by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2016

Queen Anne of Great Britain; Credit – Wikipedia

Her Highness The Lady Anne was the fourth child and second daughter of James, Duke of York (the future King James II of England) and his first wife Anne Hyde. Anne was born at St. James’ Palace in London, England on February 6, 1665.

Anne had seven siblings, of whom only Anne and her elder sister Mary survived childhood:

• Charles, Duke of Cambridge (1660 – 1661), died of smallpox at seven months
• Queen Mary II of England (1662 – 1694), married Willem III, Prince of Orange, later King William III of England, died of smallpox
• James, Duke of Cambridge (1663 – 1667), died of the bubonic plague or smallpox at age 3
• Charles, Duke of Kendal (1666 – 1667), died in infancy
• Edgar, Duke of Cambridge (1667 – 1671), died at age 3
• Henrietta Stuart (born and died 1669), died in infancy
• Catherine Stuart (born and died 1671), died in infancy

The Family of James, Duke of York. The Duke (later King James II and VII) and Duchess of York (previously Anne Hyde) were painted by Peter Lely in between 1668 and 1670. Their two daughters, Mary (left) and Anne (right), later Queen Mary II and Queen Anne, were added by Benedetto Gennari in or after 1680. Windsor Castle is in the background; Credit – Wikipedia

Anne was christened into the Church of England on May 9, 1665, at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace in London, England. Her godparents were:

• Mary, her three-year-old elder sister
• Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch, Duchess of Monmouth (wife of King Charles II’s illegitimate son James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth)
• Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury

Anne’s mother and father converted to Roman Catholicism, but on the orders of King Charles II, Anne and her sister Mary were brought up in the Church of England. Anne’s mother died of breast cancer in 1671, when Anne was 6 years old. At that time, Anne and her elder sister Mary were declared “children of the state” and their education became the responsibility of their uncle King Charles II. The two sisters were moved away from their father’s Catholic influence and given their own household at Richmond Palace on the River Thames under the care of Sir Edward Villiers and his wife Frances. The Villiers daughters were educated with Mary and Anne, and the girls had lessons in religion, French, drawing, music, and dancing.

In 1673, Anne’s father James made a second marriage with the Catholic 15-year-old Maria Beatrice of Modena. Anne was only seven years younger than her stepmother and James told his daughters that he had provided them with a new playmate.

Anne had seven half-siblings via her father’s second marriage with Maria Beatrice of Modena, but only two survived childhood:

• Catherine Laura Stuart (1675 – 1676)
• Isabel Stuart (1676 – 1681)
• Charles, Duke of Cambridge (born and died 1677), died of smallpox
• Elizabeth Stuart (born and died 1678)
• Charlotte Maria Stuart (born and died 1682)
• James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales “the Old Pretender” (1688 – 1766), married Mary Sobieski, had issue
• Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart (1692 – 1712), died of smallpox

Around 1671, Anne first met Sarah Jennings who eventually became her great friend and very influential adviser. Sarah and Anne became closer friends when Sarah was appointed a maid of honor to Maria Beatrice of Modena, Anne’s stepmother. Sarah married John Churchill, the future 1st Duke of Marlborough. During Anne’s reign, John Churchill served Anne as a general in the War of the Spanish Succession. Anne had Blenheim Palace built for John Churchill in Oxfordshire as a reward from a grateful nation for the duke’s military victories against the French and Bavarians during the War of the Spanish Succession, culminating in the 1704 Battle of Blenheim. Sarah fell out of favor with Anne in 1711 and Abigail Masham, a cousin of Sarah, became Anne’s favorite and remained so until Anne’s death. Among the more famous descendants of the Marlboroughs are Sir Winston Churchill and Diana, Princess of Wales.

In December of 1680, George, The Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (the future King George I) made a three-month visit to his future kingdom of Great Britain and rumors were flying that he would become the husband of his second cousin Princess Anne, the future Queen Anne, whom he later succeeded. However, on July 28, 1683, at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace, Anne married the Protestant Prince George of Denmark, son of King Frederik III of Denmark and Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg and brother of King Christian V of Denmark. Even though the marriage was arranged, the marriage was happy and they were faithful to each other. The couple’s London residence was a set of buildings at Whitehall Palace called the Cockpit-in-Court. Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough became one of Anne’s ladies-in-waiting.

Anne, circa 1684; Credit – Wikipedia

Prince George of Denmark, circa 1687; Credit – Wikipedia

Anne became pregnant a few months after the wedding, but she gave birth to a stillborn daughter in May 1684. Anne’s obstetrical history is tragic. She had 17 pregnancies with only five children being born alive. Two died on the day of their birth, two died at less than two years old within six days of each from smallpox, and one died at age 11. Anne suffered from what was diagnosed as gout and had pain in her limbs, stomach, and head. Based on these symptoms and her obstetrical history, Anne may have had systemic lupus erythematosus which causes an increased rate of fetal death.

• Stillborn daughter (May 12, 1684)
• Mary (June 2, 1685 – February 8, 1687), died of smallpox
• Anne Sophia (May 12, 1686 – 2 February 2, 1687, died of smallpox
• Miscarriage (January 21, 1687)
• Stillborn son (October 22, 1687)
• Miscarriage (April 16, 1688)
• Prince William, Duke of Gloucester (July 24, 1689 – July 30, 1700
• Mary (born and died October 14, 1690)
• George (born and died April 17, 1692)
• Stillborn daughter (March 23, 1693)
• Miscarriage (January 21, 1694)
• Miscarriage of daughter (February 17 or 18, 1696)
• Miscarriage (September 20, 1696)
• Miscarriage (March 25, 1697)
• Miscarriage of twins (early December 1697)
• Stillborn son (September 15, 1698)
• Stillborn son (January 24, 1700)

Anne and her longest surviving child, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1685, Anne’s uncle King Charles II died without any legitimate children despite having at least 14 illegitimate children. Anne’s father, who had converted to Roman Catholicism, succeeded his brother as King James II. Anne and her elder sister Mary, who had married their first cousin Willem III, Prince of Orange, were James’ only surviving children and were first and second in the line of succession followed by William who was third as the only child of King Charles I’s eldest surviving daughter Mary, Princess Royal. King James II was now set on restoring Catholicism to England. He issued a Declaration of Indulgence removing restrictions that had been imposed on those that did not conform to the Church of England. England might have tolerated King James II knowing that his heirs were the Protestant daughters of his first wife Anne Hyde, Mary and Anne. However, on June 10, 1688, James’ second wife Maria Beatrice of Modena, who had no surviving children, gave birth to a son, James Francis Edward. Immediately, false rumors swirled that the infant had been smuggled into the queen’s chambers in a warming pan.

On November 5, 1688, Willem III, Prince of Orange, the nephew and son-in-law of King James II, landed in England vowing to safeguard the Protestant interest. He marched to London, gathering many supporters. James panicked and sent his wife and infant son to France. He tried to flee to France about a month later but was captured. William had no desire to make his uncle a martyr, so he allowed him to escape. James was received in France by his cousin King Louis XIV, who offered him a palace and a pension.

Back in England, Parliament refused to depose James but declared that having fled to France, James had effectively abdicated the throne and that therefore the throne had become vacant. James’s elder daughter Mary was declared Queen Mary II and she was to rule jointly with her husband Willem, who would be King William III. This overthrow of King James II is known as the Glorious Revolution. James was determined to regain the throne and landed in Ireland with a French force in 1689. He was defeated by his nephew William at the Battle of the Boyne on July 1, 1690, and was forced to withdraw once again to France where he lived in exile for the rest of his life. William and Mary were crowned at Westminster Abbey on April 11, 1689.

On December 28, 1694, Anne’s sister Queen Mary II died of smallpox. She was just 32 years old. King William III continued to reign alone for the remainder of his life. As William and Mary had no children, Anne was now the heir presumptive to the throne and her son William was second in the line of succession.

On July 24, 1700, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester celebrated his eleventh birthday at a party held at Windsor Castle. Jenkin Lewis, his servant, reported, “He complained a little the next day, but we imputed that to the fatigues of a birthday so that he was much neglected.” In the evening, William complained of a sore throat and chills. Two days later, he was no better and had developed a fever and was delirious. The doctors suspected smallpox, but no rash appeared, so they used the usual treatments of the time, bleeding and blistering, which no doubt, made William’s condition worse. William died on the morning of July 30, 1700, at Windsor Castle, probably of pneumonia. His body was taken to the Palace of Westminster where it lay in state in his apartments. William was interred in the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey during the evening of August 7, 1700. His uncle King William III wrote to the Duke of Marlborough that William’s death was “so great a loss to me as well as to all of England, that it pierces my heart.”

Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, shortly before his death; Credit – Wikipedia

Anne and her husband George were devastated. This death and the failure of the Protestant Stuarts to produce heirs meant the end of the Protestant Stuart dynasty as the legitimate descendants of King Charles I were either childless or Roman Catholic. The Act of Settlement 1701 secured the Protestant succession to the throne after William’s sister-in-law and heir presumptive Princess Anne. The act excluded the former King James II (who died a few months after the act received royal assent) and the Roman Catholic children from his second marriage. It also excluded the descendants of King James II’s sister Henrietta, the youngest daughter of King Charles I. Parliament’s choice was limited to the Protestant descendants of Elizabeth Stuart, Electress Palatine, the only other child of King James I not to have died in childhood. The senior Protestant descendant was Elizabeth Stuarts’s youngest daughter Sophia, Electress of Hanover. The Act of Settlement put Sophia of Hanover and her Protestant heirs in the line of succession after Anne.

Queen Anne, circa 1702; Credit – Wikipedia

On February 20, 1702, King William III went riding on his horse at Hampton Court Palace. The horse stumbled on a molehill and fell and broke his collarbone. The collarbone was set by a surgeon, but instead of resting, William insisted on returning to Kensington Palace that evening. A week later, it was discovered that the fracture was not mending well and William’s right hand and arm were puffy and did not look right. His condition continued to worsen and by March 3, William had a fever and had difficulty breathing. King William III died on March 8, 1702, and was succeeded by his sister-in-law and cousin Anne. Queen Anne’s coronation took place on St George’s Day, April 23, 1702. Despite being only 37 years old, Anne was so overweight and infirm that she had to be carried in a sedan chair to Westminster Abbey. At the coronation, Anne’s husband Prince George paid homage to her. He was the first husband of a reigning queen to do so and it was not to be repeated until Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh paid homage to his wife Queen Elizabeth II at her 1953 coronation.

Queen Anne; Credit – Wikipedia

During Queen Anne’s reign, England was engaged in the War of the Spanish Succession, in which England, Austria, and the Dutch Republic fought against France and Spain. On March 6, 1707, the Acts of Union were passed. England and Scotland were united into a single kingdom called Great Britain. Anne’s husband, Prince George died at age 55 on October 28, 1708, at Kensington Palace and was buried at Westminster Abbey. Anne deeply grieved for her husband and wrote to his nephew King Frederik IV of Denmark, “the loss of such a husband, who loved me so dearly and so devotedly, is too crushing for me to be able to bear it as I ought.”

Anne with her husband, Prince George of Denmark; Credit – Wikipedia

Queen Anne suffered a stroke on July 30, 1714. She died at Kensington Palace on August 1, 1714, at the age of 49 after suffering another stroke. Her remains were buried at Westminster Abbey in a vault under the monument to George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle in the Henry VII Chapel. Charles II, William III, Anne’s sister Mary II, and Anne’s husband George of Denmark were also buried in this vault. Anne had become so obese that her coffin was much larger than the other coffins in the vault as can be seen in the drawing below. Electress Sophia of Hanover, the heir to the throne according to the Act of Settlement, had died on June 8, 1714, just six weeks before the death of Queen Anne, and so Sophia’s son became King George I and started the Hanover dynasty.

Inscription on the floor of the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey marking the graves of Queen Anne and Prince George; Credit – findagrave.com

Stuart Royal Vault at Westminster Abbey; Photo Credit – www.westminster-abbey.org

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Recommended Book: Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses Who Stole Their Father’s Throne by Maureen Waller, 2002

House of Stuart Resources at Unofficial Royalty

• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Index
• House of Stuart Index
• Coronations after the Norman Conquest (1066 – present)
• First Cousins of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne
• History and Traditions: Stuart Weddings
• House of Stuart Burial Sites
• House of Stuart Christenings

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2016

Queen Mary II of Englandby Jan Verkolje, 1685; Credit – Wikipedia

Her Highness The Lady Mary was the eldest daughter and the second child of James, Duke of York (the future King James II of England) and his first wife Anne Hyde.  Mary was born at St. James’ Palace in London, England on April 30, 1662. Her elder brother Charles lived for only six months and had died before Mary was born. Except for the short time one or more of her three younger brothers were alive, Mary was second in line to the throne after her father, brother of King Charles II.

Mary had seven siblings, of whom only Mary and her sister Anne survived childhood:

• Charles, Duke of Cambridge (1660 – 1661), died of smallpox at seven months
• James, Duke of Cambridge (1663 – 1667), died of the bubonic plague or smallpox at age 3
• Queen Anne of Great Britain (1665 – 1714), married Prince George of Denmark, no surviving issue
• Charles, Duke of Kendal (1666 – 1667), died in infancy
• Edgar, Duke of Cambridge (1667 – 1671), died at age 3
• Henrietta Stuart (born and died 1669), died in infancy
• Catherine Stuart (born and died 1671), died in infancy

The Family of James, Duke of York. The Duke (later King James II and VII) and Duchess of York (previously Anne Hyde) were painted by Peter Lely in between 1668 and 1670. Their two daughters, Mary (left) and Anne (right), later Queen Mary II and Queen Anne, were added by Benedetto Gennari in or after 1680. Windsor Castle is in the background; Credit – Wikipedia

Mary was christened in the Church of England on May 9, 1662, at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace. Her godparents were:

• The Duchess of Buckingham (born The Honorable Mary Fairfax, wife of George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham)
• The Duchess of Ormonde (born Elizabeth Preston, wife of James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde)
• Prince Rupert of the Rhine, her father’s first cousin

Mary’s mother and father converted to Roman Catholicism, but on the orders of King Charles II, Mary and her sister Anne were brought up in the Church of England. Mary’s mother died of breast cancer in 1671 when Mary was 9 years old. At that time, Mary and her younger sister Anne were declared “children of the state” and their education became the responsibility of their uncle King Charles II. The two sisters were moved away from their father’s Catholic influence and given their own household at Richmond Palace on the River Thames under the care of Sir Edward Villiers and his wife Frances. The Villiers daughters were educated with Mary and Anne, and the girls had lessons in religion, French, drawing, music, and dancing.

In 1673, Mary’s father James made a second marriage with the Catholic 15-year-old Maria Beatrice of Modena. Mary was only four years younger than her stepmother and James told his daughters that he had provided them with a new playmate.

Mary had seven half-siblings via her father’s second marriage with Maria Beatrice of Modena, but only two survived childhood:

• Catherine Laura Stuart (1675 – 1676)
• Isabel Stuart (1676 – 1681)
• Charles, Duke of Cambridge (born and died 1677), died of smallpox
• Elizabeth Stuart (born and died 1678)
• Charlotte Maria Stuart (born and died 1682)
• James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales “the Old Pretender” (1688 – 1766), married Mary Sobieski, had issue
• Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart (1692 – 1712), died of smallpox

In 1677, when Mary was 15 years old, it became apparent that Catherine of Braganza, the wife of King Charles II, would not provide a Stuart heir. In addition, Maria Beatrice of Modena had two miscarriages and two daughters, one who had died in infancy and one who was sickly and not expected to survive. Mary’s marriage became a matter of dynastic importance for the House of Stuart. The bridegroom her uncle chose for her was William III, Prince of Orange, her first cousin. William was the only child of Mary’s paternal aunt Mary, Princess Royal and Willem II, Prince of Orange who had died of smallpox a few days before his son’s birth. William was fourth in line to the English throne after his uncle James and his cousins Mary and Anne.

William III, Prince of Orange, age 27; Credit -Wikipedia

15-year-old Mary and 27-year-old William were married on November 4, 1677, in Mary’s bedchamber at St. James’ Palace with only the closest relatives attending. The bride was miserable, the groom acted with cool correctness, the father of the bride was grimly resigned to the marriage, and the stepmother of the bride, who was very pregnant, was in tears at the prospect of losing her stepdaughter. The bride’s aunt Catherine of Braganza tried to comfort Mary saying, “When I came to England I had not even seen the King,” to which Mary replied, “Madam, you came into England, but I am going out of England.” Mary’s sister Anne and her governess Lady Frances Villiers were unable to attend as they were both ill with smallpox. Only the bride and groom’s uncle, King Charles II, was his usual cheerful and tactless self. Upon closing the curtains around the marital bed, Charles remarked, “Now nephew, to your work! Hey! St. George for England!”

Mary in 1677 by Sir Peter Lely; Credit – Wikipedia

William and Mary made a formal entry into The Hague, the seat of William’s Dutch Republic, on December 14, 1677. Mary soon became pregnant but suffered a miscarriage which may have prevented any future successful pregnancies. It is suspected that she had at least two more miscarriages. Her inability to have children was Mary’s greatest unhappiness. Despite their physical mismatch, Mary was quite tall (5 feet 11 inches; 180 cm) and towered over the undersized and asthmatic William (5 feet 6 inches; 167 cm), William adored Mary and Mary was devoted to William. Unlike his uncles, Charles II and James II who had many mistresses, William reputedly had only one mistress, Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Orkney.

In 1685, William and Mary’s uncle King Charles II died without any legitimate children despite having at least 14 illegitimate children. Mary’s father, who had converted to Roman Catholicism, succeeded his brother as King James II. Mary and her younger sister Anne were James’ only surviving children and were first and second in the line of succession followed by William who was third as the only child of King Charles I’s eldest surviving daughter. King James II was now set on a course of restoring Catholicism to England. He issued a Declaration of Indulgence removing restrictions imposed on those that did not conform to the Church of England. England might have tolerated King James II knowing that his heirs were the Protestant daughters of his first wife Anne Hyde, Mary and Anne. However, on June 10, 1688, James’ second wife Maria Beatrice of Modena, who had no surviving children, gave birth to a son, James Francis Edward. Immediately, false rumors swirled that the infant had been smuggled into the queen’s chambers in a warming pan.

On November 5, 1688, William III, Prince of Orange, the nephew and son-in-law of King James II, landed in England vowing to safeguard the Protestant interest. He marched to London, gathering many supporters. James panicked and sent his wife and infant son to France. He tried to flee to France about a month later but was captured. William had no desire to make his uncle a martyr, so he allowed him to escape. James was received in France by his cousin King Louis XIV, who offered him a palace and a pension.

Back in England, Parliament refused to depose James but declared that having fled to France, James had effectively abdicated the throne and that therefore the throne had become vacant. James’s elder daughter Mary was declared Queen Mary II and she was to rule jointly with her husband William, who would be King William III. This overthrow of King James II is known as the Glorious Revolution. James was determined to regain the throne and landed in Ireland with a French force in 1689. He was defeated by his nephew William at the Battle of the Boyne on July 1, 1690, and was forced to withdraw once again to France where he lived in exile for the rest of his life.

William and Mary were crowned at Westminster Abbey in London, England on April 11, 1689. Since they were joint sovereigns, a duplicate coronation chair and a duplicate set of regalia were required for the coronation ceremony. At previous coronations, monarchs had sworn to uphold the laws made by their ancestors. However, William and Mary swore to rule according to “the statutes in Parliament agreed upon and laws and customs of the same” and promised to uphold the Protestant reformed religion.

On December 16, 1689, Parliament passed the Bill of Rights 1689 which limited the powers of the monarch and set out the rights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights 1689 along with the Act of Settlement 1701 are still in effect in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms although both have been amended by the Perth Agreement 2011 which took effect on March 26, 2015. The Bill of Rights also confirmed the succession to the throne. Following the death of either William or Mary, the other was to continue to reign. Next in the line of succession would be any children of the couple, to be followed by Mary’s sister Anne and her children. Last in the line of succession stood any children William III might have had from any subsequent marriage. Beginning in 1690, William was often on military campaigns in Europe and left Mary to reign. She was not keen on assuming such power but did so with the advice of a nine-member Cabinet Council.

William and Mary left a legacy in the United States. In 1693, William and Mary granted a royal charter to found the College of William and Mary, now in present-day Williamsburg, Virginia. It is the second oldest university in the United States after Harvard University and the only university in the United States with a royal charter. The College of William and Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler, and other key figures important to the development of the United States as a nation, including Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall, Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay, sixteen members of the Continental Congress, and four signers of the Declaration of Independence.  Another alumnus of The College of William and Mary is this writer’s son.

William and Mary depicted on the ceiling of the Painted Hall, Greenwich, by Sir James Thornhill; Credit – Wikipedia

In early December 1694, Mary became ill. Smallpox was spreading through London and it was feared that Mary might have contracted the disease, a disease that had previously killed both of William’s parents. Mary was in a weakened state having been upset about William’s latest illness and the sudden death of John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury. One morning when Mary awoke, she felt particularly ill and noticed a rash on her arms. Eventually, the doctors confirmed that Mary was suffering from smallpox, which she accepted with an attitude that surprised all around her. The first thing Mary did was to send away everyone who had not had smallpox. William, who had survived the disease, had a bed put in Mary’s room and oversaw her medical care.

Prayers were said for Mary in all the churches on Christmas Day 1694. Mary said that she had slept well and felt better. The rashes seemed to have disappeared and the doctors were hopeful that perhaps it had been measles. However, when Mary was examined in the evening, the nine doctors attending her discovered that the rashes had turned inward and sunk into her skin, which was not a good sign. Mary had an uncomfortable night and her throat was hemorrhaging. The desperate doctors tried all sorts of remedies: bleeding Mary, applying hot irons to her forehead, and giving her various potions. Mary was told that she was dying. The usual unemotional William broke down and burst into tears. Mary begged him to control himself and not to make her suffer by seeing him so upset. She told him that she was “not so bad” to which William replied, “that if God caused this blow to fall, it would be all over for me.”

Dr. John Radcliffe, the renowned doctor, examined Mary on December 27. He confirmed that Mary’s condition was hopeless. Mary received Communion and tried to pray, but she was too weak, and in a whisper, asked others to pray for her. In the evening, Mary was much weaker. She tried to talk to William, but the effort was too much for her. William approached her in tears and Mary motioned him away. Soon she lapsed into unconsciousness. In the early morning of December 28, 1694, Mary peacefully died. She was just 32 years old. William was terribly grief-stricken, collapsed at Mary’s bedside, and had to be carried, nearly insensible, from the room. For a few days, it was feared that William too would die.

Queen Mary II lying in state © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Mary lay in state in the Banqueting Hall of Whitehall Palace. Despite the cold weather, large crowds lined up to file past their Queen and pay their respects. On March 5, 1695, in a heavy snowstorm, the funeral procession traveled the short distance from Whitehall Palace to Westminster Abbey. The King was not present, according to custom, but all members of both Houses of Parliament, all wearing black, attended the funeral. The noted English composer Henry Purcell specially composed Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary.

• YouTube: Purcell – Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary

Queen Mary II was buried in a vault under the monument to George Monck, Duke of Albemarle in the Henry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey. Charles II, Mary’s husband William III, Mary’s sister Anne and her husband George of Denmark were also buried in this vault. A joint monument for William III and Mary II was designed but never constructed. An inscription on the floor marks her grave. William reigned alone until he died in 1702 when he was succeeded by Mary’s sister Anne.

Inscription on the floor of the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey marking the grave of Mary II;  Credit – findagrave.com

Stuart Royal Vault at Westminster Abbey;  Credit – www.westminster-abbey.org

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Recommended Book: William and Mary by John Van der Kiste, 2003
Recommended Book: Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses Who Stole Their Father’s Throne by Maureen Waller, 2002

House of Stuart Resources at Unofficial Royalty

• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Index
• House of Stuart Index
• Coronations after the Norman Conquest (1066 – present)
• First Cousins of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne
• History and Traditions: Stuart Weddings
• House of Stuart Burial Sites
• House of Stuart Christenings

by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2016

Anne Hyde, Duchess of York; Credit – Wikipedia

Anne Hyde, the first wife of James, Duke of York, later King James II of England, died before her husband became king. She was born on March 12, 1637, at Cranbourne Lodge in Windsor, England. Her parents were Edward Hyde (later created 1st Earl of Clarendon) and his second wife Frances Aylesbury, the daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, 1st Baronet, and his wife Anne Denman.

Anne, who was the eldest child, had five younger siblings:

• Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon (1638 – 1709), married (1) Theodosia Capell, had issue   (2) Flower Backhouse, no issue
• Lawrence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester (1642 – 1711), married Lady Henrietta Boyle, had issue
• Edward Hyde, died at age 20
• James Hyde, drowned in his 20s
• Frances Hyde, married Thomas Keightley

Anne’s father Edward Hyde was a lawyer and Member of Parliament. At first, Hyde was a moderate critic of King Charles I, but he gradually became more supportive of the king. In 1641, Hyde became an informal adviser to King Charles I. In February 1643, Hyde was knighted and was appointed to the Privy Council. The following month he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 1649 after the execution of King Charles I, when Anne was 12 years old, her family fled to the Netherlands. They settled in Breda where they were offered a home by the eldest daughter of King Charles I, Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, who was known for helping many royalist fugitives from England. In his early years of exile, Hyde played no political role but instead began writing a history of the English Civil War, The History of the Rebellion. In 1651, Hyde became an adviser to the king in exile, Charles II, and soon became his chief adviser. Charles appointed Hyde Lord Chancellor in 1658.

Edward Hyde by Jacob van Reesbroeck, 1649-1653; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1654, Anne Hyde was appointed a maid of honor to Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, the eldest daughter of King Charles I of England, the widow of Willem II, Prince of Orange and the mother of the young Willem III, Prince of Orange who would marry Anne’s daughter Mary. The couple would eventually co-reign in England as King William III and Queen Mary II. Given the situation, it was natural that Anne should come into contact with members of the exiled English royal family including King Charles I’s second surviving son, James, Duke of York. Anne was very attractive and stylish and attracted many men, including James, Duke of York. On November 24, 1659, in Breda, Anne and James made a secret marriage in front of witnesses.

Contemporaries of Edward Hyde assumed that he had arranged the royal marriage of his daughter, but modern historians generally agree that he had no part. The marriage came as an unwelcome shock to Hyde and he is supposed to have told his daughter that he would rather see her dead than disgrace her family. Anne Hyde was the first non-royal spouse to marry into the royal family since King Henry VIII‘s marriage to Catherine Parr in 1543. There would not be another non-royal spouse until 1871 when Queen Victoria‘s daughter Princess Louise married John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne and heir to the Dukedom of Argyll.

The monarchy was restored in 1660 and King Charles II, along with the rest of the royal family, returned to England. In the fall of 1660, when it was obvious that Anne was pregnant, the royal family was embarrassed and society viewed the pregnancy as a scandal. The king was consulted, resulting in James and Anne being officially married at Worcester House in London on September 3, 1660, just seven weeks before the birth of their first child.

James and Anne Hyde in the 1660s, by Sir Peter Lely; Credit – Wikipedia

James and Anne had eight children, but only two survived childhood and both were Queens Regnant:

• Charles, Duke of Cambridge (1660 – 1661): Conceived before his parents’ official marriage, Charles was styled Duke of Cambridge but never formally created Duke of Cambridge. He died at the age of six months from smallpox and was buried at Westminster Abbey in London, England.
• Queen Mary II of England (1662 – 1694), married her first cousin William III, Prince of Orange in 1677, ascended to the throne in 1689 as co-ruler with her husband after the deposition of her father, no surviving issue
• James, Duke of Cambridge (1663 – 1667): James was created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Cambridge and Baron of Dauntsey by his uncle King Charles II.  He was also named a Knight of the Garter but was never officially installed. Both James and his younger brother Charles, Duke of Kendal became ill with what was likely smallpox or the bubonic plague.  Little Charles died first and three-year-old James died three weeks later and was buried at Westminster Abbey in London, England.
• Queen Anne of Great Britain (1665 – 1714), married Prince George of Denmark, 17 pregnancies, five live births, no surviving issue
• Charles, Duke of Kendal (1666 – 1667): Charles was styled Duke of Kendal but was never officially created Duke of Kendal because of his early death. He died at the age of ten months and was buried at Westminster Abbey in London, England.
• Edgar, Duke of Cambridge (1667 – 1671): Edgar was created was Duke and Earl of Cambridge and Baron of Dauntsey by his uncle King Charles II. Edgartown on Martha’s Vineyard in Massachusetts was named after him. Edgar died at the age of three and was buried at Westminster Abbey in London, England.
• Henrietta (born and died 1669): Named after her paternal grandmother Henrietta Maria of France, Henrietta was born at the Palace of Whitehall in London, England. She died at St. James’ Palace in London, England when she was ten months old and was buried at Westminster Abbey.
• Catherine (born and died 1671): Catherine was born at the Palace of Whitehall in London, England. Her mother died seven weeks after her birth from breast cancer. Catherine did not survive her mother for very long. She died at the age of ten months at St. James’ Palace in London, England and was buried at Westminster Abbey.

Family of James, Duke of York. The Duke (later King James II and VII) and Duchess of York (previously Anne Hyde), painted by Peter Lely between 1668 and 1670. Their two daughters, Mary (left) and Anne (right), later Queen Mary II and Queen Anne, were added by Benedetto Gennari after 1680. Windsor Castle is in the background; Credit – Wikipedia

Anne was not particularly maternal and spent much of her time holding court at St. James’ Palace which was a more brilliant court than that of King Charles II’s wife, Catherine of Braganza at Whitehall Palace. Queen Catherine had failed to produce heirs for her husband, so Anne had the advantage of having produced heirs to the throne. Anne knew of her husband’s mistresses and comforted herself by overeating and buying expensive jewelry.

Both Anne and James had been exposed to Roman Catholicism while they were abroad, and Anne converted secretly in 1670. She was instrumental in James’ conversion to Roman Catholicism shortly afterward, although he continued to attend Church of England services until 1676. King Charles II insisted that their children be brought up in the Church of England.

In 1667, Anne gave birth to her last son Edgar (died in 1671) and admitted that she never again felt well after his birth. 1667 was a difficult year for Anne: her mother died, and her father fell from power, was exiled, and spent the rest of his life in France. Anne never saw him again. By 1670, Anne was very ill with breast cancer, and once again pregnant. She gave birth to her last child Catherine on February 9, 1671 (died in December 1671) while in the advanced stages of breast cancer.

Anne, Duchess of York by Sir Peter Lely around 1670; Credit – Wikipedia

On March 30, 1671, after returning home to St. James’ Palace from a dinner, Anne collapsed. Queen Catherine, who was fond of Anne, rushed to her bedside. Anne’s Church of England brother Henry Hyde (later 2nd Earl of Clarendon) refused to come to her deathbed because he suspected that she had become a Catholic. Anne’s husband James ran interference with the well-intentioned Church of England clergy at the deathbed and quietly informed them of Anne’s conversion to Catholicism. The clergy was kind enough to offer just general prayers. Anne, Duchess of York died on March 31, 1671, at the age of 34 and was buried at Westminster Abbey in the vault of Mary, Queen of Scots in the Henry VII Chapel. By the end of the year, Anne’s children Edgar and Catherine had died, and Mary and Anne, both future Queens Regnant, were the only survivors of the eight children of the Duke and Duchess of York.

House of Stuart Resources at Unofficial Royalty

• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Index
• House of Stuart Index
• Coronations after the Norman Conquest (1066 – present)
• History and Traditions: Stuart Weddings
• House of Stuart Burial Sites
• House of Stuart Christenings

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2016

King Charles II of England; Credit – Wikipedia

King Charles II was born on May 29, 1630, at St. James’ Palace in London, England. He was the eldest surviving son of King Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, daughter of King Henri IV of France.  Charles was the Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay from birth and was declared Prince of Wales in 1638, but was never formally created Prince of Wales. Charles’ mother was not happy with his appearance. She wrote in a letter: “He is so ugly. I am ashamed, but his size and fatness make up for what he lacks in beauty.”

Charles II as an infant in 1630; Credit – Wikipedia

Charles had eight siblings:

• Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay, born and died May 13, 1629
• Mary, Princess Royal (1631 – 1660), married Willem II, Prince of Orange, had one child: Willem III, Prince of Orange, later King William III of England
• King James II (1633 – 1701), married (1) Anne Hyde, had issue including Queen Mary II and Queen Anne; (2) Mary of Modena, had issue including James Francis Edward, The Old Pretender
• Princess Elizabeth (1635 – 1650) unmarried, died from pneumonia
• Princess Anne (1637 – 1640) died young from tuberculosis
• Princess Catherine, born and died June 29, 1639
• Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1640 – 1660) unmarried, died from smallpox
• Princess Henrietta (1644 – 1670), married Philippe, Duke of Orléans, had issue

Charles with his siblings in 1637: Left to right: Mary, James, Charles, Elizabeth, and Anne; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1631, Charles was placed under the care of Mary Sackville, Countess of Dorset, whose husband Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset, was lord chamberlain to Queen Henrietta Maria. His education was overseen by William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle and Brian Duppa, Bishop of Winchester and then later by John Earle, Bishop of Salisbury. The philosopher Thomas Hobbes was Charles’ mathematics teacher.

Charles as Prince of Wales in 1642; Credit – Wikipedia

Charles was still young when the English Civil War broke out between his father King Charles I and the Parliamentarian and Puritan forces. He accompanied his father to the Battle of Edgehill in 1642 and participated in the campaigns of 1645 as commander of the royalist forces in the West Country. When the situation deteriorated in the spring of 1646, Charles was sent out of England, and eventually settled in France, where his mother already lived in exile with his sister Henriette and where his young first cousin King Louis XIV was on the throne.

In 1648, Charles traveled to The Hague where he lived for a while with his sister Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange. While living in The Hague, Charles met his first known mistress Lucy Walter. Her son James, born on April 9, 1649, was immediately recognized by Charles as his son and later became James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth.

The execution of King Charles I on January 30, 1649, made Charles the de jure King. In 1650, he landed in Scotland and raised an army of 10,000 men. After being crowned King of Scots at Scone on January 1, 1651, Charles marched the army into England but suffered an overwhelming defeat at the Battle of Worcester.  After being a fugitive for six weeks, Charles escaped England and fled to France. Oliver Cromwell was declared Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. England remained a Commonwealth and then a Protectorate until 1659.

Charles in exile, painted by Philippe de Champaigne, circa 1653; Credit – Wikipedia

During his years in exile, Charles, a de jure King, had no kingdom and therefore no income. He depended on the payments he received from his mother from the money she received from the French government. On September 3, 1658, Oliver Cromwell died. His son Richard Cromwell ruled only until April 1659 and there was a real possibility for the restoration of the monarchy. On May 1, 1660, Parliament formally invited Charles, as King Charles II, to be the English monarch in what has become known as the Restoration. On May 23, 1660, Charles landed at Dover, and on his 30th birthday, May 29, 1660, King Charles II entered London in a procession. Charles was crowned at Westminster Abbey on April 23, 1661, on the feast day of St. George, the patron saint of England.

Coronation portrait by John Michael Wright, circa 1661

Catherine of Braganza, the daughter of King João IV of Portugal, had first been suggested as a bride for Charles in 1645 during the reign of Charles’ father and again in 1660 when the monarchy was restored in England. There were rumors of Catherine’s inability to have children, but the newly restored King Charles II was eager to have the £300,000 dowry. The marriage contract was signed on June 23, 1661. Catherine set sail for England in April 1662 and landed at Portsmouth, England on May 13, 1662. On May 21, 1662, King Charles II and Catherine were married in Portsmouth twice, in a private Catholic ceremony and a public Anglican ceremony. Catherine’s Roman Catholicism made her an unpopular queen.

Catherine of Braganza; Credit – Wikipedia

Despite fathering many illegitimate children with his mistresses, Charles had no children with Catherine. It is thought that Catherine did have at least three miscarriages. Despite having many mistresses, Charles insisted that Catherine be treated with respect and sided with her over his mistresses when he felt she was not receiving the respect she was due. After an initial shock at being presented to Charles’ mistress right after her marriage, Catherine maintained a dignified attitude towards her husband’s mistresses and showed many acts of kindness to his illegitimate children. When it became apparent that Catherine would not produce an heir to the throne, it was suggested that Charles divorce his wife and marry a Protestant princess. Charles refused the suggestion.

King Charles II, Portrait by John Riley, c. 1680–1685; Credit – Wikipedia

On February 2, 1685, King Charles II suffered an apparent stroke and died four days later at the age of 54. Modern analysis of his symptoms seems to indicate he may have died from uremia, a symptom of kidney failure. While Charles was dying, Catherine was ill and sent a message begging his forgiveness for being unable to come to him. Charles replied to her, “Alas, poor woman, it is I who should be begging forgiveness.” Charles asked his brother James to look after his mistresses: “…be well to Portsmouth, and let not poor Nelly starve,” referring to Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth and Nell Gwyn. He also apologized to his courtiers: “I am sorry, gentlemen, for being such a time a-dying.” The night before his death, Charles converted to Roman Catholicism, although it is unclear that his level of consciousness allowed for a true commitment. On the morning of his death, February 6, 1685, Charles received the Last Rites of the Roman Catholic Church from Father John Huddleston. King Charles II was buried at Westminster Abbey using the Church of England rites. He was the last monarch to have an effigy carried at his funeral. The effigy is still displayed at Westminster Abbey.

Wax effigy of Charles II, Westminster Abbey Museum; Photo Credit – http://www.westminster-abbey.org

King Charles II left no legitimate offspring, but he left behind quite a number of illegitimate children, whom he ennobled and officially recognized.  Charles was succeeded by his younger brother King James II of England/King James VII of Scotland, who had converted to Catholicism and was unpopular.  James was the last Catholic King of England and was dethroned in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution.

King Charles II is an ancestor through his mistresses of many British aristocrats and of several women who married into the British Royal Family:

• Lucy Walter: ancestor of Sarah, Duchess of York and Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester
• Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland: ancestor of Diana, Princess of Wales, and Sarah, Duchess of York
• Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth: ancestor of Diana, Princess of Wales, Queen Camilla, and Sarah, Duchess of York

Illegitimate Children (Unofficial Royalty articles coming soon.)

by Lucy Walter

• James Scott, Duke of Monmouth (1649–1685), married Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch, had issue

by Elizabeth Killigrew

• Charlotte FitzRoy (Charlotte Paston, Countess of Yarmouth) (1650–1684), married (1) James Howard, had issue (2) William Paston, 2nd Earl of Yarmouth, had issue

by Catherine Pegge

• Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth (1657–1680), married Lady Bridget Osborne, daughter of Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, no issue
• Catherine FitzCharles (born 1658; she either died young or became a nun)

by Barbara Palmer, Duchess of Cleveland (in her own right), wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine

• Lady Anne Fitzroy (may have been the daughter of Roger Palmer, but Charles II accepted her as his child) (1661–1722), married Thomas Lennard, 1st Earl of Sussex, had issue
• Charles Fitzroy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland, 1st Duke of Southampton (1662–1730), married (1) Mary Wood, no issue, (2) Anne Pulteney, had issue
• Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Grafton (1663–1690), married Isabella Bennet, 2nd Countess of Arlington, had issue
• Lady Charlotte Fitzroy (1664–1717), married Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield, had issue
• George Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1665–1716), married (1) Catherine Wheatley, no issue, (2) Mary Dutton, no issue
• Barbara FitzRoy (1672–1737) – ), unmarried, she became a nun taking the name Sister Benedicta; her mother claimed that she was Charles II’s daughter but she was probably the child of her mother’s second cousin and lover, John Churchill, later the 1st Duke of Marlborough

by Nell Gwyn

• Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans (1670–1726), married Lady Diana de Vere, had issue
• Lord James Beauclerk (1671–1680), died young

by Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth (in her own right)

• Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, 1st Duke of Lennox, 1st Duke of Aubigny (1672–1723), married Anne Brudenell, had issue

by Mary ‘Moll’ Davis

• Lady Mary Tudor (1673–1726), married (1) Edward Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Derwentwater, had issue (2) Henry Graham of Levens, no issue (3) Major James Rooke, no issue

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

House of Stuart Resources at Unofficial Royalty

• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Index
• House of Stuart Index
• Coronations after the Norman Conquest (1066 – present)
• First Cousins of King Charles II and King James II
• History and Traditions: Stuart Weddings
• House of Stuart Burial Sites
• House of Stuart Christenings

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2016

King Charles I of England; Credit – Wikipedia

Born at Dunfermline Palace in Fife, Scotland on November 19, 1600, Charles was the second son and fourth of the seven children of James VI, King of Scots (later also King James I of England) and Anne of Denmark. Charles’ paternal grandparents were Mary, Queen of Scots and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, both grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, elder sister of King Henry VIII of England. His maternal grandparents were King Frederik II of Denmark and Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow.

At his christening on December 23, 1600, Charles was created Duke of Albany, the traditional title of the second son of the King of Scots, along with the subsidiary titles of Marquess of Ormond, Earl of Ross and Lord Ardmannoch. At the time of Charles’ birth, his six-year-old elder brother Henry Frederick (named after his grandfathers) was the heir apparent to the throne of Scotland and used the traditional titles of the heir to the Scots’ throne: Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, and Lord of the Isles.

Charles had six siblings, but only two survived childhood:

• Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (1594 – 1612), unmarried, died of typhoid fever, aged 18
• Elizabeth (1596 – 1662), married Frederick V, Elector Palatine, had issue including Sophia of Hanover who became heiress presumptive to the British throne under the Act of Settlement 1701; Sophia’s son was King George I of Great Britain
• Margaret (1598 – 1600), died aged fifteen months
• Robert, Duke of Kintyre (born and died 1602), died aged four months
• Mary (1605 – 1607), died aged two.
• Sophia (born and died 1606), lived only one day

On March 24, 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died and Charles’ father became King James I of England. Since none of the children of King Henry VIII of England had children, James was the senior heir of King Henry VII of England through his eldest daughter Margaret Tudor. (King Henry VII → Margaret Tudor married King James IV of Scotland → King James V of Scotland → Mary, Queen of Scots → King James VI of Scotland). Charles was frail and late in development, possibly from rickets, and could not yet walk or talk, so he was left behind in Scotland when his parents and his elder brother Henry and elder sister Elizabeth left for England. By July 1604, Charles was considered strong enough to travel to England.

Charles, circa 1610; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1605, Sir Robert Carey was appointed Charles’ governor and his wife Elizabeth patiently taught Charles how to walk and talk. Charles was created Duke of York, the traditional title of the English monarch’s second son in 1605. In the same year, Thomas Murray, a Scottish courtier and later the Provost of Eton College, was appointed Charles’ tutor and taught him classics, languages, mathematics, and religion. Charles overcame his early physical problems, although he grew no taller than five feet four inches, and learned to ride, shoot, and fence. However, he was no physical match for his stronger and taller elder brother Henry, Prince of Wales, whom he adored. When 18-year-old Henry died in 1612 from typhoid, it was a loss that Charles felt greatly. His only surviving sibling Elizabeth left home for her marriage in 1613, and Charles was then virtually an only child. Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay upon his brother’s death and was created Prince of Wales in 1616.

Charles with his parents, after 1612; Credit – Wikipedia

King James I, seeking a Spanish alliance, had visions of Charles marrying Infanta Maria Anna of Spain, the youngest daughter of King Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria. In 1623, Charles went to Madrid with his father’s favorite George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham for marriage negotiations regarding the Infanta. The negotiations had long been at a standstill, and although religion was a stumbling block, it is believed that Buckingham’s offensive behavior was a key to the total collapse of the negotiations. The Spanish ambassador asked Parliament to have Buckingham executed for his behavior in Madrid, but Buckingham gained popularity by calling for war with Spain on his return.

Charles as Prince of Wales in 1623; Credit – Wikipedia

While Charles was traveling to Spain in 1623, he first saw King Louis XIII of France‘s sister and his future wife in Paris, Henrietta Maria, as she rehearsed a court entertainment with other members of the French royal family. On March 27, 1625, King James I died and Charles succeeded him. Since the Spanish negotiations failed, King Charles I now looked toward a French alliance, and a marriage with Henrietta Maria was successfully negotiated. Henrietta Maria was the youngest daughter of King Henri IV of France and his second wife, Marie de’ Medici.  Henri IV was assassinated in 1610 when Henrietta Maria was still a baby and her brother King Louis XIII had succeeded their father. Charles and Henrietta Maria were married by proxy on May 1, 1625, on the steps of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris. They were then married in person at Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, England on June 13, 1625. Charles’ coronation was held on February 2, 1626, at Westminster Abbey, but the Roman Catholic Henrietta Maria was not crowned because she refused to participate in a Church of England ceremony. She had proposed that a French Catholic bishop crown her, which was unacceptable to Charles and the English court.

Charles and Henrietta Maria had nine children:

• Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay, born and died May 13, 1629
• King Charles II (1630 – 1685), married Catherine of Braganza, no issue, but Charles II had at least 14 illegitimate children
• Mary, Princess Royal (1631 – 1660), married Willem II, Prince of Orange, had one child: Willem III, Prince of Orange, later King William III of England
• King James II (1633 – 1701), married (1) Anne Hyde, had issue including Queen Mary II and Queen Anne; (2) Mary of Modena, had issue including James Francis Edward, The Old Pretender
• Princess Elizabeth (1635 – 1650) unmarried, died from pneumonia
• Princess Anne (1637 – 1640) died young from tuberculosis
• Princess Catherine, born and died June 29, 1639
• Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1640 – 1660) unmarried, died from smallpox
• Princess Henrietta (1644 – 1670), married Philip, Duke of Orléans, had issue

Charles and Henrietta Maria’s five eldest children in 1637: Left to right: Mary, James, Charles, Elizabeth, and Anne; Credit – Wikipedia

Charles had the same issues with Parliament as his father had, clashing with its members over financial, political, and religious issues. In the early years of Charles’ reign, Parliament was summoned and dissolved three times. Finally, in 1629, Charles, who believed in the divine right of kings, decided to govern without Parliament, beginning eleven years of personal rule. During his personal rule, William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury and Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford were Charles’ most influential advisers. Parliament was finally summoned again in 1640 and demanded the execution of Stafford. Charles signed the death warrant, but never forgave himself. After this incident, the reconciliation of the King and Parliament became impossible.

Charles I in Three Positions by Anthony van Dyck, 1635–36; Credit – Wikipedia

On January 4, 1642, a point of no return was reached. On that day, Charles committed the unprecedented act of entering the House of Commons with an armed guard and demanding the arrest of five Members of Parliament. There was a great public outcry, Charles fled London and Civil War appeared inevitable. Since that day no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is sitting and a tradition recalling this is enacted at every State Opening of Parliament. When the monarch arrives in the House of Lords to read the speech from the throne, the Lord Great Chamberlain raises the wand of office to signal to the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod (known as Black Rod), whose duty is to summon the House of Commons. On Black Rod’s approach, the doors to the House of Commons are slammed shut in Black Rod’s face, symbolizing the rights of the House of Commons and its independence from the monarch. Black Rod then strikes with the end of the ceremonial staff (the Black Rod) three times on the closed doors of the House of Commons and is then admitted. This is a show of the refusal by the House of Commons never again to be entered by force by the monarch or one of the monarch’s representatives when the House of Commons is sitting.

Speaker Lenthall asserting the Privileges of the Commons (Speaker of the House William Lenthall kneels to Charles during the attempted arrest of the Five Members), fresco in the Houses of Parliament by Charles West Cope, fresco painted 1865-1866; Credit – Wikipedia

On August 22, 1642, at Nottingham, Charles raised the Royal Standard and called for his loyal subjects to support him, and the Civil War between the Royalists or Cavaliers (Charles’ supporters) and the Roundheads (Parliament’s supporters) began. The Battle of Edgehill, the first real battle, was fought on October 26, 1642, and proved indecisive. The Cavaliers were defeated at the Battle of Marston Moor on July 2, 1644, and at the Battle of Naseby on June 14, 1645. The balance was now permanently tipped to the parliamentary side. In April 1646, Charles left Oxford, which had served as his capital city during the conflict, and surrendered to the Scottish Army expecting to be safe and well-treated. However, the Scots delivered Charles to Parliament in 1647.

Charles was imprisoned at Holdenby House in Northamptonshire until the New Model Army officer George Joyce took him by force to Newmarket. The New Model Army, created in 1645 to professionalize the Parliamentary army, felt neglected and ignored by Parliament, and Charles thought he could take advantage of these tensions. He was transferred to Oatlands and then Hampton Court Palace where negotiations continued without results. At this point, Charles considered that it would be in his best interest to escape and flee to France, southern England, or the Scottish border or to put himself under the protection of Colonel Robert Hammond, Parliamentary Governor of the Isle of Wight, whom he thought was sympathetic to him. He chose the second option and on November 11, 1647, Charles fled Hampton Court Palace and made arrangements to meet Hammond. However, this proved to be a mistake as Hammond held Charles in Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight and informed Parliament that Charles was in his custody. Charles was confined at Carisbrooke Castle for a year. During this period, Charles continued negotiations with foreign armies and wrote letters showing his lack of respect for Parliament and his determination to abolish anti-Catholic laws. These revelations made any further defense of Charles impossible. He was moved to Hurst Castle in Hampshire at the end of 1648 and then moved to Windsor Castle.

Engraving from “Nalson’s Record of the Trial of Charles I” in the British Museum. Charles (in the dock with his back to the viewer) facing the High Court of Justice; Credit – Wikipedia

On January 20, 1649, Charles was tried for treason and other high crimes in Westminster Hall in London before a tribunal of 135 judges. Charles refused to enter a plea because he believed no court could try a king. Nevertheless, he was found guilty and was sentenced to death. On January 30, 1649, after saying goodbye to his children Elizabeth and Henry, Charles walked from St. James’ Palace to the Palace of Whitehall where a scaffold had been built outside the Banqueting House. It was a cold day, and Charles wore two shirts because he might shiver from the cold and he did not want it thought that he trembled from fear. From the first floor of the Banqueting House, Charles stepped onto the scaffold from a window, and several minutes later was beheaded.

• Unofficial Royalty: Execution of Charles I, King of England

Contemporary German print of Charles I’s beheading; Credit – Wikipedia

No state funeral or public mourning was allowed and Charles was not permitted to be buried in Westminster Abbey. On February 7, 1649, Charles’ remains were taken to Windsor Castle where he was buried at St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle in the choir aisle in the vault where Henry VIII and his third wife Jane Seymour were buried. England was a republic (Commonwealth of England) for 11 years until the monarchy was restored and Charles I’s eldest son Charles II became king in 1660.

Slab in the aisle indicates where Charles I was buried; Credit – www.findagrave.com

Coffins of King Henry VIII (center, damaged), Queen Jane (right), King Charles I with a child of Queen Anne (left), vault under the choir, St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, marked by a stone slab in the floor; Credit – Wikipedia

• Explore Parliament: Burial of Charles I at Windsor Castle in a snowstorm
• British Library: Opening the coffin of King Charles I

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

House of Stuart Resources at Unofficial Royalty

• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Index
• House of Stuart Index
• Coronations after the Norman Conquest (1066 – present)
• First Cousins of King Charles I
• History and Traditions: Stuart Weddings
• House of Stuart Burial Sites
• House of Stuart Christenings

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Diana, Princess of Wales; Credit – By John Mathew Smith & www.celebrity-photos.com from Laurel Maryland, USA (Archived link) – BEST ALL-TIME DIANA! (Archived link), CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=85061623

Diana, Princess of Wales was the first wife of King Charles III of the United Kingdom and the mother of Prince William, The Prince of Wales and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. She was born The Honourable Diana Frances Spencer, youngest daughter of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp (later the 8th Earl Spencer) and The Honourable Frances Roche, on July 1, 1961, at Park House on the Sandringham Estate.

Diana had four siblings:

• Lady Sarah Spencer (born 1955), married Neil McCorquodale, had two sons and one daughter
• Lady Jane Spencer, Baroness Fellowes (born 1957), married Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes, had two daughters and one son
• The Honorable John Spencer (born and died 1960)
• Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer (born 1964), (1) married and divorced Victoria Lockwood, had three daughters and one son (2) married and divorced Caroline Freud, had one son and one daughter (3) married Karen Gordon, had one daughter

Diana was christened on August 30, 1961, at St. Mary Magdalene Church in Sandringham, England.  Her godparents were:

• John Floyd (Chairman of Christie’s, her father’s friend)
• Alexander Gilmour (her father’s cousin)
• Lady Mary Colman (niece of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother)
• Mrs. Michael Pratt (friend and neighbor of Diana’s parents)
• Mrs. William Fox (friend and neighbor of Diana’s parents)

Diana grew up at Park House, which her parents leased from The Queen for many years. In 1969, her parents divorced, and following a very contentious custody battle, Diana’s father was awarded full custody of the children. She was educated at Riddlesworth Hall and The New School at West Heath, graduating in 1977, and then attended L’Institut Alpin Videmanette, a Swiss finishing school.

In 1975, her father had succeeded to the Earldom, and Diana saw an ‘upgrade’ in her title as well. As the daughter of an Earl, she was now styled Lady Diana Spencer – a name that would soon become famous around the world when ‘Lady Di’ became involved with The Prince of Wales.

Following her schooling, Diana worked as a nanny, living in her mother’s apartment in London. The next year, her mother bought her an apartment at Coleherne Court, where Diana lived with some friends until the day her engagement was announced. She also worked as a dance teacher for children, a preschool assistant, a nanny for an American family living in London, and lastly as a kindergarten assistant at the Young England School.

Although they had known each other since her childhood, Diana and Charles became reacquainted in the summer of 1980 when they were both guests at a country weekend. Charles had previously dated Diana’s older sister, Sarah. The two made several other trips and weekends away, including a visit to Balmoral in November of 1980. Charles eventually proposed to Diana on February 6, 1981, but they kept the engagement secret for several weeks.

Diana made her first official appearance on March 9, 1981, at a poetry reading in London by Princess Grace of Monaco. When she stepped out of the car in a black strapless gown, she began what would become a lifelong ‘role’ in the media spotlight – something she both loved and despised at different times in her life.

Diana and Charles married on July 29, 1981, at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. Entering on her father’s arm as Lady Diana Spencer, she later emerged from the Cathedral as Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales, the third highest-ranked lady of the land.

• Unofficial Royalty: Wedding of King Charles III and Lady Diana Spencer

Following their honeymoon, the couple took up residence at Kensington Palace, occupying apartments 8 and 9 which had been joined together, and  Highgrove, the Prince of Wales’s country home in Gloucestershire.

Diana and Charles had two sons:

• Prince William, The Prince of Wales (born 1982), married Catherine Middleton, had two sons and one daughter
  • Prince George of Wales (born 2013)
  • Princess Charlotte of Wales (born 2015)
  • Prince Louis of Wales (born 2018)
• Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (born 1984), married Meghan Markle, had one son and one daughter
  • Prince Archie of Sussex (born 2019)
  • Princess Lilibet of Sussex (born 2021), whose middle name is Diana

Diana became taking on official duties soon after her marriage, often accompanying her husband in the United Kingdom and abroad. She made her first solo overseas visit in September 1982, when she represented Queen Elizabeth II at the funeral of Princess Grace of Monaco, with whom she felt a very strong bond. Diana made numerous foreign visits with her husband, the last being to South Korea in 1992 shortly before their separation. She served as patron or president of over 100 organizations and charities, using her position to bring attention to and support issues that were close to her heart. Some of these charities were:

• The National AIDS Trust
• Great Ormond Street Hospital
• English National Ballet
• Royal Marsden Hospital
• Leprosy Mission
• Centrepoint
• Headway
• Natural History Museum
• Royal Academy of Music
• Bernardo’s
• British Red Cross
• Chester Childbirth Appeal
• British Lung Foundation
• National Children’s Orchestra
• Royal Brompton Hospital
• The Guinness Trust
• Royal School for the Blind
• Welsh National Opera
• Birthright
• British Deaf Association

On December 9, 1992, after several years of media speculation, Buckingham Palace announced the separation of the Prince and Princess of Wales. The announcement stressed that the couple had no plans to divorce and that their constitutional positions were unaffected.

The following year, on December 3, 1993, Diana announced her withdrawal from public life. Following disastrous television interviews given by both Charles, in June 1994, and Diana, in November 1995, Buckingham Palace announced that The Queen had sent letters to both Diana and Charles, advising them to divorce as quickly as possible. Following many private meetings and negotiations with Prince Charles and representatives of The Queen, Diana agreed to a divorce in February 1996.

Their divorce became final on August 28, 1996. Diana received a payment of £17 million and an annual stipend to maintain her offices and retained the couple’s Kensington Palace apartments. A statement from Buckingham Palace established that she remained a member of the Royal Family and would continue to receive the precedence accorded to her during her marriage when attending state and national functions. With the Queen’s permission, she voluntarily relinquished all her honorary military appointments and would continue to have access to the Royal Flight and the State Apartments at St. James’s Palace. She would also retain any orders, insignia, and titles received during her marriage. However, the one thing she would not retain was her style of Royal Highness. She became simply Diana, Princess of Wales. The day after her divorce became final, Diana announced that she had resigned from almost all her charities and patronages. However, she continued her involvement with the six that were most important to her:

• Centrepoint
• The English National Ballet
• Leprosy Mission
• The National AIDS Trust
• The Great Ormond Street Hospital
• The Royal Marsden Hospital

She also remained very involved with the Red Cross Anti-Personnel Landmines Campaign, even though her formal patronage had ended. Her last public appearances were in early August 1997, when she visited several landmine projects in Bosnia.

After her divorce, Diana had a relationship with Dr. Hasnat Khan, a British-Pakistani heart surgeon, which ended in June 1997. She then became involved with Dodi Fayed, son of Mohamed Al-Fayed, the owner of Harrods and the Ritz Hotel in London. Diana and her sons joined the Fayed family in the south of France for a vacation that summer where she and Dodi reportedly began their romance. Following her trip to Bosnia, Diana again joined Dodi Fayed on a private cruise aboard the Fayed’s yacht, returning to Paris on August 30. Later that night, hounded by paparazzi, the couple left the Ritz to go to Dodi’s apartment in Paris. Just minutes later, their car crashed in the Pont de l’Alma tunnel, killing Dodi and the car’s driver, Henri Paul, instantly. Diana was critically injured and eventually taken to the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital. Diana, Princess of Wales was pronounced dead at 4 am. See Unofficial Royalty: Tragedy in the British Royal Family at the End of August (scroll down).

The Prince of Wales, along with Diana’s two sisters, flew to Paris to accompany her body back to England. Draped with the Royal Standard, Diana’s coffin was taken to the Chapel Royal at St. James’s Palace where it remained for several days, before returning to her home at Kensington Palace. On Saturday, September 6, 1997, a procession began at Kensington Palace and ended at Westminster Abbey where Diana’s funeral was held. Following the funeral, the coffin was taken to Althorp, where it was interred privately on an island in the center of a lake on the grounds.

• Unofficial Royalty: Death of Diana, Princess of Wales – August 31, 1997
• Unofficial Royalty: Diana, Princess of Wales (1961-1997)

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