Category Archives: Current Monarchies

Luxembourg Styles and Titles

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2025

Luxembourg, a microstate in Western Europe, is bordered by Belgium, Germany, and France. It is the only remaining Grand Duchy. During its history, Luxembourg has been a part of several countries. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Luxembourg was made a Grand Duchy and united in a personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The King of the Netherlands was also the Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg remained in personal union with the Netherlands until the death of King Willem III of the Netherlands in 1890. His successor was his daughter Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands who could not inherit the throne of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg due to the Salic Law which prevented female succession. The new Grand Duke of Luxembourg was Adolphe who was Duke of Nassau until it was annexed to Prussia in 1866. The Grand Ducal Family was then, and still is, members of the House of Nassau-Weilburg, a branch of the House of Nassau.

Adolphe’s son Grand Duke Guillaume IV had six daughters and no sons so he had to do a bit of tinkering with the succession law. The law was changed to the Semi-Salic Law, where succession first goes to all the male dynasts and then to female dynasts only upon the extinction of all the male dynasts. This allowed his two elder daughters to succeed to the throne. Eventually, In 2011, the succession law was changed to absolute primogeniture whereby the succession passes to the eldest child of the sovereign regardless of gender, and males and females have equal succession rights.

His Royal Highness and Her Royal Highness

In earlier practice, a reigning grand duke, his heir apparent, and their spouses would use the style of Royal Highness. The male line descendants of a reigning grand duke, other than the heir, would use the style Grand Ducal Highness. This practice was followed by the ruling families of Luxembourg, Hesse and by Rhine, and Baden. The current practice of Princes and Princesses of Luxembourg and Princes and Princesses of Nassau holding the style Royal Highness refers to their Bourbon-Parma origins. See Prince and Princess of Bourbon-Parma below.

The Monarch of Luxembourg

Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg; Credit – Wikipedia

The monarch of Luxembourg is His/Her Royal Highness Grand Duke/Grand Duchess of Luxembourg. His Royal Highness Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg is the current monarch of Luxembourg. On October 7, 2000, Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg abdicated, and his son Henri became Grand Duke of Luxembourg. In his Christmas Eve speech on December 24, 2024, Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg announced that he would abdicate in favor of his eldest child Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume of Luxembourg on October 3, 2025.

The Consort of Luxembourg

Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg; Credit – Wikipedia

The wife of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg is Her Royal Highness Grand Duchess <name> of Luxembourg. The current consort of Luxembourg is Her Royal Highness Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg, born Maria Teresa Mestre y Batista Falla in Havana, Cuba.

In 1919, Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg married her first cousin Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, the only time so far, when there was a male consort. Felix retained his title as Prince of Bourbon-Parma and was created a Prince of Luxembourg in his own right.

The Heir to the Throne of Luxembourg – Hereditary Grand Duke or Hereditary Grand Duchess

Prince Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg; Credit – Maison du Grand-Duc / Sophie Margue

His Royal Highness Prince Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke, the eldest child of Grand Duke Henri is the current Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Since June 2011, Luxembourg’s line of succession has been based on Cognatic (Absolute) Primogeniture, beginning with the children of Grand Duke Henri. The succession passes to the eldest child of the sovereign regardless of gender with males and females having equal succession rights.

The title Hereditary Grand Duke or Hereditary Grand Duchess is held by the heir apparent to the throne of Luxembourg. The eldest child of the reigning Prince or Princess of Luxembourg may be granted the title of Hereditary Grand Duke or Hereditary Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.

Prince and Princess of Luxembourg

Prince Felix of Luxembourg, the second child of Grand Duke Henri, with his wife Princess Claire of Luxembourg with the eldest two children Princess Amalia of Nassau and Prince Liam of Nassau

The children of the reigning Grand Duke/Grand Duchess or the heir apparent, the Hereditary Grand Duke/Hereditary Grand Duchess, hold the titles Prince/Princess of Luxembourg and the additional title Prince/Princess of Nassau with the style of Royal Highness. The wives of Princes of Luxembourg and Princes of Nassau (below) hold the female counterparts of their husband’s titles.

Prince and Princess of Nassau

The Grand Duke of Luxembourg uses the Duke of Nassau as his secondary title. Prince or Princess of Nassau is used as a title by the other members of the Grand Ducal family. The Nassau titles derive from Adolphe, Duke of Nassau who became Grand Duke of Luxembourg in 1890. The Duchy of Nassau was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in the current German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse.

Male line descendants of Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg who are not the children of a Grand Duke or Hereditary Grand Duke and their wives are titled Prince/Princess of Nassau with the style of His/Her Royal Highness.

For instance, the children of His Royal Highness Prince Félix of Luxembourg, the second child of Grand Duke Henri, are male line descendants and are not children of a Grand Duke of Hereditary Grand Duke. They are styled His/Her Royal Highness and titled Princess Amalia of Nassau, Prince Liam of Nassau, and Prince Balthasar of Nassau.

Prince and Prince of Bourbon-Parma

Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, Prince of Luxembourg; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1919, Grand Duchess Charlotte married her first cousin Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, the son of Roberto I, Duke of Parma and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal. Prince Felix held the style His Royal Highness. Since then, members of the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg, besides being members of the House of Nassau-Weilburg, a branch of the House of Nassau, are also members of the House of Bourbon-Parma with the title of Prince or Princesses of Bourbon-Parma and the style Royal Highness.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Autoren der Wikimedia-Projekte. (2004). Adelsgeschlecht. Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus_Nassau
  • Legilux. (2025). Public.lu. https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/adm/dec/2012/06/11/n1/jo
  • Official website of the Grand Ducal Court of Luxembourg. (n.d.). Www.monarchie.lu. https://monarchie.lu/en
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Duchy of Nassau. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). House of Bourbon-Parma. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2024, December 27). House of Nassau-Weilburg. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.
  • ‌Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Monarchy of Luxembourg. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Nassau Family Pact. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.

Harald II, King of Denmark (reigned 1014 – 1018)

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2025

King Harald II as depicted in a copper engraving from 1646 by Albert Haelwegh; Credit – Wikipedia

Not much is known about Harald II, King of Denmark who reigned for only four years. Almost every primary source from Denmark, Iceland, and Norway omits Harald II’s brief reign. Most of the information about Harald comes from The Encomium Emmae Reginae, a text completed in 1042 on the orders of Harald’s sister-in-law, Emma of Normandy, Queen of England, Denmark and Norway, the widow of King Æthelred II of the English, the second wife of Harald’s brother Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway, and the mother of Saint Edward the Confessor, King of England via her first husband Æthelred.

In 1893, Danish historian Johannes Steenstrup summed up what was known about Harald. The synopsis uses Danish names. The English names are in parentheses. “Haraldr (Harald) was installed as regent by his father and refused to share power with Knútr (his brother Cnut), but helped with his preparation for conquering England. Son of Sveinn Haraldsson (Sweyn Haraldson, also known as Sweyn Forkbeard) and Gunnhildr (Gunhilda), Haraldr succeeded Sveinn Haraldson right after his death. Haraldr and his brother Knútr brought their mother Gunnhildr back to Denmark. Haraldr died in 1018, barely more than 20 years old.”

In his 2021 article, The Forgotten King of Denmark – Haraldr II, Deniz Cem Gülen theorizes that “the reticence around Haraldr and his reign might be his religious beliefs.” Although his paternal grandfather Harald I Bluetooth, King of Denmark and Norway converted from paganism to Christianity and decided that the Danish people should also convert to Christianity, King Harald II may have been a pagan. Early writers may have omitted King Harald II’s brief reign attempting to have him forgotten as a pagan king.

King Harald II was probably born circa 996 – 998. His father Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, Norway, and England had two wives: Sigrid Storråda and Gunhilda of Wenden. Both women are mentioned in the Norse sagas but there is very little information about them in the medieval chronicles. Sweyn Forkbeard had seven known children but which of the two women are their mothers is uncertain. Gunhilda of Wenden was probably the mother of Harald and his brother Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway. Sources say nothing about King Harald II of Denmark having been married.

Harald’s brother Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway; Credit – Wikipedia

Harald II had six known siblings:

Sweyn Forkbeard invading England; Credit – Wikipedia

Harald served as regent of Denmark and Norway while his father Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark and Norway was fighting Æthelred II, King of the English in England. In 1002 Æthelred was told that the Danish men in England “would faithlessly take his life, and then all his councilors, and possess his kingdom afterward.” In response, Æthelred “ordered slain all the Danish men who were in England.” St. Brice’s Day Massacre occurred on November 13, 1002, the feast day of St. Brice, fifth-century Bishop of Tours. There was a significant loss of life including Gunhilde, Sweyn Forkbeard’s sister. In retaliation, Sweyn Forkbeard attacked England during 1003 – 1004, burning Norwich but a famine in 1005 caused him to retreat. The Danish invaders returned and within a few years, all of England came under Danish rule. On Christmas Day in 1013, Harald’s father Sweyn Forkbeard was formally proclaimed King of England.

Sweyn Forkbeard made his English base in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England, and began organizing his new kingdom. However, his reign was short-lived as he suddenly died in Gainsborough on February 3, 1014, at around the age of 54. Harald Bluetooth had named Roskilde the capital of Denmark in 960, and a small wooden church dedicated to the Holy Trinity was built on the site of the current Roskilde Cathedral, the traditional burial site of the Danish monarchs. Harald Bluetooth was buried at the Holy Trinity Church. Sweyn Forkbeard was first buried in England and his remains were later moved to Denmark where they were interred near his father at the Holy Trinity Church. However, their tombs have never been found.

Sweyn Forkbeard’s younger son succeeded him as Harald II, King of Denmark, and his elder son Cnut (the Great), was proclaimed King of England by the Danes in England. King Harald II of Denmark died in 1018, probably in his early 20s but his burial place is unknown. His brother Cnut succeeded Harald as King of Denmark.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Bidragsydere til Wikimedia-projekter. (2003). Harald II. Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_2.
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2019). Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/cnut-the-great-king-of-england-denmark-and-norway/
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2019). Emma of Normandy, Queen of England, Denmark and Norway. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/emma-of-normandy-queen-of-england-denmark-and-norway/
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2025). Harald I Bluetooth, King of Denmark and Norway. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/harald-i-bluetooth-king-of-denmark-and-norway/
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2019). Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, Norway, and England. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/sweyn-forkbeard-king-of-denmark-king-of-norway-king-of-england/
  • Hadley, Dawn & Richards, Julian. (2022). The Viking Great Army and the Making of England. Thames & Hudson.
  • View of The Forgotten King of Denmark – Haraldr II | Scandinavian-Canadian Studies. (2025). Scancan.net. https://scancan.net/index.php/scancan/article/view/203/40

Liechtenstein Styles and Titles

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2025

Liechtenstein is a micro-state in Alpine Central Europe bordered by Switzerland and Austria. The House of Liechtenstein which takes its name from Liechtenstein Castle in Lower Austria, near Vienna, built circa 1140, has ruled in the area since the 12th century. Over the centuries, the family gained land in Moravia, Lower Austria, Silesia, and Styria. Several Liechtenstein princes served as close advisors to the Habsburg family.

In 1608, Karl I, Baron of Liechtenstein was made the Fürst (Prince) of Liechtenstein by Holy Roman Emperor Matthias after siding with him in a political battle. The family purchased the Lordship of Schellenberg in 1699 and the County of Vaduz in 1712 from the Hohenems family. Then, in 1719, Karl VI, Holy Roman Emperor elevated the territory to a Fürstentum (Principality). Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (reigned 1938 – 1989) was the first sovereign prince to live full-time in Liechtenstein.

The succession to the throne of Liechtenstein is based upon agnatic primogeniture which forbids women to succeed. A United Nations committee raised concerns regarding gender equality with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In 2007, Prince Hans-Adam II explained that the succession law is older than the Principality of Liechtenstein itself, it is a family tradition that does not affect the citizens, and the Constitution of Liechtenstein states that succession to the throne is a private family matter.

His Serene Highness and Her Serene Highness

Liechtenstein is a principality. A principality is a sovereign state reigned by a monarch with the title of Prince or Princess. As stated above, Liechtenstein forbids female succession so, in the past and currently, a Sovereign Princess is not allowed. The reigning Prince of Liechtenstein and the other Princes and Princesses of Liechtenstein are all styled His Serene Highness and Her Serene Highness. This is the usual style for the Princely Family of a Principality. The same practice is used in the Principality of Monaco except Monaco’s succession is male-preference primogeniture, where males take precedence over females and older children take precedence over younger ones. Monaco had one reigning Princess, Louise Hippolyte, who reigned for ten months in 1731 before she died from smallpox.

The Monarch of Liechtenstein

Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein; Credit – Wikipedia

His Serene Highness Prince Hans-Adam II is the current reigning Prince of Liechtenstein. On August 26, 1984, Prince Franz Josef II appointed his son Prince Hans-Adam as his deputy, handing over most of his duties as Head of State. Franz Josef died on November 13, 1989, and Hans-Adam became the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein, Hans-Adam II. In a similar move, in 2004, Prince Hans-Adam II appointed his son Hereditary Prince Alois as his deputy. While Prince Hans-Adam remains Head of State, Hereditary Prince Alois assumed most of the duties of the Head of State. The reigning Prince bears the titles Prince of Liechtenstein, Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf, Count of Rietberg, and Ruler of the House of Liechtenstein.

The Consort of Liechtenstein

The late Princess Marie of Liechtenstein, the last Consort; Credit – Wikipedia

The wives of the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein have been styled Her Serene Highness Princess <name> of Liechtenstein. Currently, there is no Consort of Liechtenstein. Prince Hans-Adam II’s wife Princess Marie of Liechtenstein, born Countess Marie Aglaë of Wchinitz and Tettau, in 1940, in Prague, Czechoslovakia, now in the Czech Republic, died in 2021. The Consort bears the titles Princess of Liechtenstein, Duchess of Troppau, Duchess of  Jägerndorf, and Countess of Rietberg, and retains these titles while a widow.

The Heir to the Throne of Liechtenstein – Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein

Hereditary Prince Alois of Liechtenstein; Credit – Wikipedia

The title Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein is held by the heir apparent to the throne of Liechtenstein. The eldest son of the Prince of Liechtenstein automatically becomes the Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein when his father succeeds to the throne. The current Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein is His Serene Highness Hereditary Prince Alois of Liechtenstein, the eldest son of Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein.

The right to succeed to the throne of Liechtenstein is reserved for male patrilineal descendants of Prince Johann I Joseph (reigned 1805 – 1836), who were born to married parents, excluding those born of a marriage to which the sovereign did not consent. If there is no eligible male patrilineal descendant, the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein has the right to adopt an heir presumptive. There is no scenario under which a woman could succeed to the throne of Liechtenstein.

Hereditary Princess Sophie of Liechtenstein; Credit – Wikipedia

Hereditary Prince Alois’ wife is Her Royal Highness Hereditary Princess Sophie of Liechtenstein. However, Sophie is styled Her Royal Highness and not Her Serene Highness, like the other members of the Liechtenstein Princely Family. Sophie is the eldest of the five daughters of Prince Max-Emanuel, Duke in Bavaria, and descends in a direct line from the last Bavarian King Ludwig III, her great-great-grandfather. Sophie’s uncle Franz, Duke of Bavaria is the current pretender to the throne of the former Kingdom of Bavaria. Franz never married, so his heir is his brother, Sophie’s father, Prince Max-Emanuel, Duke in Bavaria. In 1973, Sophie’s father inherited the family name and style Duke in Bavaria from his great-uncle Duke Ludwig Wilhelm of Bavaria who had adopted him as heir in 1965. From birth, Sophie was styled Her Royal Highness Duchess Sophie in Bavaria, Princess of Bavaria. On her marriage in 1993, she became Her Royal Highness Hereditary Princess Sophie of Liechtenstein, with the Principality of Liechtenstein recognizing and retaining her use of the style Her Royal Highness.

Sophie is a member of the House of Wittelsbach, formerly the reigning house of the Kingdom of Bavaria. The Jacobites sought to restore the British crown to King James II of England after he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and subsequently, to his heirs. The current Jacobite heir is Sophie’s childless uncle Franz, Duke of Bavaria, who has never pursued the claim. Franz’s heir is Sophie’s father, Max-Emanuel, Duke in Bavaria who only has five daughters. As the eldest of her father’s daughters, Sophie will be her father’s heir to the Jacobite claim, and her eldest son Prince Joseph Wenzel (born 1995) will be her heir and the Jacobite claim to the British throne will reside in the House of Liechtenstein.

See Unofficial Royalty – The Jacobite Succession – Pretenders to the British Throne for more information including a line of the the Jacobite succession.

Prince of Liechtenstein and Princess of Liechtenstein

Prince Nikolaus of Liechtenstein, son of Prince Franz Josef II of Liechtenstein, and his wife Princess Margaretha of Liechtenstein, born a Princess of Luxembourg

Members of the Princely House of Liechtenstein are the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein and all those who descend in the male line from Prince Johann I of Liechtenstein (reigned 1805 – 1836) and are the result of a marriage consented to by a reigning Prince of Liechtenstein. Members of the Princely House of Liechtenstein are styled and titled His/Her Serene Highness Prince/Princess <name> of Liechtenstein, except for Her Royal Highness Hereditary Princess Sophie as noted above.

A Princess of Liechtenstein by birth does not lose her membership in the Princely House of Liechtenstein when she marries. However, her children do not acquire membership in the Princely House by birth and are not Princes or Princesses of Liechtenstein. The wives of the Princes of Liechtenstein become members of the Princely House at their marriage and are styled Her Serene Highness Princess <name> of Liechtenstein.

Count of Rietberg and Countess of Rietberg

All dynastic members of the House of Liechtenstein and their wives bear the title Count or Countess of Rietberg along with their princely title. The County of Rietberg was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present-day German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was an independent territory from 1237 to 1807 when the County of Rietberg was redistributed to the Kingdom of Westphalia. The House of Liechtenstein claimed the County of Rietberg in 1848 when the last member of the Moravian branch of the Kaunitz family, Prince Aloys von Kaunitz-Rietberg, died.

Duke of Troppau and Duke of Jägerndorf

The Duchy of Troppau, now in the Czech Republic, was a territory split off from the Margraviate of Moravia circa 1269 by King Ottokar II of Bohemia to provide for his illegitimate son, Nicholas I, the first Duke of Troppau. When that branch became extinct in 1464, the Duchy of Troppau reverted to the Bohemian Crown, and in 1526, it became part of the Habsburg monarchy. Prince Karl I of Liechtenstein was invested with the Duchy of Troppau in 1614 by Holy Roman Emperor Matthias.

In 1377, the Duchy of Jägerndorf (also known as the Duchy of Krnov), now in the Czech Republic, emerged from the Duchy of Troppau. It was a Hohenzollern territory since 1523. However, the Habsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire regarded the duchy as a reverted fief, and after the 1620 Bohemian Revolt, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II confiscated the Hohenzollern possessions in his Bohemian lands. Ferdinand’s loyal supporter Prince Karl I of Liechtenstein, received the Duchy of Jägerndorf which was merged with the Duchy of Troppau in 1623.

The Duchy of Troppau and the Duchy of Jägerndorf were dissolved with the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, however, the titles of Duke of Troppau and Duke of Jägerndorf still exist, and belong to the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • 1993.100 | Lilex – Gesetzesdatenbank des Fürstentums Liechtenstein. (2025). Gesetze.li. https://www.gesetze.li/konso/1993100000
  • Das Fürstenhaus von Liechtenstein. admin. (2021. Fuerstenhaus.li. https://fuerstenhaus.li/en/
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2021). The Jacobite Succession – Pretenders to the British Throne. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/the-jacobite-succession-pretenders-to-the-british-throne/
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Duchy of Krnov. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2025). County of Rietberg. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Duchy of Troppau. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2025). Monarchy of Liechtenstein. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Succession to the Liechtensteiner throne. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_Liechtensteiner_throne

Harald I Bluetooth, King of Denmark and Norway

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2025

Harald Bluetooth – 16th-century fresco  at Roskilde Cathedral, Harald’s burial place; Credit – Wikipedia

A Viking warrior, Harald I Bluetooth, King of Denmark, reigned circa 958 – 986, and King of Norway reigned circa 970 – 986, unified Denmark and Norway in the tenth century. His nickname Bluetooth first appears in the Roskilde Chronicle in 1140. Blár means “blue” in Old Norse but it also means “dark”. Possibly Harald had a conspicuous bad tooth that was dark.

Harald Bluetooth was the inspiration for the name of the wireless technology company Bluetooth. The name was based on an analogy that the technology would unite devices the way Harald Bluetooth united the tribes of Denmark into a single kingdom. The Bluetooth logo    is a bind rune merging the runes  Runic letter ior.svg (Hagall) (ᚼ) and Runic letter berkanan.svg (Bjarkan) (ᛒ), Harald’s initials.

Harald Bluetooth was born in Denmark, before 936, probably about 932. He was the son of Gorm the Old, King of Denmark and Thyra Dannebod. Gorm the Old is the earliest reliably verified Danish ruler. His father was supposedly Harthacnut who reigned in the early 10th century. A Norse saga says that Harthacnut was the son of legendary Danish king Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, one of the sons of legendary Danish king Ragnar Lodbrok. The existence of Harald’s mother Thyra Dannebod is documented in Viking Age runestone inscriptions, but very little is known about her. Medieval historians and 12th and 13th-century Icelandic sagas disagree with her origin, describing her as the daughter of an English king, the daughter of an Earl of Jutland, or from the area of present-day Germany.

Harald had three siblings:

Harald’s first wife was Gunhild of Wenden, probably the mother of Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, Norway, and England. Besides Gunhild, Harald Bluetooth had two other wives, Tove of the Obotrites and Gyrid Olafsdottir of Sweden. Harald had three other children besides Sweyn but it is not certain which of his wives were their mothers.

Harald’s children:

Harald succeeded his father Gorm as King of Denmark. It is speculated that Gorm died in the winter of 958 – 959, based on dendrochronology, the scientific method of dating tree rings, showing that his tomb in a burial mound in Jelling, Denmark was made from wood felled in 958. Gorm was around sixty years old when he died, and because of his father’s old age, Harald had already played an important role in governing Denmark.

During Harald Bluetooth’s reign, Denmark was peaceful and Harald focused on foreign affairs. Richard I, Count of Normandy, the great-grandfather of William III, Duke of Normandy, better known as William the Conqueror, King William I of England, allied himself with Harald who then supported Richard I, a descendant of Vikings, against his opponents. Originally Normandy was a French fiefdom created as the County of Rouen in 911 by King Charles III “the Simple” of France for Rollo, a Viking leader whose original name may have been Hrólfr. After participating in many Viking raids along the Seine, culminating in the Siege of Paris in 886, Rollo was finally defeated by King Charles III. Rollo swore fealty to the French King and converted to Christianity. Charles then granted Rollo territories around Rouen, which came to be called Normandy after the Northmen/Norsemen, another name for Vikings. Rollo is the great-great-great-grandfather of William the Conqueror.

In 961, when King Haakon I of Norway was defeated and killed in battle, Harald Bluetooth went to Norway and proclaimed himself King of Norway and appointed the Norwegian regional kings as his vassals. Harald II Greycloak of Norway, the leader of the Norwegian vassal kings and also Harald Bluetooth’s nephew (the son of his sister Gunnhild), killed his most important opponents and became increasingly independent of his uncle Harald Bluetooth. In 970, Harald Greycloak was tricked into visiting Denmark and was killed by allies of his uncle Harald Bluetooth. Harald Bluetooth regained a strong position as King of Norway and appointed Harald Greycloak’s murderers as Jarls in Norway.

Poppo baptizing Harald Bluetooth; Credit – Wikipedia

Harald Bluetooth converted to Christianity. Allegedly, around 965, Poppo, a German priest who was Bishop of Schleswig in the 10th and early 11th centuries, convinced Harald that Jesus Christ was a far stronger deity than the Norse gods. Poppo baptized Harald who then decided that the Danish people should convert to Christianity.

The Great Jelling Stone showing Jesus Christ with outstretched arms but without a cross. Erected by Harald Bluetooth in the latter half of the 10th century; Credit – Af Casiopeia – fotografiert von Casiopeia, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=197286

Harald’s father Gorm was first buried in the North Mound in Jelling, Denmark. After his conversion to Christianity, Harald had his father’s body reburied in the wooden church he built next to the North Mound in Jelling. Harald erected the Jelling stones including the Great Jelling Stone for his father and mother with the inscription: “King Harald bade these memorials to be made after Gorm, his father, and Thyra, his mother. The Harald who won the whole of Denmark and Norway and turned the Danes to Christianity.”

The modern memorial to Harald Bluetooth in Wolin, Poland. The Danish and Polish inscription, in rune style, commemorates Harald’s death in Jómsborg; Credit – By Radosław Drożdżewski (Zwiadowca21) – Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4318187

In 986, Sweyn Forkbeard rebelled against his father and seized the throne. Wounded after a battle with his son, Harald Bluetooth was driven into exile and died in November 986 in Jomsborg, a Viking stronghold built by Harald Bluetooth on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. Jomsborg is thought to be the present-day town of Wolin in Poland.

Roskilde Cathedral on the site of Holy Trinity Church built by Harald Bluetooth; Photo Credit © Susan Flantzer

Harald Bluetooth named Roskilde the capital of Denmark in 960. He had a small wooden church dedicated to the Holy Trinity built on the site of the current Roskilde Cathedral, the traditional burial site of the Danish monarchs. Harald Bluetooth was buried at the Holy Trinity Church. His son Sweyn Forkbeard was first buried in England and his remains were later moved to Denmark where they were interred near his father at the Holy Trinity Church. However, their tombs have never been found.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Bidragsydere til Wikimedia-projekter. (2003). Harald Blåtand. Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Bl%C3%A5tand
  • Bidragsydere til Wikimedia-projekter. (2021). Poppo. Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppo
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2025). Gorm the Old, King of Denmark. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/gorm-the-old-king-of-denmark-reigned-936-958/
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2021). Roskilde Cathedral in Roskilde, Denmark. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/roskilde-cathedral-in-roskilde-denmark/
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2019). Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, Norway, and England. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/sweyn-forkbeard-king-of-denmark-king-of-norway-king-of-england/
  • ‌Harald Bluetooth. (2021). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth

Dutch Styles and Titles

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2025

After Napoleon’s first defeat and surrender in May 1814, Willem VI, Prince of Orange, urged by the powers who met at the Congress of Vienna, proclaimed the Netherlands a monarchy on March 16, 1815. After Napoleon’s final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo and his second exile, the Congress of Vienna formally confirmed Willem VI, Prince of Orange as the hereditary ruler, King Willem I, the first King of the Netherlands.

The Netherlands’ line of succession to the throne is based upon absolute primogeniture where males and females have equal succession rights. The Dutch Constitution limits the line of succession to those within three degrees of kinship to the Monarch. Therefore, upon King Willem-Alexander’s accession in 2013, two of his cousins who had previously had succession rights were removed from the succession. Members of the Dutch royal family must have the consent of the monarch and the government to marry. Several family members were excluded from the succession due to marriage without proper consent.

The Dutch Royal House and The Dutch Royal Family

Members of the Dutch Royal Family include people born into the family who are legally recognized as such or who have married into the family. However, not every royal family member is a member of the royal house.

Members of the Dutch Royal House are those Dutch Royal Family members who can succeed the monarch according to the Dutch Constitution and are related to the monarch in the first or second degree of consanguinity, any former monarch who had abdicated, and the spouses of the persons mentioned above. The first degree of consanguinity refers to a direct parent-child relationship, and the second degree of consanguinity refers to siblings, grandparents, or grandchildren of an individual. Members of the Royal House will lose their membership if they lose their Dutch nationality, are dismissed by Royal Decree, or marry without the permission of parliament.

Members of the Royal House are:

  • The reigning King or Queen
  • An abdicated King or Queen
  • The legitimate descendants of King William I who are related to the current King or Queen in the 1st or 2nd degree of consanguinity and are eligible for succession to the throne
  • The spouses of those mentioned above

The Dutch Monarch

Willem-Alexander, the current King of the Netherlands; Credit – Wikipedia

His Majesty King Willem-Alexander is the current King of the Netherlands. On January 28, 2013, Willem-Alexander’s mother Queen Beatrix (known as Princess Beatrix after her abdication) announced her intention to abdicate in favor of him. Queen Beatrix signed the Instrument of Abdication at the Royal Palace in Amsterdam on April 30, 2013. Afterward, Willem-Alexander was inaugurated as King at the Nieuwe Kerk, adjacent to the Royal Palace in Amsterdam.

The Netherlands’ line of succession to the throne is based upon cognatic primogeniture where males and females have equal succession rights. The Dutch Constitution limits the line of succession to those within three degrees of kinship to the Monarch. Therefore, upon King Willem-Alexander’s accession in 2013, two of his cousins who had previously had succession rights were removed from the list.

Members of the Dutch Royal Family must have the monarch’s and the government’s consent to marry. Several family members were excluded from the succession due to marriage without the proper consent. These include King Willem-Alexander’s younger brother Prince Friso (died 2013), his aunt Princess Irene, and his aunt Princess Christina (died 2019).

The Dutch Royal Consort

Queen Máxima, current royal consort of the Netherlands – Credit: Dutch Royal House, © RVD, photo by Rineke Dijkstra

The wives of Kings of the Netherlands have been titled Queen of the Netherlands and styled Her Majesty. Her Majesty Queen Máxima of the Netherlands, born Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti in Buenos Aires, Argentina, is the current royal consort.

From 1890 – 2013, the Netherlands had three Sovereign Queens: Queen Wilhelmina (reigned 1890 – 1948, abdicated in favor of her daughter), Queen Juliana (reigned 1948 – 1980, abdicated in favor of her daughter), and Queen Beatrix (reigned 1980 – 2013, abdicated in favor of her son). These three Queens succeeded to the throne because their monarch parents had no sons. From 1814 until 1887, a monarch could only be succeeded by their closest female relative if there were no eligible male relatives. Male-preference cognatic primogeniture (sons and their lines of descent come before the daughters and their line) was adopted in 1887. In 1983, absolute primogeniture (males and females have equal succession rights) came into effect.

In 1901, Queen Wilhelmina married Duke Heinrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the youngest of the four children of Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (reigned 1842 – 1883) and his third wife Princess Marie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Following the wedding, Heinrich became a Prince of the Netherlands, with the style His Royal Highness, and was known by Hendrik, the Dutch version of his name. Wilhelmina decreed that the Dutch royal house would remain the House of Orange-Nassau and not change to the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

In 1937, Princess Juliana, the daughter of Queen Wilhelmina and the future Queen Juliana, married His Serene Highness Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, the elder son of Prince Bernhard of Lippe (younger brother of Leopold IV, the last Prince of Lippe, forced to abdicate on November 12, 1918) and his wife Armgard von Cramm. His parents’ marriage was considered morganatic, so the younger Bernhard was styled Graf von Biesterfeld (Count of Biesterfeld) at birth. In 1916, Bernhard’s uncle, the reigning Prince of Lippe, created Armgard a Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld with the style Serene Highness and this title and style also extended to her two sons. Before the wedding, Bernhard had been granted Dutch citizenship and on his wedding day, he became His Royal Highness Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands.

On March 10, 1966, Princess Beatrix, the eldest of the four daughters of Queen Juliana and the future Queen Beatrix, married Klaus-Georg von Amsberg, a member of the German diplomatic corps, born at Haus Dötzingen, his family’s estate near Hitzacker, Germany. He was the only son of the seven children of Klaus von Amsberg, a member of the German Niederer Adel (lower nobility), and Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen. On December 10, 1965, Klaus-Georg received a Dutch passport and on February 16, 1966, his name was officially changed to Claus. After his marriage, Claus was granted the style and titles His Royal Highness Prince Claus of the Netherlands. In 1980, after his wife became Queen of the Netherlands, Claus was granted the title His Royal Highness The Prince of the Netherlands.

The Heir to the Dutch Throne – The Prince of Orange or The Princess of Orange

Princess Catharina-Amalia, The Princess of Orange, the current heir apparent to the Dutch throne; Credit – Wikipedia

The title Prince/Princess of Orange is held by the heir apparent to the Dutch throne. The eldest child of the Dutch monarch, regardless of gender, automatically becomes The Prince of Orange or The Princess of Orange when his/her father or mother succeeds to the Dutch throne. The current Princess of Orange is Princess Catharina-Amalia, the eldest of the three daughters of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. Her style and title are Her Royal Highness The Princess of Orange.

Prince of Orange is a title originally associated with the sovereign Principality of Orange, in what is now southern France. Willem I (the Silent), Prince of Orange is known as the Vader des Vaderlands (Father of the Fatherland) and is the founder of the House of Orange-Nassau and the ancestor of the Dutch monarchs. When Willem’s childless cousin René of Châlon, Prince of Orange died in 1544, he left the Principality of Orange to Willem. Over the years, the title Prince of Orange became prestigious in the Netherlands and throughout the Protestant world despite losing the territory that had originally gone with the title. The Princes of Orange were also Stadtholders of various Dutch provinces during the period of the Dutch Republic and gained much power.

By the Proclamation of March 16, 1815, the title Prince of Orange was retained by King Wilhelm I, the first King of the Netherlands, formerly Willem VI, Prince of Orange, and immediately given to his eldest son. Until the constitutional amendment of 1983, the “eldest son of the King” automatically bore that title. Since 2002, the Royal House Act has determined that the title Prince or Princess of Orange is granted to the presumed successor of the Sovereign King or Queen of the Netherlands.

Prince or Princess of the Netherlands

King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima with their three daughters Princess Catharina-Amalia (The Princess of Orange), Princess Alexia, and Princess Ariane

Children of the Dutch monarch, and spouses and children of The Prince of Orange or Princess of Orange, the heir apparent to the Dutch throne, are His/Her Royal Highness Prince or Princess of the Netherlands. It is customary for wives and widows of male members of the Dutch royal family to be accorded the female counterparts of their husbands’ titles.

Two of Queen Juliana’s daughters, Princess Irene and Princess Christina, married Roman Catholics. Before her marriage, Princess Irene converted to Catholicism, forfeiting her place in the royal succession. Princess Christina had not received the consent of the monarch and the government to marry and relinquished her succession rights to the Dutch throne for herself and her descendants and her position as a member of The Royal House. However, both princesses retained their royal style and title.

Prince or Princess of Orange-Nassau

Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven, eldest of the four sons of Princess Margriet of the Netherlands and Pieter van Vollenhoven

Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau is a historical title of members of the House of Orange-Nassau and is currently used by members of the Dutch Royal House. The title Prince or Princess of Orange-Nassau originated among the legitimate children and descendants of Willem I (the Silent), Prince of Orange (reigned 1559 – 1584), who was both Prince of Orange and Count of Nassau and thus founder of the House of Orange-Nassau.

In 1901, when Queen Wilhelmina married Heinrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, there was concern that “Nassau” was in danger of being lost from the name “of Orange-Nassau”. By Royal Decree in 1937, Queen Wilhelmina declared that Prince or Princess of Orange-Nassau would be borne by all children of her daughter Princess Juliana with and in addition to any name derived from their father.

According to the Royal House Membership Act adopted on May 30, 2002, the Dutch monarch, his/her heir presumptive, and the King or Queen who has abdicated bear the title Prince or Princess of Orange-Nassau. The title can be granted as a personal, non-hereditary title by Royal Decree to other members of the Royal House and former members of the Royal House. It is customary for wives and widows of male members of the Dutch royal family to be accorded the female counterparts of their husbands’ titles.

When Princess Margriet, the third daughter of the four daughters of Queen Juliana, married Pieter van Vollenhoven, it was decreed that any children from the marriage would be titled Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven, with the style of Highness. However, the title would not be held by their descendants.

In June 2003, the engagement of Prince Friso, the second son of Queen Beatrix, to Mabel Wisse Smit was announced. (Prince Friso died on August 12, 2013 due to injuries received when he was buried under an avalanche on February 17, 2012.) There was public controversy regarding Mabel’s past and her reported relationship with a known drug lord. Having been somewhat vague in their responses to questions about the issue, and Friso’s insistence that he would marry Mabel with or without formal approval from the government, the decision was made not to request formal consent from the Dutch parliament for the marriage. In doing so, Prince Friso relinquished his rights to the Dutch throne and his title of Prince of the Netherlands. However, he retained his personal title of Prince of Orange-Nassau and was granted the hereditary title Count of Orange-Nassau, with the surname Orange-Nassau van Amsberg. His wife was styled Her Royal Highness Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau.

Count or Countess of Orange-Nassau

Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau, the eldest child of Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands

To limit the number of Dutch princes and princesses, changes were made in who would be a prince or princess. By Royal Decree of May 11, 2001, it was declared that all children and male-line descendants of Queen Beatrix’s third son Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands and his wife Princess Laurentian of the Netherlands, born Laurentien Brinkhorst, would bear the title of Count or Countess of Orange-Nassau. Similarly, by Royal Decree of March 19, 2004, it was declared that any children born to Queen Beatrix’s second son Prince Friso and Mabel Wisse Smit, after her marriage, Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau, would also bear the title of Count or Countess of Orange-Nassau.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Bijdragers aan Wikimedia-projecten. (2022). Titel binnen Nederlandse koninklijke familie. Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins(es)_van_Oranje-Nassau
  • Bijdragers aan Wikimedia-projecten. (2022). Prins(es) der Nederlanden. Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins(es)_der_Nederlanden
  • Bijdragers aan Wikimedia-projecten. (2003). Titel uit het Huis van Oranje-Nassau. Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins(es)_van_Oranje
  • Ministry of General Affairs, (2025). Home – Royal House of the Netherlands. Www.royal-house.nl. https://www.royal-house.nl/
  • ‌Wikipedia Contributors. (2025). Prince of Orange. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.

Gorm the Old, King of Denmark

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2025

1860 painting by Danish artist August Thomsen of Thyra Dannebod informing King Gorm the Old of the death of their son Knud Danaast; Credit – Wikipedia

Gorm the Old, King of Denmark reigned from 936 to 958. The exact date of the Kingdom of Denmark’s origin is unknown, but names of Danish kings began to appear in foreign sources in the 8th century. The current Kingdom of Denmark was founded by the Viking kings Gorm the Old and his son Harald Bluetooth in the 10th century. Gorm the Old is the earliest reliably verified Danish ruler. The kings who preceded Gorm the Old are called the Legendary Kings of Denmark. These kings may be partly historical, especially those close to Gorm the Old’s time, semi-legendary, or entirely mythological.

Gorm the Old’s father was supposedly Harthacnut who reigned in the early 10th century. A Norse saga says that Harthacnut was the son of legendary Danish king Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, one of the sons of legendary Danish king Ragnar Lodbrok. In the History Channel’s TV series Vikings, Ragnar Lodbrok (played by Australian actor Travis Fimmel) was the main character.

Gorm was probably born around 900. The chronicler Adam of Bremen says that Gorm’s father Harthacnut came from Northmannia, the original name of Normandy, a region in northern France, to Denmark and seized power in the early 10th century by deposing King Sigtrygg Gnupasson, who reigned in western Denmark. When Harthacnut died, his son Gorm became king. It is speculated that Gorm only ruled in the Jutland area of present-day Denmark,  from Jelling, the royal seat of the first monarchs of the Kingdom of Denmark. Runestones state that Gorm’s son Harald Bluetooth “conquered all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian”, therefore there is speculation that Gorm was only King of Jutland

Gorm married Thyra Dannebod whose existence is documented in Viking Age runestone inscriptions, but very little is known about her. Medieval historians and 12th and 13th-century Icelandic sagas disagree with her origin, describing her as the daughter of an English king, the daughter of an Earl of Jutland, or from the area of present-day Germany.

Gorm and Thyra had four children:

The North Mound where Gorm was originally buried; Credit – By Hjart – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71808578

Gorm was first buried in the North Mound in Jelling, Denmark. Today, Jelling is the site of a large stone ship, two large burial mounds, the Jelling stones (massive carved runestones from the 10th century), and the Jelling Church.

Gorm’s burial site in the Jelling Church; Credit – Wikipedia

Gorm’s son Harald Bluetooth became a Christian around 965, and after his conversion, Harald had his father’s body reburied in the wooden church he built next to the North Mound in Jelling. Harald Bluetooth erected Jelling stones for his father and mother with the inscription: “King Harald bade these memorials to be made after Gorm, his father, and Thyra, his mother. The Harald who won the whole of Denmark and Norway and turned the Danes to Christianity.” It is speculated that Gorm died in the winter of 958 – 959, based on dendrochronology, the scientific method of dating tree rings, showing that the tomb in the North Mound in Jelling was made from wood felled in 958.

The Jelling stone erected by Harald Bluetooth in memory of his father Gorm;  Credit – By Casiopeia – fotografiert von Casiopeia, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=197286

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Bidragsydere til Wikimedia-projekter. (2003, November 18). dansk dronning i 10. århundrede. Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyra_Dannebod
  • Bidragsydere til Wikimedia-projekter. (2002). Konge af Danmark (0900-0964). Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorm_den_Gamle
  • Gorm the Old (899-958) – Find a Grave Memorial. (2024). Findagrave.com. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/84801088/gorm-the_old
  • ‌Gorm the Old. (2023). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorm_the_Old
  • Thyra. (2024). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyra
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Harthacnut I of Denmark. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.

Danish Styles and Titles

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2025

Queen Mary and King Frederik X; Photo: © Hasse Nielsen

A unified Danish monarchy can be traced back to Gorm the Old who died in 958. In the 10th and 11th centuries, several Kings of Denmark were also Kings of England. Denmark, Sweden, and Norway were ruled together under one monarch from 1397 until 1523 when Sweden seceded and became its own kingdom. In 1814, after the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark lost Norway to Sweden. Eventually, in 1905, the union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved and Norway became its own kingdom. Norway’s first king, Haakon VII, was born Prince Carl of Denmark, a son of King Frederik VIII of Denmark. The House of Oldenburg reigned in Denmark from 1448 – 1863 when the crown passed to the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a cadet branch of the same house, because there were no Oldenburg heirs.

The Danish Monarch

King Frederik X of Denmark

His Majesty King Frederik X is the current monarch of Denmark. In her New Year’s Speech on December 31, 2023, Frederik’s mother Queen Margrethe II announced that she would step down as Queen of Denmark on January 14, 2024, the 52nd anniversary of her accession.

The monarchs of Denmark have a long history of royal and noble titles. Historically Danish monarchs also used the titles King of the Wends and King of the Goths. In 1972, when Queen Margrethe II succeeded to the throne, she eliminated all titles except the style and title Her Majesty Queen of Denmark.

Only descendants of King Christian X and his wife Queen Alexandrine may inherit the Danish throne. The monarch must be a member of the Lutheran Evangelical Church and must have Parliament’s permission to marry. The succession law was changed in 1953 to allow female succession. The monarch at that time, King Frederik IX, had only three daughters. Before 1953, the Salic Law, which prohibits female succession, was in effect. As of 2008, the succession has been based on absolute primogeniture, meaning the eldest child is heir, regardless of gender. Since 1513, the regnal names of male Danish monarchs have traditionally alternated between Frederik and Christian.

The Danish Royal Consort

Queen Mary of Denmark; Credit – Wikipedia

The wives of Danish monarchs have been titled Queen of Denmark and styled Her Majesty. Her Majesty Queen Mary of Denmark, born Mary Donaldson in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, is the current royal consort.

There have been only two reigning Queens of Denmark: Margarethe I, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (reigned in Denmark 1387 –1412, reigned in Norway 1388 – 1412, reigned in Sweden 1389 – 1412) and Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (reigned 1972 – 2024, abdicated). Queen Margrethe I’s husband was also a monarch, Haakon VI, King of Norway and Sweden, so a royal Danish title was unnecessary.

In 1967, the future Queen Margrethe II of Denmark married a commoner, Henri de Laborde de Monpezat, born in Talence, France. After his marriage, Henri was known by Henrik, the Danish version of his name, and was created a Prince of Denmark with the style His Royal Highness. In 2005, Queen Margrethe II gave her husband the title The Prince Consort of Denmark. In her New Year’s speech on December 31, 2015, Queen Margrethe II announced that Prince Henrik would slow down and give up most of his official duties beginning January 1, 2016. On April 14, 2016, Prince Henrik renounced the title of Prince Consort and reverted to His Royal Highness Prince Henrik of Denmark.

The Heir to the Danish Throne – Crown Prince of Denmark or Crown Princess of Denmark

Crown Prince Christian of Denmark; Photo: © Dennis Stenild

The eldest child of the Danish monarch, regardless of gender, automatically becomes the Crown Prince of Denmark or the Crown Princess of Denmark when his/her father or mother succeeds to the Danish throne. His Royal Highness Crown Prince Christian of Denmark, the eldest of the four children of King Frederik X, is the current heir to the throne. He automatically became Crown Prince of Denmark after his grandmother’s abdication and his father’s subsequent ascension to the Danish throne on January 14, 2024.

Count of Monpezat

Although the right to use the title is disputed, members of the Laborde de Monpezat family, the family of the late Prince Henrik of Denmark, born Henri Laborde de Monpezat in Talence, France, the husband of Queen Margrethe II, have styled themselves as Comte de Laborde de Monpezat (English: Count of Laborde of Monpezat) since the late nineteenth century.

On April 30, 2008, Queen Margrethe II conferred the title of Count of Monpezat (Greve af Monpezat in Danish), as a Danish title of nobility, on her two sons Crown Prince Frederik (now King Frederik X) and Prince Joachim. Crown Princess Mary (now Queen Mary of Denmark) became Countess of Monpezat, and when Prince Joachim married Marie Cavallier on May 24, 2008, she became Princess Marie of Denmark and Countess of Monpezat. Descendants born in a legal marriage also bear the title, so the sons of King Frederik X and Prince Joachim are all Counts of Monpezat and their daughters are all Countesses of Monpezat.

The Danish Royal House’s announcement:

Her Majesty the Queen has decided that His Royal Highness the Crown Prince and His Royal Highness Prince Joachim will be given the title of “Count of Monpezat”. Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Mary and His Royal Highness Prince Joachim’s future spouse Ms. Marie Cavallier will consequently bear the title of “Countess of Monpezat”. The title will also be borne by descendants born in lawful marriage, in accordance with the general rules applicable to this, which means that the title “Count of Monpezat” will be carried on by male descendants, while female descendants will bear the title “Countess of Monpezat”. This is a new, additional title that can be used in connection with the existing ones. The title does not affect the currently applicable predicates.

Prince and Princess of Denmark

King Frederik X and his family on the day of his accession to the Danish throne (Left to right: Princess Isabella, Crown Prince Christian, King Frederik X, Queen Mary, Princess Josephine, and Prince Vincent)

On September 28, 2022, the Danish Royal House announced changes for royal titles within the Danish Royal Family. Queen Margrethe II decided that, as of January 1, 2023, the children of her son His Royal Highness Prince Joachim would no longer hold the style and title of His/Her Highness Prince/Princess. Instead, they would only hold the title Count/Countess of Monpezat, with the style of His/Her Excellency. Prince Joachim had two sons with his first wife Alexandra Manley (divorced 2005), styled after her divorce, Her Excellency Countess Alexandra of Frederiksborg. He had one son and one daughter with his second wife Marie Cavallier, styled after her marriage, Her Royal Highness Princess Marie. It is unclear if this is a permanent change, and only the children of the monarch and the heir apparent will be Princes and Princesses of Denmark, or if it is a change just for the children of Prince Joachim, the second of Queen Margrethe II’s two sons.

As of January 1, 2023, Prince Joachim’s children are styled:

Here is the full statement issued by the Danish Royal House:

In April 2008, Her Majesty The Queen bestowed upon her sons, their spouses and their descendants the titles of count and countess of Monpezat. In May 2016, it was also announced that His Royal Highness Prince Christian, as the only one of The Queen’s grandchildren, is expected to receive an annuity from the state as an adult.

As a natural extension of this, Her Majesty has decided that, as of 1 January 2023, His Royal Highness Prince Joachim’s descendants can only use their titles as counts and countess of Monpezat, as the titles of prince and princess that they have held up until now will be discontinued. Prince Joachim’s descendants will thus have to be addressed as excellencies in the future. The Queen’s decision is in line with similar adjustments that other royal houses have made in various ways in recent years.

With her decision, Her Majesty The Queen wishes to create the framework for the four grandchildren to be able to shape their own lives to a much greater extent without being limited by the special considerations and duties that a formal affiliation with the Royal House of Denmark as an institution involves. All four grandchildren maintain their places in the order of succession.

Count of Rosenborg

Count Ingolf of Rosenborg, his wife Countess Sussie (center), and his sister Princess Elisabeth of Denmark; Photo: BilledBladet.dk

The title Count of Rosenborg is named after Rosenborg Castle, a renaissance castle in Copenhagen, Denmark. The title Count of Rosenborg has been granted to seven Danish princes, all of whom relinquished their position within the Danish Royal Family upon marrying without official consent from the Danish monarch. The first three, Aage, Erik, and Viggo, retained some of their royal status, however, the others lost all of their official connection to royalty, being delegated to the highest level of the Danish aristocracy.

  • 1914 – HRH Prince Aage of Denmark – eldest son of Prince Valdemar (son of King Christian IX) became His Highness Prince Aage, Count of Rosenborg
  • 1924 – HRH Prince Erik of Denmark – third son of Prince Valdemar (son of King Christian IX) became His Highness Prince Erik, Count of Rosenborg
  • 1924 – HRH Prince Viggo of Denmark – fourth son of Prince Valdemar (son of King Christian IX) became His Highness Prince Viggo, Count of Rosenborg
  • 1948 – HH Prince Oluf of Denmark– younger son of Prince Harald (son of King Frederik VIII) became His Excellency Count Oluf of Rosenborg
  • 1949 – HH Prince Flemming of Denmark – son of Prince Axel (son of Prince Valdemar – son of King Christian IX) became His Excellency Count Flemming of Rosenborg
  • 1968 – HH Prince Ingolf of Denmark – elder son of Prince Knud (son of King Christian X) became His Excellency Count Ingolf of Rosenborg
  • 1971 – HH Prince Christian of Denmark – younger son of Prince Knud (son of King Christian X) became His Excellency Count Christian of Rosenborg

The first three in the list above all gave up their status during the reign of King Christian X, their first cousin. He allowed them to retain the title of Prince (without the “of Denmark” designation), with the lesser style of His Highness. This was limited to them and their wives only and did not pass to their children. However, the Rosenborg title was granted to them with the provision that it would be passed down through male-line descendants. Sons continue to carry the title, while daughters retain it until they marry.

However, by 1948 when Prince Oluf relinquished his status, there was a new King on the throne, King Frederik IX. Privately, King Frederik IX was more accepting of unequal’ marriages, however, he feared that giving his consent would encourage previous royals who had lost their titles to re-claim their royal status and succession rights. So Princes Oluf, Flemming, Ingolf, and Christian gave up their royal status and became His Excellency Count <Name> of Rosenborg. They were no longer considered part of the Danish Royal House or Danish Royal Family and were relegated to the top level of the Danish aristocracy.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

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  • Bidragsydere til Wikimedia-projekter. (2015). Greve af Monpezat. Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greve_af_Monpezat
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  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2025). Count of Monpezat. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.

Belgian Styles and Titles

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2025

Leopold I, the first King of the Belgians, formerly Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; Credit – Wikipedia

In August 1830, the southern provinces (modern-day Belgium) of the Netherlands rebelled against Dutch rule. International powers meeting in London agreed to support the independence of Belgium, although the Dutch refused to recognize the new country. On April 22, 1831, the National Congress of Belgium asked Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the uncle of both Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert, if he wanted to be King of the Belgians. Leopold swore allegiance to the new Belgian constitution on July 21, 1831, and became Leopold I, the first King of the Belgians. Under the Belgian Constitution, the Belgian monarch is styled “King/Queen of the Belgians” to reflect that the monarch is “of the Belgian people.”

Since the first King of the Belgians was Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1790 – 1865), the Belgian Royal Family’s family name originally was Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Because of World War I and anti-German sentiment, the family name was changed in 1920 to van België, de Belgique, or von Belgien (“of Belgium”) in the country’s three official languages, Dutch, French, and German. In a 2015 royal decree, Philippe, King of the Belgians decreed that in the future, the title of Prince or Princess of Belgium would be restricted to the children and grandchildren of the monarch. Other family members would bear the title Prince or Princess of Saxe-Coburg. More information is in the Prince and Princess of Belgium section below.

Members of the Belgian Royal Family are often known by two names: a French name and a Dutch name. For example, the current monarch is called ‘Philippe’ in French and ‘Filip’ in Dutch and the fifth King of the Belgians was ‘Baudouin’ in French and ‘Boudewijn’ in Dutch.

The Belgian Monarch

King Philippe, the current King of the Belgians; Credit – Wikipedia

The title of the Belgian monarch is “King/Queen of the Belgians” not “King/Queen of Belgium” as is the practice for other European monarchies. “King/Queen of the Belgians emphasizes the bond and connection to the people of Belgium rather than the land the Kingdom of Belgium controls. His Majesty Philippe, King of the Belgians is the current King of the Belgians. Philippe ascended to the Belgian throne on July 21, 2013, upon the abdication of his father King Albert II of Belgium. After the abdication, it was decided that the former king would be styled His Majesty King Albert II of Belgium, the same style his father King Leopold III of Belgium used after his abdication.

Since 1831, there have been seven Kings of the Belgians. Until 1991, the Salic Law, which prohibits female succession, was in effect. The succession law was changed in 1991 to Absolute Cognatic Primogeniture. The succession passes to the eldest child of the sovereign regardless of gender, males and females have equal succession rights. Princess Elisabeth, The Duchess of Brabant, the eldest child of King Philippe, is the heir to the throne and will be Belgium’s first Sovereign Queen of the Belgians.

The Belgian Royal Consort

Queen Mathilde, the current Queen of the Belgians; Credit – Wikipedia

Her Majesty Queen Mathilde of the Belgians, born Mathilde d’Udekem d’Acoz, is the current royal consort. All Belgian monarchs so far have been male, so there have only been female consorts. The wives of Belgian monarchs have all been titled Queen of the Belgians and styled Her Majesty, except for King Leopold III‘s second wife, born Mary Lilian Baels in London, England, and known as Lilian.

Lilian’s marriage to King Leopold III was controversial. In September 1941, Leopold married Lilian Baels, in a religious ceremony held in the chapel of the Palace of Laeken. The couple planned to hold a civil ceremony after World War II but instead held it in December 1941, after discovering they were expecting a child. Several issues with the marriage further damaged Leopold’s reputation with the Belgian people. First, the order of the ceremonies went against Belgian law, which states that a civil ceremony must occur before a religious one. Secondly, and perhaps most impactful, was the fact that Leopold remarried at all. The Belgian people loved the late Queen Astrid, born a Princess of Sweden, who died at the age of twenty-nine in a car accident in a car driven by her husband Leopold. Lilian was perceived as a “social climber”. Following the marriage, Lilian was given the title Princess de Réthy and was not styled as Queen. It was also decided that any children would be Prince and Princess of Belgium but without any rights of succession.

The Heir to the Belgian Throne – Duke or Duchess of Brabant

Princess Elisabeth, the current Duchess of Brabant; Credit – Wikipedia

Her Royal Highness Princess Elisabeth, The Duchess of Brabant, the eldest child of King Philippe of the Belgians, is the current heir to the Belgian throne and holds the title Duchess of Brabant. Originally, the Duke of Brabant ruled the Duchy of Brabant. The title was created in 1183 by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa for Henri I, a member of the House of Reginar and the first Duke of Brabant from 1183 until he died in 1235. The Duchy of Brabant consisted of the three modern-day Belgian provinces of Flemish Brabant, Walloon Brabant, and Antwerp, the Brussels-Capital Region, and most of the present-day Dutch province of North Brabant.

The Royal Decree of December 16, 1840 designated the title Duke of Brabant to the heir apparent to the Belgian throne. The title Duke of Brabant was first granted in the Kingdom of Belgium in 1840, to Prince Leopold (the future Leopold II, King of the Belgians), the second but the eldest surviving son of Leopold I, the first King of the Belgians.

The Royal Decree of December 16, 1840 was amended in 2001 to account for male and female equal succession rights. The 2001 amendment states: “The title of Duke of Brabant or Duchess of Brabant will be held, in the future, by the Prince or the Princess, the eldest son or eldest daughter of the Sovereign, and, if lacking, by the eldest son or eldest daughter of the eldest son or daughter of the Sovereign.” The eldest child of the Belgian Sovereign automatically becomes The Duke or Duchess of Brabant when his/her parent becomes the Belgian Sovereign. There is no ceremony or formal oath. The Duke or Duchess of Brabant takes precedence over the other Princes and Princesses of Belgium.

Prince and Princess of Belgium

The four children of Philippe, King of the Belgians: Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant (in the pink dress) with her siblings Princess Eleonore, Prince Gabriel, and Prince Emmanuel of Belgium

Since 1891, three Royal Decrees have been issued defining who would bear the titles Prince of Belgium and Princess of Belgium, who hold the style His/Her Royal Highness.

The Royal Decree of March 14, 1891, issued during the reign of Leopold II, King of the Belgians, bestowed the titles Prince of Belgium and Princess of Belgium to all who descended in a direct male line from Leopold I, King of the Belgians, and to those women who married a Prince of Belgium.

The Royal Decree of December 2, 1991, issued during the reign of the childless Baudouin, King of the Belgians, amended the 1891 Royal Decree, additionally bestowing the titles Prince of Belgium and Princess of Belgium to direct male and female descendants of Baudouin’s brother and successor, the future Albert II, King of the Belgians.

The Royal Decree of November 12, 2015, issued during the reign of Philippe, King of the Belgians abolished the Royal Decree of 1991. All members of the Belgian royal family, by birth or by marriage, who held the title Prince of Belgium or Princess of Belgium, would keep their titles. However, in the future, the titles Prince of Belgium and Princess of Belgium will be bestowed upon only the children and grandchildren of the reigning monarch and the children and grandchildren of the heir apparent, The Duke of Brabant or The Duchess of Brabant. The spouses of a Prince of Belgium or Princess of Belgium are no longer automatically granted the title of Prince of Belgium or Princess of Belgium. However, the Belgian Sovereign retains the power with the government’s agreement, to bestow the title Prince of Belgium and Princess of Belgium on an individual basis. This will allow the spouses of the Belgian Sovereign’s children to become Princes or Princesses of Belgium.

The children and grandchildren of Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant, the eldest child of Philippe, King of the Belgians, and the heir to the Belgian throne, will be Princes and Princesses of Belgium. However, only the children of Elisabeth’s siblings Prince Gabriel, Prince Emmanuel, and Princess Eléonore, who will be the grandchildren of Philippe, King of the Belgians, will have the title Prince of Belgium or Princess of Belgium. The grandchildren of King Philippe’s siblings Princess Astrid and Prince Laurent will not be grandchildren of a Belgian Sovereign and will not have the titles Prince and Princesse of Belgium. Instead, they will have the titles Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Princess of Saxe-Coburg.

Works Cited

  • Clevers, Antoine. (2015). Le Roi limite l’octroi du titre de “prince de Belgique.” La Libre.be. https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2015/11/25/le-roi-limite-loctroi-du-titre-de-prince-de-belgique-OAJD4QP75FBDTPQU5BH6ZHBQQM/
  • ‌Monarchy of Belgium. (2023). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium
  • The Belgian Monarchy. (n.d.). The Belgian Monarchy. https://www.monarchie.be/en
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2025). Duke of Brabant. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Katarina Karlsdotter, Queen of Sweden and Norway

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2025

The heraldic coat of arms of the Gumsehuvud family, Katarina’s birth family; Credit – Av Dan Köhl – Eget arbete, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76271138

Katarina Karlsdotter Gumsehuvud was the second wife of Karl Knutsson Bonde, who reigned as King Karl VIII of Sweden in 1448-1457, 1464-1465, and 1467-1470 and as King Karl I of Norway from 1449 to 1450. Born in 1418 in Stockholm, Sweden, Katarina was the daughter of Swedish nobleman Karl Ormsson Gumsehuvud (link in Swedish), a member of the Swedish Council of State, and his second of three wives Märta Gregersdotter Aspenäs.

Katarina had one full brother:

  • Gustaf Karlsson Gumsehuvud (born circa 1407- 1417, died 1486) married (1) Birgitta Stensdotter Bielke (circa 1410 – circa 1462), no children (2) Märta Karlsdotter (? – 1464), no children (3) Ingeborg Philipsdotter Thott (1455 – circa 1494), no children

Wood sculpture of Karl Knutsson made posthumously by his contemporary Bernt Notke, considered to be a real likeness; Credit – Wikipedia

After his first wife Birgitta Turesdotter Bielke died in 1436, Karl Knutsson Bonde, later King Karl VIII of Sweden and King Karl I of Norway, married Katarina in Stockholm on October 5, 1438. Before the marriage, a dispensation was obtained from the Pope because Katarina was related to Karl’s first wife. The dispensation ensured that children born in the marriage would be legitimate. Katarina and Karl’s wedding is described as magnificent in the Karlskrönikan (Karl’s Chronicle) commissioned by Karl Knutsson Bonde. The celebrations lasted twelve days with wine, mead, dancing, and jousting. A council meeting was held during the celebrations, where the groom, Karl Knutsson Bonde was elected Regent of Sweden, effectively, the ruler of Sweden.

Karl and Katarina’s daughter Magdalena; Credit – Wikipedia

Karl and Katarina had a happy marriage. They had four surviving daughters. In addition, they had four sons and one daughter with unknown names who all died in infancy or early childhood.

Surviving children of Karl and Katarina:

  • Margareta Karlsdotter Bonde (1442 – 1462), unmarried
  • Magdalena Karlsdotter Bonde (1445 – 1495), married Ivar Axelsson Tott, no children
  • Richeza Karlsdotter Bonde (circa 1445 – ?), nun at Vadstena Abbey in Vadstena, Sweden
  • Brigitta Karlsdotter Bonde (1446 – 1469), nun at Vadstena Abbey

On January 5, 1448, 31-year-old Christopher III, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden suddenly died without an heir. In September 1448, Christian of Oldenburg was elected King of Denmark and reigned as King Christian I. However, in Sweden, in June 1448, Katarina’s husband Karl Knutsson, Lord High Constable of Sweden, was elected King of Sweden and reigned as King Karl VIII during three periods: 1448–1457, 1464–1465, and 1467–1470. Karl and Katarina were crowned King and Queen of Sweden at Uppsala Cathedral in Upsala, Sweden on July 2, 1448.

In 1449, a portion of the Norwegian council elected Karl as King of Norway, and Karl and Katarina were crowned in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway on November 20, 1449. However, Christian also continued pursuing his claim to Norway. Norway was now faced with a union with Denmark or Sweden or electing a separate king, an option quickly discarded. The Norwegian Council of the Realm was divided between Christian and Karl but eventually ruled in favor of Karl. After an armed conflict between Denmark and Norway, a joint Danish-Swedish meeting decided that Karl should renounce Norway in favor of King Christian I and that the survivor of the two kings would be recognized as king in all three kingdoms. Karl reluctantly agreed with the decision. King Christian I was crowned King of Norway on August 2, 1450.

32-year-old Queen Katarina died in Stockholm, Sweden on September 7, 1450, one of the many people who died of the bubonic plague that year, the first time it appeared in Stockholm. She was buried at Vadstena Abbey in Vadnesta, Sweden where two of her daughters would serve as nuns.

Katarina’s husband King Karl VIII survived her by twenty years, dying on May 15, 1470, aged, sixty-two, at Tre Kronor Castle (Three Crowns Castle) in Stockholm after a short illness. A few weeks before he died, King Karl VIII married his mistress Kristina Abrahamsdotter, attempting to legitimize their son Karl and have him become the next King of Sweden. However, the Swedish nobility did not recognize the five-year-old Karl as King Karl VIII’s successor. Instead, Sten Sture the Elder, the son of Karl VIII’s half-sister Birgitta Stensdotter Bielke from the second marriage of Karl’s mother to Sten Turesson Bielke, became the Lord Regent of Sweden. He ruled from June 1, 1470 to October 6, 1497, and from November 12, 1501, until he died on December 14, 1503.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Bidragsgivare till Wikimedia-projekten. (2009). Karl Ormsson (Gumsehuvud). Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ormsson_(Gumsehuvud)
  • Bidragsgivare till Wikimedia-projekten. (2005). Katarina Karlsdotter (Gumsehuvud). Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Karlsdotter_(Gumsehuvud)
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2025). Karl Knutsson Bonde, King Karl VIII of Sweden/King Karl I of Norway [Review of Karl Knutsson Bonde, King Karl VIII of Sweden/King Karl I of Norway]. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/king-karl-viii-of-sweden-king-karl-i-of-norway/
  • ‌Katarina Karlsdotter (Gumsehuvud). (2022). Katarina Karlsdotter (Gumsehuvud). Geni_family_tree. https://www.geni.com/people/Katarina-Karlsdotter-Gumsehuvud/4753263
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Catherine Karlsdotter. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation.

Breaking News: A Granddaughter for King Abdullah II and Queen Rania of Jordan

Princess Iman holding her daughter, Jameel Thermiótis, King Abdullah, and Queen Rania; Credit – Queen Rania Facebook Page

On February 16, 2025, Princess Iman of Jordan, the second of the four children and the elder of the two daughters of King Abdullah II of Jordan, gave birth to her first child, a daughter named Amina at Prince Hashem bin Abdullah II Hospital in Aqaba, Jordan. On March 12, 2023, Princess Iman married Jameel Thermiótis, a Venezuelan businessman of Greek descent. This is the second grandchild for King Abdullah II and Queen Rania. Crown Prince Hussein and his wife Princess Rajwa Al Hussein have a daughter born in 2024. The King of Jordan has the power to name his successor to a certain extent. However, Jordan does not allow female succession so neither granddaughter could be named ruler of Jordan.