:

  • William FitzGerald, Lord of Carew and Emlyn (circa 1100 – 1173), married Maria de Montgomery, has twelve children
  • Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Llanstephan, Naas, and Maynooth (circa 1105 – circa 1176), married Alice de Montgomery, had seven children
  • David FitzGerald, Archdeacon of Cardigan and Bishop of St David’s (1106 – 1176)
  • Angharad FitzGerald (circa 1104 – 1176), married William Fitz Odo de Barry, had five children
  • Gwladys FitzGerald (1110 – 1136), married John de Cogan, had one son

Henry FitzRoy was married but his wife’s name is unknown. Henry and his wife had four children:

  • Meiler FitzHenry, Justiciar of Ireland (? – 1220), wife’s name is unknown, had at least one daughter
  • Robert FitzHenry (? – circa 1180)
  • Elizabeth FitzHenry (? – circa 1164)
  • Amabilis FitzHenry (? – 1185), married Walter de Riddlesford, I, Baron of Bray, County Wicklow and Kilkea, had two children

The ruins of Narbeth Castle; Credit – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narberth_Castle#/media/File:Narberth_castle_pembrokeshire.jpg:~:text=By%20WestWalesP%20%2D%20Own%20work%20by%20uploader%20as%20Gwala%20Images%2C%20CC%20BY%2DSA%203.0%2C%20https%3A//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php%3Fcurid%3D6894688

Henry FitzRoy was given land in Narberth and Pebidiog in Pembrokeshire, Wales by his father King Henry I, and was considered Lord of Narberth Castle. In 1157, during the reign of his nephew King Henry II of England, Henry FitzRoy led an English expedition to Wales to attack the Welsh forces under Owain Gwynedd, King of Gwynedd. On the Isle of Anglesey off the north-west coast of Wales, Henry’s forces torched the churches in Llanbedrgoch and Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf. During the next night, Owain Gwynedd’s forces gathered and then ambushed and defeated the English army the next morning, killing Henry FitzRoy in “a shower of lances”. His burial site is unknown.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Ashley, Mike. (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. Carroll & Graf Publishers.
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2015). King Henry I of England. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/king-henry-i-of-england/
  • Henry Fitzroy. geni_family_tree. (2022). https://www.geni.com/people/Henry-FitzRoy/6000000002134174332
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023b). Nest Ferch Rhys. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_ferch_Rhys
  • Nest Verch Rhys. geni_family_tree. (2022). https://www.geni.com/people/Nest-verch-Rhys/6000000002931039490
  • Princess Nest. Historic UK. (2023). https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/Princess-Nest/
  • Weir, Alison. (2008). Britain’s Royal Families – The Complete Genealogy. Vintage Books.
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Henry Fitzroy. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy_(died_1158)
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2022). Henry FitzHenry. Wikipedia (German). https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_FitzHenry

Kalama, Queen Consort of the Hawaiian Islands, wife of King Kamehameha III

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

The Hawaiian Islands, located in the Pacific Ocean, were originally divided into several independent chiefdoms. The Kingdom of Hawaii was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief Kamehameha the Great of the independent island of Hawaii, conquered the independent islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, and unified them under one government and ruled as Kamehameha I, King of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1810, the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauai and Niihau voluntarily joined the Kingdom of Hawaii. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua.

In 1778, British explorer James Cook visited the islands. This led to increased trade and the introduction of new technologies and ideas. In the mid-19th century, American influence in Hawaii dramatically increased when American merchants, missionaries, and settlers arrived on the islands. Protestant missionaries converted most of the native people to Christianity. Merchants set up sugar plantations and the United States Navy established a base at Pearl Harbor. The newcomers brought diseases that were new to the indigenous people, including influenza, measles, smallpox, syphilis, tuberculosis, and whooping cough. At the time of James Cook’s arrival in 1778, the indigenous Hawaiian population is estimated to have been between 250,000 and 800,000. By 1890, the indigenous Hawaiian population declined to less than 40,000.

In 1893, a group of local businessmen and politicians composed of six non-native Hawaiian Kingdom subjects, five American nationals, one British national, and one German national overthrew Queen Liliʻuokalani, her cabinet, and her marshal, took over the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii. This led to the 1898 annexation of Hawaii as a United States territory. On August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States.

In 1993, one hundred years after the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown, the United States Congress passed, and President Bill Clinton signed the Apology Resolution which “acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum”. As a result, the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, a grassroots political and cultural campaign to reestablish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom in Hawaii, was established along with ongoing efforts to redress the indigenous Hawaiian population.

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Queen Kalama; Credit – Wikipedia

Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili was the only wife of King Kamehameha III of the Hawaiian Islands, son of King Kamehameha I and brother of King Kamehameha II. King Kamehameha III was the first Hawaiian king not to practice polygamy. Born March 17, 1817, in Kailua, on the island of Oahu, Kalama was the only child of Naihe Kukui Kapihe and Chiefess Iʻahuʻula, the younger sister of Charles Kanaʻina, who served on both the Privy Counsel as an advisor to the Kings of the Hawaiian Islands and in the House of Nobles. Kalama’s father was the Honolulu harbor master and admiral of the Hawaiian royal fleet. He accompanied King Kamehameha II on his trip to London, where Kamehameha II and his favorite wife Kamāmalu both died from measles. Kalama’s father Naihe Kukui Kapihe did not return to Hawaii either. He accompanied the coffins of the late King and Queen as they traveled back to Hawaii on the British Royal Navy frigate HMS Blonde but he died on the voyage and was buried at sea.

King Kamehameha III reigned during the transition of traditional Hawaiian practices to Christianity. He had a partial Christian upbringing and was torn between Christian guidelines and his desire to honor the old traditions. His brother Kamehameha II and his favorite wife Kamāmalu were half-siblings and Kamehameha II was also closely related to his four other wives. Kamehameha III and many traditional chiefs wanted a marriage between the king and his sister Princess Nāhienaena. The missionaries opposed the marriage because they considered it incest. Kamanele, the daughter of John Adams Kuakini, the Royal Governor of Hawaii Island and Oahu, was proposed because of her suitability in age, rank, and education and because the family had converted to Christianity. However, Kamanele died in 1834 before the wedding took place. Kamehameha III then chose to marry Kalama. On February 14, 1837, in a Christian ceremony, Kamehameha III and Kalama were married.

King Kamehameha III and his wife Queen Kalama; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamehameha III and Kalama had two sons, but they both died in infancy and both were given the same name:

  • Keaweaweʻulaokalani I (born and died 1839)
  • Keaweaweʻulaokalani II (born and died 1842)

King Kamehameha III and Queen Kalama with Albert Kūnuiākea; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamehameha III and Kalama adopted Albert Kūnuiākea, the son of Kamehameha III and his mistress Jane Lahilahi, a Hawaiian high chiefess. They also adopted Alexander Liholiho, later King Kamehameha IV, whose mother Princess Kīnaʻu, also known as Elizabeth Kīnaʻu, was a daughter of Kamehameha I and a half-sister of Kamehameha III. Therefore, Alexander Liholiho was Kamehameha III’s nephew.

Hawaiian Royal Family: King Kamehameha III (center) and his wife, Queen Kalama (left); the future King Kamehameha IV (left rear), the future King Kamehameha V (right rear) and their sister Victoria Kamāmalu (right), circa 1853; Credit – Wikipedia

On December 15, 1854, at the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu, Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands suddenly died, aged 40, after a brief illness, possibly related to a stroke. He was succeeded by his nephew and adopted son Alexander Liholiho, who was styled as King Kamehameha IV.

Portrait of Queen Kalama by John Mix Stanley which hangs in the Grand Hall of Iolani Palace; Credit – Wikipedia

Kalama outlived her husband Kamehameha III and his nephew Kamehameha IV, and was known as the Queen Dowager. In 1869, during the reign of Kamehameha V, she welcomed Queen Victoria’s son Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh on his visit to the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands. Meeting the prince as he disembarked his ship, she accompanied him in her state carriage with the drivers wearing royal feather shoulder capes, and the footmen dressed in royal fashion. Kalama skillfully managed her property and, at the time of her death, she owned more than 22,000 acres on the island of Oahu. In her will, her maternal uncle Charles Kanaʻina was declared the heir to her vast properties.

In the background, the Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla, now a chapel; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamala, aged 53, died during the reign of Kamehameha V, on September 20, 1870, in Honolulu, on the island of Oahu. She was buried at Mauna ʻAla (Fragrant Hills), the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in Honolulu, Oahu.

Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb – Royal Mausoleum, Honolulu, Hawai; Credit – By Daderot. Self-photographed, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1101293

On November 9, 1887, after the Royal Mausoleum became too crowded, the caskets of the members of the House of Kamehameha were moved to the newly built Kamehameha Tomb, an underground vault, under the Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb. Two additional underground vaults were built over the years. In 1922, the Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla was converted to a chapel after the last royal remains were moved to tombs constructed on the grounds.

Inscriptions of Queen Consorts of Hawaii on the Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb; Credit – www.findagrave.com

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Flantzer, Susan. (2024). Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/kamehameha-iii-king-of-the-hawaiian-islands/
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Kalama. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalama
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2024). Kalama. Wikipedia (Spanish). https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalama
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2022). Naihekukui. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naihekukui
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_(Mauna_%CA%BBAla)
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Hawaiian Kingdom. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom

Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall, Illegtimate Son of King Henry I of England

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

Reginald’s father King Henry I of England holding a model of  Reading Abbey, which he founded and where he and his son Reginald were buried; Credit – Wikipedia

Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall, one of the many illegitimate children of King Henry I of England, was born circa 1110, in Dénestanville, Duchy of Normandy, then a possession of the King of England, now in France. He was the son of King Henry I and his mistress Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester (1077 – circa 1157), the daughter of Robert Corbet of Alcester, Constable of Warwick, and Adèle d’Alcester, Reginald’s maternal grandparents. His paternal grandparents were King William I of England (the Conqueror) and Matilda of Flanders. Reginald’s surname probably refers to the place of his birth.

King Henry I holds the record for the British monarch with the most illegitimate children, 25 or so illegitimate children who were Reginald’s half-siblings.

Reginald had four full siblings, the children of King Henry I and Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester:

Reginald had two royal half-siblings from his father’s marriage to Matilda of Scotland:

Reginald’s mother married Herbert FitzHerbert, Lord of Blaen Llyfni. Reginald had four half-brothers from her mother’s marriage:

  • Robert FitzHerbert (circa 1106 – 1147), unmarried
  • Henry FitzHerbert (circa 1110 – ?)
  • William FitzHerbert (1118 – 1132)
  • Herbert FitzHerbert, Lord of Blaen Llyfni, Lord Chamberlain of King Henry II of England (1125 – 1204), married Lucy FitzMiles de Gloucester and Hereford, had five children

Reginald married Beatrice FitzRichard (1114 – 1162), the daughter and heiress of William FitzRichard, Lord of Cardinham, a wealthy landowner in Cornwall, England.

Reginald and Beatrice had six children:

  • Nicholas de Dunstanville (1136 – 1175)
  • Emma de Dunstanville (died after 1208), married her cousin Guy IV de Laval, Lord of Laval, had two children
  • Hawise de Dunstanville (1138 – 1162), married Richard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon, Lord of The Isle of Wight, had two sons
  • Maud de Dunstanville (1143 – 1207), married Robert II de Beaumont, Comte de Meulan, had nine children
  • Ursula de Dunstanville (circa 1145 – ?), married Walter de Dunstanville, Baron of Castlecomb, had two children
  • Sarah de Dunstanville (circa 1137 – 1206), married Aimar V, Viscount of Limoges, had six children

14th-century depiction of the sinking of the White Ship; Credit – Wikipedia

After the death of King Henry I’s only legitimate son William Ætheling in the sinking of the White Ship, King Henry I gathered his nobles at Westminster where they swore to recognize his daughter Empress Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have as his successors. However, upon hearing of Henry I’s death on December 1, 1135, Stephen of Blois, one of Henry I’s nephews, quickly crossed the English Channel from France, seized power, and was crowned King of England on December 22, 1135. This started the terrible civil war between Stephen and his first cousin Empress Matilda known as The Anarchy.

Reginald’s half-sister Empress Matilda, Lady of the English; Credit – Wikipedia

Reginald supported his half-sister Empress Matilda over his cousin King Stephen during the eighteen-year-long civil war. It is most likely that Reginald was created Earl of Cornwall because of his support. Finally, in 1153, Stephen and Matilda’s son Henry FitzEmpress agreed upon a negotiated peace, the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognized Henry FitzEmpress as his heir. Reginald was present at the side of his nephew Henry FitzEmpress during the negotiations. After Henry FitzEmpress returned to the Duchy of Normandy, Reginald remained in England as his nephew’s official representative.

Reginald’s nephew KIng Henry II of England; Credit – Wikipedia

King Stephen died on October 25, 1154, and Henry FitzEmpress ascended the throne as King Henry II, the first Angevin King of England. During Henry II’s reign, Reginald was one of his closest advisors. Contemporary chroniclers recognized him as one the most powerful nobles in England along with Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester.

Reginald played an important role in the great crises during the reign of King Henry II. With Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester, he acted as an intermediary between Henry II and Thomas Becket. During the Revolt of 1173 – 1174, a rebellion against King Henry II by his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, three of his sons (Henry the Young King, the future King Richard I, and Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany), and their rebel supporters, Reginald led the campaigns in England against the rebels.

Ruins of Reading Abbey; Credit – By Hugh Llewelyn from Keynsham, UK – Reading Abbey, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83341027

Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall died on July 1, 1175, aged about 65, in Chertsey, Surrey, England. He was buried at Reading Abbey in Reading, England, founded by his father King Henry I “for the salvation of my soul, and the souls of King William, my father, and of King William, my brother, and Queen Matilda, my wife, and all my ancestors and successors.” Upon his death in 1135, King Henry I was buried at Reading Abbey. Sadly, Reading Abbey was left in ruins in 1538 during King Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries. Hugh Faringdon, the last abbot was tried and convicted of high treason and hanged, drawn, and quartered in front of the Reading Abbey Church.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Ashley, Mike. (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. Carroll & Graf Publishers.
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2015). King Henry I of England. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/king-henry-i-of-england/
  • Réginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall. geni_family_tree. (2022c, April 26). https://www.geni.com/people/R%C3%A9ginald-de-Dunstanville-1st-Earl-of-Cornwall/6000000002043182579
  • Weir, Alison. (2008). Britain’s Royal Families – The Complete Genealogy. Vintage Books.
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Reginald de Dunstanville, 1. Earl of Cornwall. Wikipedia (German). https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_de_Dunstanville,_1._Earl_of_Cornwall
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2022). Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_de_Dunstanville,_Earl_of_Cornwall
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023b, November 10). Réginald de Dunstanville. Wikipedia (French). https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_de_Dunstanville

Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

The Hawaiian Islands, located in the Pacific Ocean, were originally divided into several independent chiefdoms. The Kingdom of Hawaii was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief Kamehameha the Great of the independent island of Hawaii, conquered the independent islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, and unified them under one government and ruled as Kamehameha I, King of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1810, the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauai and Niihau voluntarily joined the Kingdom of Hawaii. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua.

In 1778, British explorer James Cook visited the islands. This led to increased trade and the introduction of new technologies and ideas. In the mid-19th century, American influence in Hawaii dramatically increased when American merchants, missionaries, and settlers arrived on the islands. Protestant missionaries converted most of the native people to Christianity. Merchants set up sugar plantations and the United States Navy established a base at Pearl Harbor. The newcomers brought diseases that were new to the indigenous people including influenza, measles, smallpox, syphilis, tuberculosis, and whooping cough. At the time of James Cook’s arrival in 1778, the indigenous Hawaiian population is estimated to have been between 250,000 and 800,000. By 1890, the indigenous Hawaiian population declined had to less than 40,000.

In 1893, a group of local businessmen and politicians composed of six non-native Hawaiian Kingdom subjects, five American nationals, one British national, and one German national overthrew Queen Liliʻuokalani, her cabinet, and her marshal, and took over the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii. This led to the 1898 annexation of Hawaii as a United States territory. On August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States.

In 1993, one hundred years after the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown, the United States Congress passed, and President Bill Clinton signed the Apology Resolution which “acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum”. As a result, the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, a grassroots political and cultural campaign to reestablish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom in Hawaii, was established along with ongoing efforts to redress the indigenous Hawaiian population.

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King Kamehameha III; circa 1853; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands reigned from 1825 to 1854. He was the longest-reigning monarch of the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands, reigning for 29 years and 192 days. Born Kauikeaouli on March 17, 1814, in Keauhou Bay, on the island of Hawaiʻi in the Kingdom of Hawaii, he was the second of the three children and the younger of the two sons of Kamehameha I the Great, King of the Hawaiian Islands and his chief wife Queen Keōpūolani. King Kamehameha I had many wives and many children. The exact number is debated because documents that recorded the names of his wives were destroyed. While he had many wives and children, only his children from his highest-ranking wife Keōpūolani succeeded him to the throne.

Kamehameha III had two full siblings:

  • Kamehameha II, King of the Hawaiian Islands (1797 – 1824), the last Hawaiian king to practice polygamy, had five wives but none of the marriages produced children:
    • Kamāmalu (circa 1802 – 1824), Kamehameha II’s favorite wife, his half-sister
    • Kīnaʻu (circa 1805 – 1839), Kamehameha II’s half-sister
    • Kekāuluohi (1794 – 1845), Kamehameha II’s cousin
    • Pauahi (circa 1804–1826), often referred to as Kalanipauahi, Kamehameha II’s niece
    • Kekauʻōnohi (circa 1805 – 1851), Kamehameha II’s niece
  • Princess Nāhienaena (1815 – 1836), married William Pitt Leleiohoku I, had one child who died at birth, Nāhienaena died three and half months after giving birth

Kamehameha III’s brother and predecessor Kamehameha II and his favorite wife and half-sister Kamāmalu visited Great Britain in 1824. While there, members of the Hawaiian entourage caught measles. They had no natural immunity because the people of the Hawaiian Islands had lived in isolation until their contact with Europeans. Twenty-one-year-old Queen Kamāmalu died on July 8, 1824, and twenty-six-year-old King Kamehameha II died six days later.

10-year-old Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands; Credit – Wikipedia

Ten-year-old Kamehameha III succeeded his brother as King of the Hawaiian Islands, although the news of Kamehameha II’s death did not reach Hawaii until 1825. Queen Kaʻahumanu, Kamehameha I’s favorite wife, had been created Kuhina Nui, a role similar to a co-regent or modern-day prime minister, by the council of advisors. She ruled as co-regent during the reigns of both Kamehameha II and his brother and successor Kamehameha III, until she died in 1832.

Queen Kaʻahumanu, Kamehameha III’s his co-regent; Credit – Wikipedia

In April 1824, Queen Kaʻahumanu publicly acknowledged her conversion to Christianity and encouraged native Hawaiians to also convert. With the introduction of Christianity, Hawaiians were encouraged to take British or American names. The young Kamehameha III, who had a partial Christian upbringing, was torn between Queen Kaʻahumanu’s Puritan Christian guidelines and his desire to honor the old traditions. One of the old traditions was the marriages between closely related members of the Hawaiian royal family to preserve pure bloodlines. His brother Kamehameha II and his favorite wife Kamāmalu were half-siblings and Kamehameha II was also closely related to his four other wives. Kamehameha III and many of the traditional chiefs wanted a marriage between the king and his sister Nāhienaena, but the missionaries opposed the marriage because they considered it incest.

Kamanele, the daughter of John Adams Kuakini, the Royal Governor of Hawaiʻi Island and Oʻahu, was proposed because of her suitability in age, rank, and education. In addition, the family of John Adams Kuakini had converted to Christianity. With the introduction of Christianity, Hawaiians were encouraged to take British or American names, hence the addition of John Adams to the Governor’s name. However, Kamanele died in 1834 before the wedding took place.

King Kamehameha III and his wife Queen Kalama; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamehameha III chose to marry Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili, the only child of High Chief Naihekukui, who was commander of the native Hawaiian fleet at Honolulu. On February 14, 1837, in a Christian ceremony, Kamehameha III married Kalama.

Kamehameha III and Kalama had two sons, but they both died in infancy and both were given the same name:

  • Keaweaweʻulaokalani I (born and died 1839)
  • Keaweaweʻulaokalani II (born and died 1842)

King Kamehameha III and Queen Kalama with Albert Kūnuiākea; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamehameha III and his mistress Jane Lahilahi, a Hawaiian high chiefess and a daughter of John Young Olohana, a royal advisor of Kamehameha I, had twin illegitimate sons:

  • Kīwalaʻō (born and died 1851)
  • Albert Kūnuiākea (1851 – 1902), adopted by Kamehameha III and Queen Kalama, became a Hawaiian politician, unmarried

Kamehameha III and Kalama also adopted Alexander Liholiho, later King Kamehameha IV, whose mother Princess Kīnaʻu, also known as Elizabeth Kīnaʻu, was a daughter of Kamehameha I and a half-sister of Kamehameha III. Therefore, Alexander Liholiho was Kamehameha III’s nephew.

Hawaiian Royal Family: King Kamehameha III (center) and his wife, Queen Kalama (left); the future King Kamehameha IV (left rear), the future King Kamehameha V (right rear) and their sister Victoria Kamāmalu (right), circa 1853; Credit – Wikipedia

During his reign, Kamehameha III’s goal was a careful balance of modernization by adopting Western ways while keeping his nation intact. The Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands changed from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy based on the Constitution of 1840 and the Constitution of 1852. The Legislature of the Hawaiian Islands replaced the traditional Council of Chiefs. The chiefs served in the House of Nobles, modeled on the British House of Lords. The cabinet consisted of a Privy Council and five powerful government ministers.

In 1850, Kamehameha III moved the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu on Oahu. Kamehameha III and the monarchs who followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital, erecting buildings such as St. Andrew’s Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale, the former seat of government of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and the Republic of Hawaiʻi, now the home of the Hawaii State Supreme Court. Honolulu became the islands’ center of commerce, with descendants of American missionaries establishing major businesses downtown.

On December 15, 1854, at the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu, Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands suddenly died, aged 40, after a brief illness, possibly related to a stroke. He was succeeded by his nephew and adopted son Alexander Liholiho, who was styled as King Kamehameha IV.

In the background, the Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla, now a chapel; Credit – Wikipedia

King Kamehameha III was originally buried in the Western-style mausoleum built for his brother and predecessor King Kamehameha II and his wife Queen Kamāmalu near the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu. The mausoleum was a small house made of coral blocks with a thatched roof. Over time, as more coffins were added, the small vault became crowded. In 1863, construction began on Mauna ʻAla (Fragrant Hills), the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in Honolulu. On October 30, 1865, the remains of past deceased royals were transferred in a torchlit ceremony at night to the new mausoleum. On November 9, 1887, after the Royal Mausoleum became too crowded, the caskets of the members of the House of Kamehameha were moved to the newly built Kamehameha Tomb, an underground vault, under the Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb. Two additional underground vaults were built over the years. In 1922, the Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla was converted to a chapel after the last royal remains were moved to tombs constructed on the grounds.

Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb – Royal Mausoleum, Honolulu, Hawai; Credit – By Daderot. – Self-photographed, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1101293

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Flantzer, Susan. (2024). Kamehameha I The Great, King of the Hawaiian Islands. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/kamehameha-i-the-great-king-of-the-hawaiian-islands/
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2024). Kamehameha II, King of the Hawaiian Islands. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/kamehameha-ii-king-of-the-hawaiian-islands/
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Kalama. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalama
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2024). Kamehameha III. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_III
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_(Mauna_%CA%BBAla)
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Hawaiian Kingdom. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom

Richard of Lincoln, Illegitimate Son of King Henry I of England

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

King Henry I of England, father of Richard of Lincoln; Credit – Wikipedia

Richard of Lincoln was one of the three children – one legitimate (Henry I’s only legitimate son and heir) and two illegitimate – of King Henry I of England who were killed in the tragic sinking of the White Ship in 1120. Richard was born before 1101. His mother was probably Ansfride (circa 1070 – 1164), who was sometimes called a mistress and sometimes called a concubine. Ansfride was the widow of Anskill of Abingdon, a knight and a tenant of Abingdon Abbey in Abingdon, England, who died following a few days of harsh treatment after being imprisoned by King William II Rufus, King Henry I’s brother and predecessor. Richard’s paternal grandparents were King William I of England (the Conqueror) and Matilda of Flanders.

King Henry I holds the record for the British monarch with the most illegitimate children, 25 or so illegitimate children who were Richard’s half-siblings.

Richard’s probable full siblings:

  • Juliane of Fontevrault (circa 1090 – 1136), married Eustace de Pacy, Lord of Pacy, Breteuil, and Pont-Saint-Pierre, had two sons and two daughters
  • Fulk FitzRoy (circa 1092 – 1132), a monk at Abingdon Abbey

Richard had two royal half-siblings from her father’s marriage to Matilda of Scotland:

Richard was brought up and educated by Robert Bloet, Bishop of Lincoln, who had also educated Richard’s half-brother Robert FitzRoy, 1st Earl of Gloucester, another illegitimate son of King Henry I.

Richard fought in the war between his father and King Louis VI of France in which King Henry I had to defend his territories in the Duchy of Normandy, now part of France. Richard was at his father’s side during the siege of the castle of Évreux being held by Henry I’s most detested enemy, Amaury III de Montfort. Richard was also at the Battle of Brémule on August 20, 1119, where the decisive English victory led to Louis VI’s accepting Richard’s half-brother William Ætheling as Duke of Normandy. In 1120, Richard was betrothed to Amice de Gaël, daughter of Raoul II de Gaël, Lord of Gaël, Montfort, and Breteuil. However, the marriage never took place because of the tragedy of the White Ship on November 25, 1120.

Because the Kings of England still held Normandy (in France) and were Dukes of Normandy, they were often in Normandy, and this was the case in November 1120. After the successful military campaign in which King Henry I of England had defeated King Louis VI of France at the Battle of Brémule, the English were finally preparing to return to England. King Henry I was offered the White Ship for his return to England, but he had already made other arrangements. Instead, Henry suggested that his only son and heir William Ætheling, Duke of Normandy sail on the White Ship along with his retinue which included William’s illegitimate half-brother Richard of Lincoln, William’s illegitimate half-sister Matilda, Countess of Perch, Richard d’Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester and many of the heirs of the great estates of England and Normandy.

The sinking of the White Ship; Credit – Wikipedia

William Ætheling and his retinue boarded the ship in a festive mood and barrels of wine were brought on board to celebrate the return to England. Soon both passengers and crew were inebriated. By the time the ship was ready to set sail, there were about 300 people on board, including many high-ranking people of Norman England. William and his retinue ordered the captain of the White Ship to overtake the ship of King Henry I so that the White Ship would be the first ship to return to England. Unfortunately, the White Ship hit a submerged rock and capsized.

An 1866 watercolor by Queen Victoria’s daughter Princess Louise showing a scene from the sinking of the Blanche Nef or White Ship. A male figure, probably William Ætheling, is shown in a lifeboat to the lower left. He is shown full-length, standing with his hands clasped together and looking up towards his half-sister Matilda, Countess of Perche who is still on board the ship. Drowning men are shown trying to climb into the small boat which is soon to capsize; Credit – Royal Collection Trust / © His Majesty King Charles III 2023

William’s bodyguard quickly got the heir to the throne into the safety of a dinghy. However, William Ætheling heard the screams of his half-sister Matilda, Countess of Perche, and ordered the dinghy to turn back to rescue her. At this point, the White Ship began to sink and the many people in the water desperately sought the safety of William’s dinghy. The chaos and the weight were too much causing William Ætheling’s dinghy to capsize and sink without a trace. The contemporary chronicler Orderic Vitalis claimed that only two people survived the shipwreck by clinging to a rock all night.

The people of the coastal communities of Normandy found bodies washed up on the beaches. Charles Spencer writes in his book The White Ship: Conquest, Anarchy and the Wrecking of Henry I’s Dream that among the bodies found was that of Richard of Lincoln. He had been in the water long enough to lose his facial features which had been eaten, rotted, or cut up by the rocks. Richard was identified by his clothing.

King Henry I mourning the loss of three children in the sinking of the White Ship; Credit – Wikipedia

The sinking of the White Ship caused King Henry I to lose two illegitimate children, Richard of Lincoln and Matilda FitzRoy, Countess of Perche, and most importantly, King Henry I’s only son William Ætheling. King Henry I holds the record for the British monarch with the most illegitimate children, 25 or so illegitimate children, but the tragedy of the White Ship left him with only one legitimate child, his daughter Matilda. Henry I’s nephews were the closest male heirs. In January 1121, Henry married a second time to Adeliza of Louvain, hoping for sons, but the marriage remained childless. On Christmas Day in 1226, King Henry I of England gathered his nobles at Westminster where they swore to recognize his daughter Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have as his successors. That plan did not work out. Upon hearing of Henry I’s death on December 1, 1135, Stephen of Blois, one of Henry I’s nephews, quickly crossed the English Channel from France, seized power, and was crowned King of England on December 22, 1135. This started the terrible civil war between first cousins Stephen and Matilda known as The Anarchy. England did not see peace for more than 18 years until Matilda’s son acceded to the throne as King Henry II of England in 1154.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Ansfride Concubine #3 of Henry I King of England. geni_family_tree. (2022a, August 22). https://www.geni.com/people/Ansfride-Concubine-3-of-Henry-I-King-Of-England/6000000001563248849
  • Beauclerk-Dewar, Peter, & Powell, Roger. (2006). Right Royal Bastards – The Fruits of Passion. Burke’s Peerage & Gentry LLC.
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2015). King Henry I of England. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/king-henry-i-of-england/
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2015). The Sinking of the White Ship and How It Affected the English Succession. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/november-25-1120-the-sinking-of-the-white-ship-and-how-it-affected-the-english-succession/
  • Spencer, Charles. (2022). The White Ship: Conquest, Anarchy and the Wrecking of Henry I’s Dream. William Collins.
  • Weir, Alison. (2008). Britain’s Royal Families – The Complete Genealogy. Vintage Books.
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023e). Richard of Lincoln, illegitimate son of Henry I of England. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Lincoln_(illegitimate_son_of_Henry_I_of_England)

Kamāmalu, Queen Consort of the Hawaiian Islands

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

The Hawaiian Islands, located in the Pacific Ocean, were originally divided into several independent chiefdoms. The Kingdom of Hawaii was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief Kamehameha the Great of the independent island of Hawaii, conquered the independent islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, and unified them under one government and ruled as Kamehameha I, King of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1810, the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauai and Niihau voluntarily joined the Kingdom of Hawaii. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua.

In 1778, British explorer James Cook visited the islands. This led to increased trade and the introduction of new technologies and ideas. In the mid-19th century, American influence in Hawaii dramatically increased when American merchants, missionaries, and settlers arrived on the islands. Protestant missionaries converted most of the native people to Christianity. Merchants set up sugar plantations and the United States Navy established a base at Pearl Harbor. The newcomers brought diseases that were new to the indigenous people including influenza, measles, smallpox, syphilis, tuberculosis, and whooping cough. At the time of James Cook’s arrival in 1778, the indigenous Hawaiian population is estimated to have been between 250,000 and 800,000. By 1890, the indigenous Hawaiian population declined had to less than 40,000.

In 1893, a group of local businessmen and politicians composed of six non-native Hawaiian Kingdom subjects, five American nationals, one British national, and one German national overthrew Queen Liliʻuokalani, her cabinet, and her marshal, and took over the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii. This led to the 1898 annexation of Hawaii as a United States territory. On August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States.

In 1993, one hundred years after the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown, the United States Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed the Apology Resolution which “acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum”. As a result, the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, a grassroots political and cultural campaign to reestablish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom in Hawaii, was established along with ongoing efforts to redress the indigenous Hawaiian population.

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Kamāmalu, Queen Consort of the Hawaiian Islands; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamāmalu was the favorite of the five wives of Kamehameha II, King of the Hawaiian Islands, and was Queen Consort from 1819 – 1824, until her death and the death of her husband from measles. Born circa 1802 in Kawaihae, Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands, she was the eldest daughter of Kamehameha I, King of the Hawaiian Islands and one of his wives, Queen Kalākua Kaheiheimālie. King Kamehameha I had many wives and many children. The exact number is debated because documents that recorded the names of his wives were destroyed. While he had many wives and children, only his children from his highest-ranking wife Queen Keōpūolani succeeded him to the throne.

Kamāmalu had one half-sister from her mother’s first marriage to Prince Kalaʻimamahu, Chief Priest of ʻIo and Kāne, and a half-brother of King Kamehameha I:

Kekāuluohi (1794 – 1845), married (1) King Kamehameha I, no children (2) King Kamehameha II, no children (3) Charles Kanaʻina, had two sons, only one survived childhood, William Charles Lunalilo who reigned as King Lunalilo of the Hawaiian Islands from his election on January 8, 1873, until his death a year later

Kamāmalu had three full siblings from her mother’s second marriage to King Kamehameha I:

  • Prince Liholiho-i-Kaiwi-o-Kamehameha (born 1795), died in infancy
  • Prince Kamehameha Kapauaiwa (born circa 1801), died in infancy
  • Princess Kīnaʻu (born circa 1805 – 1839), also known as Elizabeth Kīnaʻu, married (1) her half-brother King Kamehameha II, no children (2) Kahalaiʻa Luanuʻu, a grandson of King Kamehameha I, no children (3) Mataio Kekūanaōʻa, governor of the island of Oʻahu, had four sons and one daughter including King Kamehameha IV and King Kamehameha V

Kamehameha II, King of the Hawaiian Islands; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamāmalu was one of the five wives of King Kamehameha II, the last Hawaiian king to practice polygamy. She was betrothed to her half-brother Kamehameha II from birth and they were married when she was twelve and he was about seventeen. Kamehameha II had no children with any of his five wives:

  • Kamāmalu (circa 1802 – 1824), Kamehameha II’s favorite wife, his half-sister
  • Kīnaʻu (circa 1805 – 1839), Kamehameha II’s half-sister
  • Kekāuluohi (1794 – 1845), Kamehameha II’s cousin
  • Pauahi (circa 1804–1826), often referred to as often referred to as Kalanipauahi, Kamehameha II’s niece
  • Kekauʻōnohi (circa 1805 – 1851), Kamehameha II’s niece

On May 14, 1819, Kamehameha I, King of the Hawaiian Islands died and his 22-year-old son Kamehameha II became King of the Hawaiian Islands and Kamāmalu became Queen Consort.

On April 16, 1822, English missionary William Ellis arrived in the Hawaiian Islands with a gift from King George IV of Great Britain, the Prince Regent, a schooner with six guns, to add to the Kingdom of Hawaiian Island’s fleet of ships. Kamehameha II wanted to travel to Great Britain to thank King George IV and to encourage closer diplomatic ties between their two kingdoms. All Kamehameha II’s advisors, including his mother Keōpūolani and his co-regent Kaʻahumanu, were opposed to the trip. After the death of his mother on September 16, 1823, Kamehameha II was determined to travel to Great Britain.

King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu in the Royal Box at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane; Credit – Wikipedia

King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu arrived in Great Britain on May 17, 1824. Kamāmalu attracted much attention for her clothing – many society women asked their hatmakers to make turbans like the ones Kamāmalu wore – and because she was strikingly beautiful and six and a half feet tall. Kamehameha II and Kamāmalu toured London, visiting Westminster Abbey but Kamehameha II refused to enter because he did not want to desecrate the British royal burial place “with his presence or his feet stepping in that area.” The royal couple attended the opera and ballet at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London, and a play at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, London.

King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu were scheduled to meet King George IV on June 21, 1824, but the meeting had to be canceled because Kamāmalu became ill. Members of the Hawaiian entourage had caught measles and they had no natural immunity because the people of the Hawaiian Islands had lived in isolation until their contact with Europeans. The Hawaiian entourage was likely exposed to measles on their June 5 visit to the Royal Military Asylum, an orphanage for the children of military parents that was known for its epidemics of childhood diseases. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, epidemics of measles, smallpox, and other diseases threatened to wipe out the entire Native Hawaiian population and disrupted the culture and lives of the islands’ residents.

Twenty-one-year-old Queen Kamāmalu died on July 8, 1824. Her grief-stricken husband King Kamehameha II died six days later on July 14, 1824, at the age of twenty-six. King Kamehameha II lay in state at the Caledonian Hotel in London on July 17, 1824, and large crowds paid their respects. On the following day, the coffins of King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu were placed in the crypt of St Martin-in-the-Fields Church in London, awaiting the voyage back to the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands.

HMS Blonde, the British ship that transported the coffins of King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu back to Hawaii; Credit – Wikipedia

In August 1824, the coffins of King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu left Great Britain on the Royal Navy frigate HMS Blonde under the command of Captain George Anson Byron, 7th Baron Byron. The HMS Blonde arrived in the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands on May 6, 1825.

King Kamehameha II’s brother-in-law William Pitt Kalanimoku, a High Chief who functioned similarly to a prime minister, had been notified of the deaths, and so Hawaiian royalty and nobility gathered at his house where the bodies were moved for the funeral. On May 11, 1825, a state funeral was held for the late King and Queen, the first Christian memorial service for a ruler of Hawaii. The crew from the HMS Blonde participated in the formal procession from the ship to the funeral site, the chaplain of the HMS Blonde said an Anglican prayer, and an American missionary said a prayer in the Hawaiian language.

In the background, the Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla, now a chapel; Credit – Wikipedia

A Western-style mausoleum was constructed for King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu near the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu. The mausoleum was a small house made of coral blocks with a thatched roof. King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu were interred there on August 23, 1825. Over time, as more coffins were added, the small vault became crowded. In 1863, construction began on Mauna ʻAla (Fragrant Hills), the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in Honolulu. On October 30, 1865, the remains of past deceased royals, including King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu, were transferred in a torchlit ceremony at night to the new mausoleum. On November 9, 1887, after the Royal Mausoleum became too crowded, the caskets of the members of the House of Kamehameha were moved to the newly built Kamehameha Tomb, an underground vault, under the Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb. Two additional underground vaults were built over the years. In 1922, the Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla was converted to a chapel after the last royal remains were moved to tombs constructed on the grounds.

Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb – Royal Mausoleum, Honolulu, Hawai; Credit – By Daderot. – Self-photographed, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1101293

Inscriptions of Queen Consorts of Hawaii on the Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb; Credit – www.findagrave.com

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Flantzer, Susan. (2024). Kamehameha II, King of the Hawaiian Islands. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/kamehameha-ii-king-of-the-hawaiian-islands/
  • U.S. Department of the Interior. Liholiho (Kamehameha II). National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/puhe/learn/historyculture/kamehameha2.htm
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Kalākua Kaheiheimālie. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kua_Kaheiheim%C4%81lie
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Kamāmalu. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C4%81malu
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2024). Kamehameha II. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_II
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_(Mauna_%CA%BBAla)
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Hawaiian Kingdom. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom

Sybilla of Normandy, Queen of Scots, Illegitimate Daughter of King Henry I of England

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

King Henry I of England, father of Sybilla of Normandy; Credit – Wikipedia

The wife of Alexander I, King of Scots, Sybilla of Normandy, Queen of Scots, one of the many illegitimate children of King Henry I of England, was born circa 1092 in Domfront, Duchy of Normandy, then a possession of the King of England, now in France. She was the daughter of King Henry I of England and his mistress Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester (1077 – circa 1157), the daughter of Robert Corbet of Alcester, Constable of Warwick, and Adèle d’Alcester, Sybilla’s maternal grandparents. Sybilla’s paternal grandparents were King William I of England (the Conqueror) and Matilda of Flanders.

King Henry I holds the record for the British monarch with the most illegitimate children, 25 or so illegitimate children who were Sybilla’s half-siblings.

Sybilla had four full siblings, the children of King Henry I and Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester:

  • William Constable (circa 1105 – circa 1187), married Alice Constable
  • Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall (circa 1110 – 1175), married Mabel FitzRichard, had six children
  • Gundred FitzRoy (1114 – 1130)
  • Rohese FitzRoy (circa 1114 – 1176, married Henry de la Pomerai, had two children

Sybilla had two royal half-siblings from her father’s marriage to Matilda of Scotland:

Sybilla’s mother married Herbert FitzHerbert, Lord of Blaen Llyfni. Sybilla had four half-brothers from her mother’s marriage:

  • Robert FitzHerbert (circa 1106 – 1147), unmarried
  • Henry FitzHerbert (circa 1110 – ?)
  • William FitzHerbert (1118 – 1132)
  • Herbert FitzHerbert, Lord of Blaen Llyfni, Lord Chamberlain of King Henry II of England (1125 – 1204), married Lucy FitzMiles de Gloucester and Hereford, had five children

The reverse of Alexander I’s seal; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1107, upon his accession to the Scots throne, Alexander I, King of Scots married the fifteen-year-old Sybilla. Alexander I and Sybilla’s father King Henry I were brothers-in-law as Henry I had married Alexander I’s sister Matilda (also known as Edith) of Scotland. Alexander I and Matilda were the children of Malcolm III, King of Scots and Margaret of Wessex, better known as Saint Margaret of Scotland. Margaret was born an Anglo-Saxon princess. Her father was Edward the Exile (also called Edward Ætheling), the son Edmund Ironside II, King of the English, and the last descendant of the House of Wessex and pretender to the crown of England.

The chronicler William of Malmesbury wrote an unflattering account of Sibylla. However, there is evidence that Alexander I and Sibylla were a loving but childless couple and that both were very pious. Alexander I and Sibylla founded Scone Abbey, circa 1114 – 1122.

Engraving of the ruins of the priory where Sybilla died and was buried from Adam de Cardonnell Picturesque Antiquities of Scotland, 1788; Credit: Canmore – National Record of the Historical Environment

On July 12, 1122, Sybilla of Normandy, Queen of Scots, aged around thirty, died on the Isle of Loch Tay (in Gaelic Eilean nam Bannaomh, Isle of Holy Women), north of Kenmore, a small village in Perthshire in the Highlands of Scotland. Alexander had erected a priory on the Isle of Loch Tay and granted it to Scone Abbey, which he and Sybilla had founded. It was at the priory on the Isle of Loch Tay that Sybilla died and was buried. Some sources say Sybilla was buried at Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, Scotland where her husband was buried. Alexander I is listed as being buried “within the church” at Dunfermline Abbey in the source Dunfermline Abbey Burial Grounds Desk-top Survey, however, Sibylla is not listed at all in the source.

Alexander I, King of Scots did not remarry. He survived Sibylla by only two years, dying on April 23, 1124, aged 45, at Stirling Castle in Stirling, Scotland. Because his marriage had been childless, Alexander I, King of Scots was succeeded by his brother David I, King of Scots.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Ashley, Mike. (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. Carroll & Graf Publishers.
  • Family Tree of Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester. Geneanet. https://gw.geneanet.org/comrade28?lang=en&n=alcester&oc=0&p=lady%2Bsybilla%2Bcorbet%2Bof
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2015). King Henry I of England. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/king-henry-i-of-england/
  • Sybil Corbet, Lady of Alcester, Concubine #5 of Henry I of England. geni_family_tree. (2022). https://www.geni.com/people/Sybil-Corbet-Lady-of-Alcester-Concubine-5-Of-Henry-I-Of-England/6000000000440064763
  • Weir, Alison. (2008). Britain’s Royal Families – The Complete Genealogy. Vintage Books.
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Alexander I of Scotland. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2021). Sibilla di Normandia. Wikipedia (Italian). https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilla_di_Normandia

Kamehameha II, King of the Hawaiian Islands

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

The Hawaiian Islands, located in the Pacific Ocean, were originally divided into several independent chiefdoms. The Kingdom of Hawaii was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief Kamehameha the Great of the independent island of Hawaii, conquered the independent islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, and unified them under one government and ruled as Kamehameha I, King of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1810, the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauai and Niihau voluntarily joined the Kingdom of Hawaii. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua.

In 1778, British explorer James Cook visited the islands. This led to increased trade and the introduction of new technologies and ideas. In the mid-19th century, American influence in Hawaii dramatically increased when American merchants, missionaries, and settlers arrived on the islands. Protestant missionaries converted most of the native people to Christianity. Merchants set up sugar plantations and the United States Navy established a base at Pearl Harbor. The newcomers brought diseases that were new to the indigenous people including influenza, measles, smallpox, syphilis, tuberculosis, and whooping cough. At the time of James Cook’s arrival in 1778, the indigenous Hawaiian population is estimated to have been between 250,000 and 800,000. By 1890, the indigenous Hawaiian population declined had to less than 40,000.

In 1893, a group of local businessmen and politicians composed of six non-native Hawaiian Kingdom subjects, five American nationals, one British national, and one German national overthrew Queen Liliʻuokalani, her cabinet, and her marshal, and took over the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii. This led to the 1898 annexation of Hawaii as a United States territory. On August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States.

In 1993, one hundred years after the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown, the United States Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed the Apology Resolution which “acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum”. As a result, the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, a grassroots political and cultural campaign to reestablish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom in Hawaii, was established along with ongoing efforts to redress the indigenous Hawaiian population.

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Kamehameha II, King of the Hawaiian Islands; Credit – Wikipedia

Born Prince Liholiho in November 1797, in Hilo, Kingdom of Hawaii, Kamehameha II, King of the Hawaiian Islands was the eldest of the three children and the elder of the two sons of Kamehameha I the Great, King of the Hawaiian Islands and his chief wife Keōpūolani. King Kamehameha I had many wives and many children. The exact number is debated because documents that recorded the names of his wives were destroyed. While he had many wives and children, only his children from his highest-ranking wife Keōpūolani succeeded him to the throne.

Kamehameha II had two full siblings:

Queen Kaʻahumanu, Kamehameha II’s official guardian and later his co-regent; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamehameha II’s care was entrusted to his father’s trusted servant Hanapi. However, after several months, he was taken back by his maternal grandmother Queen Kekuʻiapoiwa Liliha because she felt he was not getting the proper care. Kamehameha I then put his son in the care of Queen Kaʻahumanu, his favorite wife, who was appointed as Kamehameha II’s official guardian.

Jean Baptiste Rives, a Frenchman who arrived in the Kingdom of Hawaii in the early 19th century, taught the royal princes some English and French and became a close friend of Kamehameha II. He also had three other close companions. Charles Kanaʻina was an aliʻi (hereditary noble) of the Kingdom of Hawaii who served on both the Privy Counsel and in the House of Nobles. Mataio Kekūanaōʻa was governor of the island of Oʻahu, held the office of Kuhina Nui  (equivalent of the 19th-century European office of Prime Minister), and was the father of two kings, Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. Gideon Peleioholani Laanu was a Hawaiian chief and the great nephew of Kamehameha I.

Kamāmalu, Kamehameha II’s favorite wife, his half-sister; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamehameha II continued the practice of polygamy and had five wives but none of the marriages produced children:

  • Kamāmalu (circa 1802 – 1824), Kamehameha II’s favorite wife, his half-sister
  • Kīnaʻu (circa 1805 – 1839), Kamehameha II’s half-sister
  • Kekāuluohi (1794 – 1845), Kamehameha II’s cousin
  • Pauahi (circa 1804–1826), often referred to as often referred to as Kalanipauahi, Kamehameha II’s niece
  • Kekauʻōnohi (circa 1805 – 1851), Kamehameha II’s niece

On May 14, 1819, Kamehameha I, King of the Hawaiian Islands died and 22-year-old Kamehameha II became King of the Hawaiian Islands. However, Queen Kaʻahumanu, who had been Kamehameha II’s official guardian, had no intention of giving up her power. When she first saw Kamehameha II after his father’s death, she was wearing Kamehameha I’s royal red cape and announced to the surprised young king, “We two shall rule the land.” The council of advisors agreed and created her Kuhina Nui. Her role was similar to a co-regent or modern-day prime minister. Queen Kaʻahumanu held the administrative power while Kamehameha II was forced to take on just a ceremonial role. Kaʻahumanu ruled as co-regent during the reigns of both Kamehameha II and his brother and successor Kamehameha III, until she died in 1832.

Kamehameha II’s reign is best known for the ‘Ai Noa, the elimination of the Hawaiian kapu system in October 1819. Kapu was the ancient Hawaiian code of conduct of laws and regulations governing lifestyle, gender roles, politics, and religion. After the elimination of the kapu system, women were allowed to eat formerly forbidden food and to eat with men, the priests no longer offered human sacrifices, and the many prohibitions surrounding the high chiefs were relaxed. Kamehameha II’s mother Keōpūolani played an important role in the elimination of the Hawaiian kapu system, and the move from the ancient religion and traditions. In 1820, when Christian missionaries came to the Hawaiian Islands, Keōpūolani and her second husband Hoapili were among the first of the Hawaiian nobles to convert to Christianity. Keōpūolani then wore Western clothing and learned to read and write. She made a public declaration that the custom of taking multiple spouses by royalty would end and the Christian practice of monogamy would be followed. Kamehameha II never officially converted to Christianity because he refused to give up four of his five wives and his love of alcohol. He was the last Hawaiian king to practice polygamy.

On April 16, 1822, English missionary William Ellis arrived in the Hawaiian Islands with a gift from King George IV of Great Britain, the Prince Regent, a schooner with six guns, to add to the Kingdom of Hawaiian Island’s fleet of ships. Kamehameha II wanted to travel to Great Britain to thank King George IV and to encourage closer diplomatic ties between their two kingdoms. All Kamehameha II’s advisors, including his mother Keōpūolani and his co-regent Kaʻahumanu, were opposed to the trip. After the death of his mother on September 16, 1823, Kamehameha II was determined to travel to Great Britain.

King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu in the Royal Box at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane; Credit – Wikipedia

King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu arrived in Great Britain on May 17, 1824. They were an unusual sight to the British people who had seen few Native Hawaiians or a person as tall as Kamāmalu who was over six feet tall. They toured London, visiting Westminster Abbey but Kamehameha II refused to enter because he did not want to desecrate the British royal burial place “with his presence or his feet stepping in that area.” The royal couple attended the opera and ballet at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London, and a play at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, London.

King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu were scheduled to meet King George IV on June 21, 1824, but the meeting had to be canceled because Queen Kamāmalu became ill. Members of the Hawaiian entourage had caught measles and they had no natural immunity because the people of the Hawaiian Islands had lived in isolation until their contact with Europeans. The Hawaiian entourage was likely exposed to measles on their June 5 visit to the Royal Military Asylum, an orphanage for the children of military parents that was known for its epidemics of childhood diseases. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, epidemics of measles, smallpox, and other diseases threatened to wipe out the entire Native Hawaiian population and disrupted the culture and lives of the islands’ residents.

Twenty-one-year-old Queen Kamāmalu died on July 8, 1824. Her grief-stricken husband King Kamehameha II died six days later on July 14, 1824, at the age of twenty-six.  King Kamehameha II lay in state at the Caledonian Hotel in London on July 17, 1824, and large crowds paid their respects. On the following day, the coffins of King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu were placed in the crypt of St Martin-in-the-Fields Church in London, awaiting the voyage back to the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands.

HMS Blonde, the British ship that transported the coffins of King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu back to Hawaii; Credit – Wikipedia

In August 1824, the coffins of King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu left Great Britain on the Royal Navy frigate HMS Blonde under the command of Captain George Anson Byron, 7th Baron Byron. The HMS Blonde arrived in the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands on May 6, 1825.

King Kamehameha II’s brother-in-law William Pitt Kalanimoku, a High Chief who functioned similarly to a prime minister, had been notified of the deaths, and so Hawaiian royalty and nobility gathered at his house where the bodies were moved for the funeral. On May 11, 1825, a state funeral was held for the late King and Queen, the first Christian memorial service for a ruler of Hawaii. The crew from the HMS Blonde participated in the formal procession from the ship to the funeral site, the chaplain of the HMS Blonde said an Anglican prayer, and an American missionary said a prayer in the Hawaiian language.

In the background, the Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla, now a chapel; Credit – Wikipedia

A Western-style mausoleum was constructed for King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu near the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu. The mausoleum was a small house made of coral blocks with a thatched roof. King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu were interred there on August 23, 1825. Over time, as more coffins were added, the small vault became crowded. In 1863, construction began on Mauna ʻAla (Fragrant Hills), the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in Honolulu. On October 30, 1865, the remains of past deceased royals, including King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu, were transferred in a torchlit ceremony at night to the new mausoleum. On November 9, 1887, after the Royal Mausoleum became too crowded, the caskets of the members of the House of Kamehameha were moved to the newly built Kamehameha Tomb, an underground vault, under the Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb. Two additional underground vaults were built over the years. In 1922, the Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla was converted to a chapel after the last royal remains were moved to tombs constructed on the grounds.

Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb – Royal Mausoleum, Honolulu, Hawai; Credit – By Daderot. – Self-photographed, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1101293

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Flantzer, Susan. (2024). Kamehameha I The Great, King of the Hawaiian Islands. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/kamehameha-i-the-great-king-of-the-hawaiian-islands/
  • U.S. Department of the Interior. Liholiho (Kamehameha II). National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/puhe/learn/historyculture/kamehameha2.htm
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2024). Kamehameha II. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_II
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_(Mauna_%CA%BBAla)
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Hawaiian Kingdom. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom

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Juliane of Fontevrault, Illegitimate Daughter of King Henry I of England

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

Juliane’s father KIng Henry I had around 25 illegitimate children; Credit – WIkipedia

Known for trying to shoot her father King Henry I of England with a crossbow after he allowed her two young daughters to be blinded, Juliane of Fontevrault (also called Juliane FitzRoy) was born circa 1090 at the Old Palace of Westminster in London, England. Her mother was probably Ansfride (circa 1070 – 1164), who was sometimes called a mistress and sometimes called a concubine. Ansfride was the widow of Anskill of Abingdon, a knight and a tenant of Abingdon Abbey in Abingdon, England, who died following a few days of harsh treatment after being imprisoned by King William II Rufus, King Henry I’s brother and predecessor. Juliane’s paternal grandparents were King William I of England (the Conqueror) and Matilda of Flanders.

King Henry I holds the record for the British monarch with the most illegitimate children, 25 or so illegitimate children who were Juliane’s half-siblings.

Juliane’s probable full siblings:

Juliane had two royal half-siblings from her father’s marriage to Matilda of Scotland:

In 1103, Juliane married the Norman noble Eustace de Pacy, Lord of Pacy, Breteuil, and Pont-Saint-Pierre (circa 1090 – 1136). Eustace was the illegitimate son of an unknown mother and Guillaume de Breteuil, a Benedictine abbot at the Notre-Dame de Breteuil Abbey in Breteuil, then in the Duchy of Normandy and a possession of England, now in France. Upon his father’s death in 1071, Guillaume de Breteuil inherited his father’s titles and extensive estates in Normandy. King Henry I arranged the marriage between Juliane and Guillaume’s son Eustace to have allies in the English strongholds of the Duchy of Normandy.

Juliane and Eustace had four children:

  • Daughter #1 de Pacy
  • Daughter #2 de Pacy
  • Guillaume de Pacy (circa 1116 – 1153)
  • Roger de Pacy (circa 1118 – ?)

The ruins of the Château d’Ivry-la-Bataille; Credit – By I, Nitot, CC BY-SA 3.0,

In 1119, when the Norman nobles revolted against King Henry I, Juliane’s husband Eustace threatened to ally himself with the Norman nobles unless the Château d’Ivry-la-Bataille in Ivry-la-Bataille in the Duchy of Normandy, which had belonged to his predecessors, was returned to him. At that time, the castle was in the possession of Eustace’s maternal fist cousin Raoul II de Gaël. King Henry I took his time dealing with the issue but assured Eustace that the issue would be concluded. To ensure his daughter and son-in-law’s loyalty, King Henry I took their two daughters as hostages and traded them for the son of Ralph Harnec, Constable of Ivry. While the son of Ralph Harnec was in the custody of Eustace and Juliane, Eustace had the boy’s eyes gouged out. Ralph Harnec demanded his right to retaliation because he had not been guilty of any offense against Eustace and Juliane that could justify that treatment of his son. King Henry I approved Harnec’s right to retaliate and Harnec gouged out the eyes and cut off the noses of Eustace and Juliane’s two daughters, King Henry I’s own grandchildren.

Juliane and Eustace were outraged. Eustace fortified his castles in the Duchy of Normandy at Lire, Gls, Pont-Saint-Pierre, and Pacy-sur-Eure. Juliane went to the Château d’Ivry-la-Bataille with the troops needed to guard the castle. The citizens of Bretuil refused to support her against the powerful King Henry I and opened the castle doors to him. Julianne agreed to meet with her father. However, when she went to the meeting, she took a crossbow and attempted to shoot him. King Henry I destroyed the drawbridge, confining Juliane to the castle. Eventually, Juliane managed to escape by having herself lowered along the wall into the moat, full of half-frozen water. She made her way to Eustace who was at his castle in Pacy-sur-Eure in the Duchy of Normandy.

King Henry I confiscated Juliane and Eustace’s property except for the castle in Pacy-sur-Eure. The Château d’Ivry-la-Bataille was given back to the de Gaël family for their loyalty to Henry. Juliane and Eustace begged King Henry I for forgiveness. He did forgive them and gave them 300 silver marks a year for the loss of Château d’Ivry-la-Bataille.

Fontrevault Abbey; Credit – By Pierre Mairé, PixAile.com – www.pixAile.com, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1356886

In 1123, Juliane became a nun at Fontevrault Abbey, near Chinon in the Duchy of Anjou, now in France. Some sources say her two blinded daughters went with her. Juliane died in 1136 at Fontevrault Abbey.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Ansfride Concubine #3 of Henry I King of England. geni_family_tree. (2022a, August 22). https://www.geni.com/people/Ansfride-Concubine-3-of-Henry-I-King-Of-England/6000000001563248849
  • Beauclerk-Dewar, Peter, & Powell, Roger. (2006). Right Royal Bastards – The Fruits of Passion. Burke’s Peerage & Gentry LLC.
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2015). King Henry I of England. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/king-henry-i-of-england/
  • Juliane Fitzroy. geni_family_tree. (2022). https://www.geni.com/people/Juliane-FitzRoy/6000000003219799748
  • Lea. (2021). A King’s Daughter Who Attempted to Murder Her Father. https://worldroyals.medium.com/a-kings-daughter-who-attempted-to-murder-her-father-45a1a23de27f
  • Weir, Alison. (2008). Britain’s Royal Families – The Complete Genealogy. Vintage Books.
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2022). Juliane de Fontevrault. Wikipedia (German). https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliane_de_Fontevrault
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Juliane de Fontevrault. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliane_de_Fontevrault
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Julienne (Bâtarde). Wikipedia (French). https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julienne_(b%C3%A2tarde)