Category Archives: British Royals

Royal News: Friday 5 June 2015

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Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg; source: Wikipedia

Princess Alexandra (Alexandra Louise Olga Victoria) was the third daughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (son of Queen Victoria), and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (daughter of Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia). She was born on September 1, 1878, at Schloss Rosenau near Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, now in the German state of Bavaria. Her christening took place a month later at Palais Edinburg in Coburg. Among her godparents was her maternal uncle Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia.

Alexandra had four siblings:

 

As the family moved around often due to her father’s naval career, Alexandra grew up in the United Kingdom, Cyprus, Malta, and Coburg. From the mid-1880s, the family spent significant  time in Coburg, as her father was the heir-presumptive to his childless uncle Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. When Alfred succeeded to the ducal throne in August 1893, the family took up permanent residence in Coburg. Alexandra was then styled HRH Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Alexandra and her husband Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg; source: Wikipedia

It was at Schloss Ehrenburg in Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, now in Bavaria, Germany on April 20, 1896, that Alexandra married Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. He was the eldest son of Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Princess Leopoldine of Baden. Alexandra and Ernst were second cousins. Their grandmothers, Queen Victoria and Princess Feodora of Leiningen, were half-sisters.  The couple had five children:

When Alexandra’s father died in 1900, her husband Ernst served as Regent for the new Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Alexandrta’s first cousin Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany until he reached his maturity in 1905. As her husband pursued his ambitions elsewhere, Alexandra often spent time with her mother in Coburg and visited her sisters. In 1913, her father-in-law died, and she and her husband became the Prince and Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, taking up residence as Schloss Langenburg. Living a relatively quiet life, Alexandra worked during World War I as a nurse with the Red Cross. After her mother died in 1920, Alexandra and her sisters inherited Palais Edinburg in Coburg, and, along with her sisters, leased Schloss Rosenau from the state until the late 1930s. In 1937, Alexandra joined her husband, and some of her children, as a member of the Nazi Party.

Princess Alexandra died on April 16, 1942, in Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. She is buried in the family cemetery at Schloss Langenburg.

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62 years ago today, Queen Elizabeth II was crowned

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Read about it: Unofficial Royalty: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II

Victoria Melita of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia

by Scott Mehl
© Unofficial Royalty 2015

source: Wikipedia

Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh (known as ‘Ducky’ in the family) was born on November 25, 1876, at the San Anton Palace in Malta, where her father was stationed at the time. She was the second daughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (later Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia. She was a granddaughter of both Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Alexander, Emperor II of All Russia.

Victoria Melita was christened on  January 1, 1877, at San Anton Palace in Malta by a Royal Navy chaplain. Her grandmother Queen Victoria was one of her godparents.

Ducky had four siblings:

During her childhood, the family’s primary homes were Clarence House in London and Eastwell Park in Kent. They also spent several years at the San Anton Palace in Malta when her father was stationed there with the Royal Navy. In addition, they had homes in Coburg – Palais Edinburg and Schloss Rosenau – where her father was heir to his childless uncle, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

In 1891, Queen Victoria began promoting the idea of a marriage between Ducky and her first cousin, Ernst Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine. He was the son of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, and Grand Duke Ludwig IV of Hesse and by Rhine. The two were both visiting The Queen and she saw that they got along well and, coincidentally, even shared the same birthday.

Victoria Melita and Ernst Ludwig, 1894. source: Wikipedia

In 1893, her father succeeded to the ducal throne, and she became Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The following year, on April 9, 1894, she and Ernie (who was now Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine) married at Schloss Ehrenburg in Coburg. The couple had two children:

Despite the Queen’s observations, the new Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine and her husband were horribly mismatched. Victoria Melita craved Ernie’s attention, while he focused more on their daughter than his wife. For a few years, they seemed to make the best of it, enjoying each other’s company as well as entertaining friends and family from around Europe. But by the late 1890s, it was clear that the marriage was a mistake. Allegedly, the final blow for Ducky was finding her husband in an intimate situation with a male servant. Despite this, Queen Victoria would not permit a divorce and the two continued on with their unhappy lives. Following the Queen’s death in 1901, there was no longer any obstacle to ending their marriage, and they divorced on December 21, 1901. Ducky returned to her mother in Coburg, and she and her former husband shared custody of their young daughter. Two years later, while on a visit to the Russian Imperial Family, Princess Elisabeth fell ill with typhoid. Before Ducky could arrive, the young princess died. Her daughter’s death finally severed the connection that Ducky had with her former husband and her former home.

On October 8, 1905, she married for a second time. This time her husband was another first cousin, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia, with whom she had had a mutual attraction for many years. They had first met in 1891 when Ducky traveled to Russia to attend the funeral of her aunt by marriage, Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna (the former Princess Alexandra of Greece). However, while the two were attracted to each other, her mother made every effort to dissuade Ducky from the thought of marrying him, as the Russian Orthodox Church did not permit marriages between first cousins.

Despite this, the two maintained their attraction for each other and eventually decided to marry. Upon finding out about the marriage, Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia stripped Kirill of his royal funding and titles as well as his military appointments. He also banished him from Russia, so the couple settled in France. They had three children:

Victoria Melita with her husband Kirill and their two daughters, c.1912. source: Wikipedia

In 1908, Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia put personal feelings aside and permitted Kirill and Victoria Melita to return to Russia. Recent deaths in the Imperial Family brought Kirill to third in the line of succession, and it was deemed necessary to allow his return and restore his funding and military appointments. Victoria Melita was given the style of Imperial Highness and created Grand Duchess Viktoria Feodorovna.

During World War I, Ducky worked as a nurse with the Red Cross. Soon after Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia’s abdication in 1917, she and Kirill decided it was best to leave Russia, and traveled to Finland where they would remain for over two years. In the fall of 1919, they moved on to Munich where they reunited with her mother, and then all moved to Zurich, Switzerland.

After her mother’s death in 1920, the family now had two homes at their disposal – her mother’s villa in Nice and the Villa Edinburg, which later became known as the Kirill Palace, in Coburg, now in Bavaria, Germany, and for the next several years, split their time between the two. In 1926, they settled for the last time in France, purchasing a villa in Saint-Briac. Here they settled into a more quiet life, while Victoria Melita put her energies into raising her son and ensuring her daughters made significant marriages.

Victoria Melita with her husband Kirill and their two youngest children. source: Wikipedia

In February 1936, while attending the christening of her fifth grandchild, Victoria Melita suffered a stroke. She passed away on March 1, 1936, at the age of 59. She was buried in the Ducal Mausoleum at the Glockenburg Cemetery in Coburg, Bavaria, Germany. In March 1995, her remains, as well as those of her husband, were moved to the Grand Ducal Burial Vault at the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, Russia.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

State Opening of Parliament – United Kingdom

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

The State Opening of Parliament marks the beginning of a new session of Parliament in the United Kingdom. It is traditionally attended by the Sovereign, who gives a Speech from the Throne. This takes place in the chamber of the House of Lords, as the Sovereign is not permitted to enter the House of Commons. The last sovereign to enter the Commons was Charles I, in 1642, who stormed in attempting to arrest several members.

King Henry VIII opening Parliament, 1523.  source: Wikipedia

The practice of opening Parliament goes back to the 1400s, although the earliest detailed records are from 1510, recounting King Henry VIII’s first Opening of Parliament. The King, accompanied by the Peers and his attendants, would usually travel on horseback from the Sovereign’s official residence to Westminster Abbey where a service would be held. Following the service, they would proceed to the Palace of Westminster for the State Opening. The service was discontinued in 1679 when it (along with the procession) was canceled due to fears of a Popish Plot. The procession resumed the following year and was soon slimmed down to just the Sovereign and his entourage.

In the Georgian era, carriages began to be used regularly, to transport the Sovereign and other members of the Royal Family and their attendants. Back then, the Sovereign would usually just say a few words before the speech was read by the Lord Chancellor. It was King James I who began the practice of reading the speech himself. This varied for the next several reigns, and by 1679 it became traditional for the Sovereign to read the speech with the exception of King George I who barely spoke English, and Queen Victoria who typically left the speech to the Lord Chancellor.

Queen Victoria opening Parliament, 1866.  source: Wikipedia

For nearly 200 years, the Sovereign was almost always in attendance. However, Queen Victoria did not attend for several years after the death of The Prince Consort in 1861. She returned in 1866 under pressure from her ministers, her children, and the British public, but would only be present seven times in the remaining 34 years of her reign.

In 1901, the new King Edward VII brought much of the pageantry and tradition back to the ceremony. One of the most significant changes took place on the dais itself. Previously, a single throne for Queen Victoria had stood surrounded by an iron railing. King Edward VII had the railing removed, and had a second throne (just slightly smaller) placed immediately to the left of his own. Thus began the tradition of the Consort sitting beside the Sovereign.

King Edward VIII at the Opening of Parliament, 1936.  source: Wikipedia

King Edward VIII only attended once during his brief reign in 1936. Since he had not been crowned, he did not wear the Imperial State Crown with his Robe of State. (He would abdicate just weeks later.) Queen Elizabeth II also opened Parliament for the first time before being crowned and wore the George IV State Diadem. Since 1953, she wore the Imperial State Crown and attended every year other than 1959 and 1963 – when she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward- and 2022 when she was in ill health.

Queen Elizabeth II opening Parliament, 1952. source: The Daily Mail

Queen Elizabeth II opening Parliament, 1952. source: The Daily Mail

The ceremony which occurs today dates back to the opening of the new Palace of Westminster in 1852. Having been rebuilt after the old palace was destroyed by fire in 1834, the new building was laid out to best show off the pageantry of the official procession. Much of the detail has remained mostly unchanged since then, including the order of the procession and seating in the House of Lords. The photo below is from the 1866 Ceremonial and shows the procession and the precise seating. A ceremonial is issued each year, usually with very few changes.  Below is the 1886 Ceremonial, showing the procession and where everyone is positioned around the throne.

1886-Ceremonial-QV

Searching of the Cellars
The pageantry of the day begins with the searching of the cellars. In 1605, a group of English Catholics attempted to blow up Parliament to kill the Protestant King James I and place his daughter Elizabeth on the throne. This became known as the Gunpowder Plot. Having been warned of the plot, the Yeoman of the Guard (the Sovereign’s bodyguard) searched the cellars at Westminster and found Guy Fawkes guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder, more than enough to destroy the entire building and everyone in it. Since then, the Yeomen of the Guard have searched the cellars before every opening of Parliament. Of course, today it is merely part of the pageantry. The building and grounds are fully searched by police and security officers, but officially, it is the Yeomen of the Guard who ensure that the Palace of Westminster is secured before the Sovereign’s arrival.

 

In the meantime, the two houses of Parliament assemble in their respective chambers. Members of the House of Lords are in their robes and finery, with many of their wives, and other peers in attendance. Also seated in the House of Lords are members of the diplomatic corps and senior members of the judiciary. Until the 1999 House of Lords Act, other members of the Royal Family who were peers and peeresses often attended.

Royal Hostage
In another tradition that goes back for a few hundred years, a senior member of the House of Commons, traditionally the Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, is held hostage at Buckingham Palace to ensure the Sovereign’s safe return from the Palace of Westminster. This tradition goes back to the Restoration in 1660. The previous Vice-Chamberlain had been involved in the beheading of King Charles I, and this was seen as the best way to ensure the safety of the monarch.

 

The arrival of the Royal Regalia
Before the Opening of Parliament, the Imperial State Crown, Great Sword of State, and the Cap of Maintenance are brought from the Jewel House at the Tower of London to Buckingham Palace. On the morning of the Opening, the Crown is transported to the Palace of Westminster, traditionally in Queen Alexandra’s State Coach, by the Comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain’s office. Also traveling with the Crown are the Sword of State and the Cap of Maintenance, accompanied by two other members of the Royal Household. The carriage is accompanied by the Sovereign’s Bargemaster – a throwback to the days when the Crown Jewels were often transported by barge from the Tower of London. Just like the Sovereign, the Crown is escorted by the Household Cavalry and receives a royal salute.

Upon arriving at the Sovereign’s Gate at the Palace of Westminster, the Crown, Sword, and Cap are taken to the Regalia Room where the Court Jeweler transfers the Crown to a large cushion for the remainder of the procession. This is done by the Crown Jeweler as he is the only one, aside from the Sovereign, who can handle the crown. The Comptroller then carries the Crown up the Norman Staircase to the Royal Gallery and presents the Crown to the Lord Great Chamberlain who places it on display along with the Sword and Cap. Once the Sovereign has left Buckingham Palace, the Crown is then taken into the Robing Room to await the Sovereign’s arrival.

 

The Imperial State Crown currently used dates from 1937. It was made for the coronation of King George VI, as a replica of the one worn from Queen Victoria’s coronation. This one was made lighter and easier to wear. It was modified slightly in 1953 for Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation, lowering the arches and making it appear more feminine. It is typically only worn at the Coronation and the State Opening of Parliament.  The Crown includes 2,868 diamonds, 273 pearls, 17 sapphires, 11 emeralds, and 5 rubies. Amongst these are:

  • St Edward’s Sapphire
  • A sapphire from the ring, or coronet, of Edward the Confessor
  • The Black Prince’s Ruby (actually a spinel)
  • The Cullinan II (also known as the Lesser Star of Africa)
  • The Stuart Sapphire
  • Pearls worn by Queen Elizabeth I

 

In recent years the former Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall (now King Charles III and Queen Camilla) also attended the State Opening of Parliament. They traveled in a separate procession, following the royal regalia. Traveling in a State Coach, they would arrive at the Sovereign’s entrance, where they were greeted by the Earl Marshal and proceeded to the Robing Room to await the Sovereign.

 

The Arrival of the Sovereign
The Sovereign departs from Buckingham Palace in a State Coach accompanied by four divisions of the Sovereign’s Escort, led by the Blues & Royals and the Life Guards. In 2014, Queen Elizabeth II traveled in the new Diamond Jubilee State Coach which was used for the first time. In previous years she often traveled in the Irish State Coach or Australian State Coach.

As the Sovereign’s carriage approaches the Palace of Westminster, a military band places the national anthem, and the Royal Standard is raised to indicate the Sovereign’s presence. The carriage is followed by several other carriages, carrying several members of the Royal Household. The Sovereign is greeted at the Sovereign’s Entrance by the Lord Great Chamberlain and processes up the Norman Staircase to the Robing Room.  There, the Sovereign puts on the Imperial State Crown and Robe of State, and the Collar of the Order of the Garter.  Upon arrival, gun salutes are fired in Hyde Park and at the Tower of London.

 

Finally, the doors open and the Sovereign emerges from the Robing Room, with a fanfare announcing the royal procession. The procession is led by the Officers of Arms and Heralds, then the Great Officers of State. The Sovereign is attended by four Pages of Honour who carry the sovereign’s train. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth II, she was typically escorted by The Duke of Edinburgh,  followed (in the last few years) by the then-Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall, and then ladies-in-waiting and other members of the Royal Household. The procession goes the length of the Royal Gallery and through the Prince’s Chamber, into the House of Lords.

 

Upon arrival in the House of Lords, the Sovereign takes his/her seat on the throne, while the Pages of Honour arrange the Robe of State. At this point, the Sovereign says, “My Lords, pray be seated” and the entire chamber takes their seats. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth II, The Duke of Edinburgh was seated immediately to her left, on a throne that was just slightly smaller than hers. The Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall were seated in smaller chairs to the Queen’s left. The Pages of Honour stood to the side of the Prince and Duchess, while the Queen’s ladies-in-waiting stood on the opposite side of the dais.

 

Royal Summons to the Commons
The signal is given to instruct The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod to summon the members of the House of Commons. He proceeds through the central lobby, and upon arrival at the doors of the Commons, the door is slammed. This symbolizes the independence of the House of Commons from the Sovereign.

Black Rod bangs on the door three times before it is opened for him. He proceeds into the Commons, acknowledging the members, and says, “Mr. Speaker…His Majesty The King commands this honourable house attends His Majesty, immediately, in the House of Peers.”

The members of the House of Commons then proceed to the House of Commons, led by Black Rod and the Speaker. They take their place, standing, at the bar at the far end of the House of Lords. At this point, the Lord Chancellor approaches the throne and hands the Speech to The Sovereign. The speech, although called The King’s Speech, is written by the government of the day, and lists the Government’s plans for the current session of Parliament.

After The Sovereign has read the speech, he processes back out of the House of Lords, through the Prince’s Chamber and Royal Gallery, and back into the Robing Room. Once the Imperial State Crown and Robe of State have been removed, The Sovereign descends the Norman Staircase and returns to the carriage for the procession back to Buckingham Palace.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen of Romania

by Scott Mehl    © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Marie of Edinburgh, Queen of Romania – source: Wikipedia

Queen Marie of Romania was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, and perhaps one of the most polarizing royals of her time. Called Missy in the family, she was born Princess Marie Alexandra Victoria of Edinburgh on October 29, 1875, at Eastwell Park in Kent, England. Her parents were Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (later Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia. Through her mother, she was also a granddaughter of Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia.

Marie had four siblings:

Missy, as she was known in the family, was christened on December 15, 1875, in the Private Chapel at Windsor Castle, with the following godparents:

Marie grew up primarily at Eastwell Park in Kent, England and Clarence House in London, England, The family also lived in Malta where her father was stationed several times during his career in the British Royal Navy. Later, the family took up residence in Coburg, where Marie’s father had become heir-presumptive to his childless uncle, Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Marie’s mother quickly worked to make her daughters more ‘German’ than ‘British’, and had them confirmed in the Lutheran Church instead of the Anglican church in which they had been raised.

Marie had always been very close with her cousin, the future King George V. He had been a frequent guest while the family lived in Malta, and the two considered marriage. While Queen Victoria and both of their fathers were very supportive of the match, their mothers were not. The Princess of Wales disliked everything German, still reeling over the Schleswig-Holstein Question. The Duchess of Edinburgh disliked all things British. She did not want her daughter to remain British and was also against the marriage of first cousins, which was forbidden in her Russian Orthodox faith. When George did propose, Marie was obliged to refuse. The two remained devoted to each other for the rest of their lives.

 

Instead, Marie was soon engaged to the Crown Prince of Romania. Born Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, he was the heir-presumptive to his uncle, King Carol I of Romania. After gaining the approval of Queen Victoria, Marie and Ferdinand were married on January 10, 1893, at Sigmaringen Castle in Sigmaringen, Kingdom of Prussia, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Following the civil ceremony, both Catholic and Protestant ceremonies were held due to their different religions.

The couple officially had six children. The two youngest children are believed to have been fathered by Marie’s lover but were formally acknowledged by Ferdinand as his own:

Marie found her new life quite challenging. Being very free-spirited, she found the strict Romanian court to be stifling. Her husband’s uncle King Carol I controlled every aspect of the couple’s lives. Her relationship with Ferdinand was also a struggle, as the two tried to settle into a content relationship. She later wrote to her husband that “it is such a shame that we had to waste so many years of our youth just to learn how to live together!”

With a growing family and a stifled existence in the Romanian court, Marie is alleged to have embarked on several affairs, possibly even giving birth to a child by one of her reported lovers. It is also speculated that several of her younger children were from another man.

Just after World War I started, King Carol I died and Marie’s husband Ferdinand ascended the Romanian throne. Drawn quickly into the war, Queen Marie threw herself into her charitable work, rallying support for the war effort, and serving tirelessly as a nurse. In 1919, after the end of World War I, she represented Romania at the Paris Peace Conference, replacing the Romanian delegation which had left due to extreme conflict with the French prime minister. Marie is credited with smoothing the situation and helping to bring about Romania’s huge gains at the end of the conference.

In 1922, Ferdinand and Marie were crowned King and Queen of Romania in Alba Iulia. A Romanian Orthodox cathedral, the Coronation Cathedral, was built there and the two were crowned in an elaborate ceremony full of pomp and pageantry. A few years later, Marie converted to the Orthodox faith, which further endeared her to the Romanian people.

 

The next years saw Marie travel extensively. Visits to Britain and the United States brought huge crowds out to see the famous Queen of Romania, and she did not disappoint them. While in the United States in 1926 with two of her children, Queen Marie met with President Calvin Coolidge and his wife. She also traveled to Washington State, where she presided at the dedication of The Maryhill Art Museum in Maryhill, Washington State, being opened by her friend, Samuel Hill. Marie later donated many possessions to the museum, which are still displayed today. (Read more about Queen Marie and The Maryhill Museum HERE.)

Soon after her return to Romania, King Ferdinand died on July 20, 1927. As their son Carol had previously renounced his right to the throne, Marie’s grandson Mihai succeeded King Ferdinand. Mihai was just five years old, and a Regency Council was established, led by Marie’s younger son Prince Nicholas. Three years later, Carol returned to Romania and reclaimed the throne. He would abdicate in 1940, returning Mihai to the throne.

In January 1928, after several months in seclusion following her husband’s death, Queen Marie returned to public life. Following her son Carol reclaiming the throne in 1930, Queen Marie found herself more on the fringes of the Romanian monarchy. She spent her remaining years enjoying the company of her grandchildren and her homes at Bran Castle and Balchik Palace. Throughout the years, shewrote her memoirs which were published in several volumes.

portrait of Queen Marie by Philip de László, 1936. source: Wikipedia

Queen Marie of Romania died on July 18, 1938, at Pelişor Castle in Sinaia, Romania, in the presence of her son Carol, daughter Elisabeth, and grandson Mihai. Her body lay in state for three days at Cotroceni Palace before she was buried at the Curtea de Argeş Cathedral, Curtea de Argeş, Romania. At her request, her heart was interred in the Stella Maris chapel at her beloved Balchik Palace. After Balchik became part of Bulgaria, Queen Marie’s heart was moved to a chapel at Bran Castle by her daughter Ileana. After the chapel at Bran Castle was desecrated by the Communists, Marie’s heart was moved to the National History Museum. Finally, in 2015, Queen Marie’s heart was brought to its final resting place, at Pelişor Castle, where it was placed on display in the room where Marie died.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Romania Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Prince Alfred of Edinburgh, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Prince Alfred of Edinburgh, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; Credit: Wikipedia

Prince Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Alfred Alexander William Ernest Albert), was the eldest child and only son of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, second son of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, only surviving daughter of Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia. Known within the family as ‘Young Affie’, he was born on October 15, 1874, at Buckingham Palace. At the time of his birth, he was styled HRH Prince Alfred of Edinburgh, as his father had not yet become Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

His christening was held November 27, 1874, in the Lower Bow Room at Buckingham Palace, with the following godparents:

Young Affie had four younger sisters:

Affie with his mother and sisters. source: Wikipedia

As it was expected he would one day inherit the ducal throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, young Affie was raised primarily in Germany. Separated from his family, he received a strict German education and later served as a Lieutenant in the Prussian 1st Foot Guards in Potsdam. Unlike many of his relatives, he did not enjoy military life. It is believed that during this time he first contracted syphilis, which would later be a likely factor in his death.

In August 1893, his father succeeded to the ducal throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and young Alfred became the Hereditary Prince. Less than two years later, it was announced that Alfred was engaged to Duchess Elsa of Württemberg, but the marriage never took place.

In January 1899, he was noticeably absent from the celebrations for his parents’ 25th wedding anniversary. The details surrounding his death were never formally given, and vary from source to source. Some say he was suffering from a breakdown, others a tumor, others consumption. More than likely, he was suffering serious effects of syphilis he had contracted some years earlier.

It is generally accepted that Prince Alfred shot himself while the rest of the family was gathered for the anniversary celebrations. Having survived the gunshot, he was cared for at Schloss Friedenstein in Gotha, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, now in the German state of Thuringia, for several days, before being moved, against the doctors’ recommendation, to the Martinnsbrunn Sanatorium in Gratsch, near Meran, Austria (now Merano, Italy). This was apparently done at the direction of his mother who was both angry and embarrassed that his injury happened while the whole family was gathered together.

Prince Alfred, aged 24, died at the sanatorium on February 6, 1899. He was buried in the Ducal Mausoleum at the Glockenburg Cemetery in Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, now in Bavaria, Germany.

Below are some suicide prevention resources.

In the United States, the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is 988. Anyone in the United States can text or call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline to reach trained counselors who can help them cope with a mental health emergency. National Institute of Mental Health: Suicide Prevention is also a United States resource.

Other countries also have similar resources. Please check the resources below.

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Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Duchess of Edinburgh, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld/Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: In 1675, Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg died. Initially, his seven sons collectively governed the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, as set out in their father’s will. In 1680, the seven brothers concluded a treaty of separation, with each brother getting a portion of the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha Altenburg and becoming a Duke. One of the seven new duchies was the Duchy of Saxe-Saalfeld and Johann Ernst, one of the seven sons of Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg became the first Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld.  When two of his brothers died without male heirs, Johann Ernst took possession of Coburg (in 1699) and Römhild (in 1714). In 1699, Johann Ernst’s title changed to Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

In 1825, 145 years after the initial split, another line became extinct and there was another split between three surviving duchies. Ernst III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld became Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. For more information on the switch, see Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld/Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Index.

On November 9, 1918, after the German Empire lost World War I, the Workers’ and Soldiers Council of Gotha, deposed the last Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Charles Edward, a grandson of Queen Victoria.  Five days later, he signed a declaration relinquishing his rights to the throne. The territory that encompassed the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is now in the German states of Bavaria and Thuringia.

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source: Wikipedia

Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Duchess of Edinburgh, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia was the wife of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the second son of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. She was born on October 17, 1853, at Tsarskoye Selo, near St. Petersburg, Russia, the only daughter of Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia and Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine.

Marie had seven siblings:

Marie with her father and siblings, 1860. source: Wikipedia

Raised as the only daughter, Maria was very close to her father, who was completely devoted to her. She also had very close relationships with her brothers but was not particularly close to her mother. Despite this, her mother’s death in 1880 was very difficult for Maria.

The Orthodox wedding of Maria and Alfred, painting by Nicholas Chevalier. source: Wikipedia

During a family holiday in Hesse in 1868, Marie first met Prince Alfred. Despite the misgivings of both her parents and Alfred’s mother, the couple was married on January 23, 1874, at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia. Upon their return to London, they took up residence at Clarence House in London, and Eastwell Park in Kent, which they leased until 1893.

Marie and Alfred had five children:

The new Duchess of Edinburgh was not well received by British society, many of whom thought her very condescending and haughty. And from most accounts, this was very true. Used to the splendor and pageantry of the Russian court, she found the British court very dull by comparison. She also felt that, as the daughter of an Emperor, she should outrank all the other members of the British royal family – in particular, her sister-in-law, The Princess of Wales, who was merely the daughter of a king. Despite the demands of Marie and her father, Queen Victoria would not sanction anything of the sort.

In August 1893, her husband became the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha upon the death of his childless uncle, Ernst II. They had owned a home in Coburg – Palais Edinburg – since the early 1880s, but now took up permanent residence in Schloss Ehrenburg, the traditional ducal residence in the city. They also lived at Schloss Rosenau, which Ernst II had given to Alfred as his personal property. The new Grand Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Marie was very pleased with her new position, no longer outranked by her sisters-in-law, and no longer under the constant watchful eye of her mother-in-law. From that point on, she rarely spent any significant amount of time in Britain.

The Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha with their daughters, and the Dowager Duchess. source: Wikipedia

In 1899, Marie and Alfred celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary. During the celebrations in January, their son Affie attempted suicide and died shortly thereafter. The following year, her husband died and the Ducal throne passed to his nephew, Charles Edward, Duke of Albany. Marie returned to Palais Edinburg and also spent much of her time at Schloss Rosenau.

The remaining years of her life saw the overthrow of the Russian monarchy, the murders of many of her Russian relatives, and the end of the Duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her last remaining brother, Grand Duke Paul, was murdered by the Bolsheviks in January 1919, leaving Marie the last of her generation.

The Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha died on October 24, 1920, in Zurich, Switzerland. Legend has it that she received a telegram addressed to ‘Frau Coburg’ which distressed her so greatly that it caused her death. She is buried alongside her husband in the Ducal Mausoleum at the Glockenburg Cemetery in Coburg, Bavaria, Germany.

Following her death, Palais Edinburg was left to her daughter, Princess Alexandra. The villa behind it, which had formed part of the residence, was left to her daughter Victoria Melita and became known as the Kirill Palace. Both would eventually be sold to the government around 1940.

The Ducal Mausoleum in the Glockenberg Cemetery. photo: by Störfix – Selbst fotografiert, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4010189

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld/Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld/Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: In 1675, Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg died. Initially, his seven sons collectively governed the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, as set out in their father’s will. In 1680, the seven brothers concluded a treaty of separation, with each brother getting a portion of the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha Altenburg and becoming a Duke. One of the seven new duchies was the Duchy of Saxe-Saalfeld and Johann Ernst, one of the seven sons of Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg became the first Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld.  When two of his brothers died without male heirs, Johann Ernst took possession of Coburg (in 1699) and Römhild (in 1714). In 1699, Johann Ernst’s title changed to Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

In 1825, 145 years after the initial split, another line became extinct and there was another split between three surviving duchies. Ernst III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld became Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. For more information on the switch, see Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld/Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Index.

On November 9, 1918, after the German Empire lost World War I, the Workers’ and Soldiers Council of Gotha, deposed the last Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Charles Edward, a grandson of Queen Victoria.  Five days later, he signed a declaration relinquishing his rights to the throne. The territory that encompassed the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is now in the German states of Bavaria and Thuringia.

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Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – source: Wikipedia

Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was the fourth child of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Born at Windsor Castle in Windsor, England on August 6, 1844, Alfred was christened on September 6, 1844, in the Private Chapel at Windsor Castle with the names Alfred Ernest Albert. His godparents were:

Alfred had eight siblings:

 

After being educated at home, along with his older brother The Prince of Wales (future King Edward VII), Alfred entered the British Navy at just 14 years old. Rising quickly through the ranks, by February 1866 he had been elevated to the rank of Captain, and the following year was given command of his own ship, HMS Galatea.

During his military career, Alfred found himself potentially taking a throne of his own. After deposing their ruler King Otto, the people of Greece voted to determine the future of the Greek monarchy. Prince Alfred received 95% of the votes. Despite this, under the terms of the London Conference of 1832, members of the ruling families of the Great Powers (Britain, France, and Russia) were prohibited from ascending the Greek throne. In addition, Queen Victoria was adamantly opposed to the idea, as Alfred was already intended to succeed his uncle Ernst as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Alfred’s father and elder brother had both renounced their rights of succession, leaving Alfred as heir-apparent to his uncle. The Greek throne ended up going to Prince Vilhelm of Denmark, who reigned as King George I of the Hellenes.

Along with his military career, from 1863-1865, Prince Alfred studied at the University of Edinburgh, and the University of Bonn. With his future role as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in mind, in 1865 Alfred purchased a palace in Coburg, just across the square from Schloss Ehrenburg, the official ducal residence. This palace, known as Palais Edinburg,  would be his residence in Coburg until his accession 28 years later. The following year, in May 1866, he was created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Ulster, and Earl of Kent. Along with this came a parliamentary allowance of £15,000 per year, and a seat in the House of Lords.

From a young age, Prince Alfred developed a strong interest in stamp collecting. Through the years, he amassed a rather extensive collection, which he later sold to King Edward VII who passed it on to his son, King George V. Today, it forms part of the Royal Philatelic Collection, housed at St James’ Palace in London, England.

On January 24, 1867, Alfred set sail on HMS Galatea for a trip around the world. Following a visit to Cape Town in South Africa, he arrived in Australia on October 31, the first British royal to set foot in the country. On March 12, 1868, while visiting Sydney, Prince Alfred was the victim of an assassination attempt. An Irishman, Henry James O’Farrell, fired at the Prince from behind, striking him just to the side of his spine. Alfred was quickly taken to Government House in Sydney, where he spent several weeks recovering before again assuming command of his ship and returning home in June 1868. In an outpouring of support for the Prince, the people voted for some sort of memorial to be built in his honor. This led to the construction of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney. In addition to being the first British royal in Australia, Prince Alfred was also the first to visit New Zealand, Japan, Hong Kong, India, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in visits over the next several years.

 

On January 24, 1874, at the Winter Palace in St Petersburg, Russia, Alfred married Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna, the only daughter of Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia and Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. The couple settled at Clarence House in London, England, and Eastwell Park in Kent, England which they leased until 1893.

Alfred and Marie had five children:

Over the next nearly twenty years, Alfred’s distinguished naval career saw him serve as Admiral Superintendent of Naval Reserves, Commander-in-Chief of both the Channel Fleet and the Mediterranean Fleet, and  Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth. In June 1893, he was made Admiral of the Fleet, the highest rank in the British Navy.

Prince Alfred (right) with his brothers Edward, Prince of Wales (left) and Arthur, Duke of Connaught. source: Wikipedia

However, Alfred’s Royal Navy career would soon come to an end. On August 23, 1893, Alfred’s uncle Ernst died, and he became the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. While this had been the plan for many years, Alfred resented having to give up his naval career and his British life. He gave up his British annuity, his seat in the House of Lords, and became the first person to voluntarily resign from the Privy Council. However, he successfully petitioned Parliament to continue the separate funding he received to maintain Clarence House for the rest of his life.

The transition to his new position was not easy. The people were mostly against the idea of a British prince being their Duke even though his father was born a Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. But Alfred managed to build up the people’s confidence in him and soon became quite popular. Leaving most of the governing to the State Ministry, Alfred spent his time traveling, hunting, and following all the latest advances of the Royal Navy which he greatly missed.

Sadly, Alfred’s reign would be rather short. On July 30, 1900, at Schloss Rosenau, in Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, now in Bavaria, Germany, Alfred died from throat cancer at the age of 55. He was buried in the Ducal Mausoleum in the Glockenburg Cemetery in Coburg. He was succeeded by his nephew, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany, son of his late brother Leopold.

The Ducal Mausoleum in the Glockenberg Cemetery. photo: by Störfix – Selbst fotografiert, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4010189

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Recommended Book

  • Dearest Affie: Alfred, Queen Victoria’s Second Son – John Van Der Kiste

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld/Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Queen Victoria Resources at Unofficial Royalty

John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll; source: Wikipedia

John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, was the husband of Princess Louise, the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was born John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland Campbell, on August 6, 1845, in London,  England, the eldest son of the twelve children of  George Campbell, Marquess of Lorne (later 8th Duke of Argyll) and Lady Elizabeth Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (a daughter of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland). At the time of his birth, he was styled, by courtesy, Earl of Campbell. Less than two years later, his father succeeded his Duke of Argyll, and John was styled Marquess of Lorne.

Lorne (as he was typically known) had eleven younger siblings:

  • Lord Archibald Campbell (1846 – 1913), married Janey Callander, had two children including Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll
  • Lord Walter Campbell (1848 – 1889),  married  (1) Olivia Milns, no children (2) Lilian Sclater, had two children
  • Lady Edith Campbell (1849 – 1913), married Henry Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland, had thirteen children
  • Lady Elisabeth Campbell (1852 – 1896), married Lt.-Col. Edward Harrison Clough-Taylor, had one daughter
  • Lord George Granville Campbell (1850 – 1915), married Sybil Lascelles Alexander, had three children
  • Lord Colin Campbell (1853 – 1895), married Gertrude Blood, no children, divorced
  • Lady Victoria Campbell (1854 – 1910), unmarried
  • Lady Evelyn Campbell (1855 – 1940), married James Baillie-Hamilton, no children
  • Lady Frances Campbell (1858 – 1931), married Eustace Balfour, had five children
  • Lady Mary Emma Campbell (1859 – 1947), married The Right Reverand The Honorable Edward Carr Glyn, had three children.
  • Lady Constance Harriett Campbell (1864 – 1922), married Charles Emmott, no children

Lorne attended Edinburgh Academy, Eton College, The University of St. Andrews, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He also studied at the National Art Training School. He served in the House of Commons for several years, representing Argyllshire, beginning in 1868.

Engagement photo of Lorne and Princess Louise; source: Wikipedia

On March 21, 1871, at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, Lorne and Princess Louise were married. The marriage was met with much opposition, as Lorne was not royal. This was the first time a daughter of a British monarch had married a commoner since 1515, when Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, married Mary Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII. However, despite protests from some of Louise’s siblings and the Prussian court, Queen Victoria saw the marriage as an opportunity to “infuse new and healthy blood” into the Royal Family. The Queen offered Lorne a peerage (something she would do many times over the years), with the intent of resolving issues of precedence and giving him a rank closer to that of his wife. Lorne refused for several reasons – he would one day inherit the Argyll dukedom and he did not want to give up his place in the House of Commons.

The couple initially lived at Argyll House in London, England owned by Lorne’s family, and then leased a home in Grosvenor Square in London from Lorne’s uncle, the Duke of Westminster. However, the expense was somewhat beyond Lorne’s reach, and in 1873, Queen Victoria offered them a home at Kensington Palace. Apartment No.1 had been the residence of The Duchess of Inverness, the widow of Queen Victoria’s uncle The Duke of Sussex, who had recently passed away. After extensive renovations, Louise and Lorne took up residence, and this would be their primary residence for the rest of their lives. They later bought a country home, Dornden, in Kent, England. In addition, they had the use of several residences in Scotland owned by the Argyll family.

In 1878, Lorne was appointed Governor-General of Canada, where he served for five years. Lorne and Princess Louise traveled extensively throughout Canada, bringing a royal touch to the country. Although he was not always well-received, he and Louise usually managed to win over the Canadian people wherever they went. While in Canada, he and his wife contributed to the establishment of the Royal Society of Canada, the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, and the National Gallery of Canada. On his return to Britain in 1883, he published a book, Memories of Canada and Scotland.

From 1892 until his death, he was the Governor and Constable of Windsor Castle, appointed by his mother-in-law. Although more of a title than an actual job, Lorne took the position very seriously and ensured that he earned the £12,000 salary that came with the position. Lorne wrote an extensive history of the castle – The Governor’s Guide to Windsor Castle.

In 1895, Lorne and Louise purchased Rosneath Castle in Scotland, from his father. The property had been mostly unused for several years, and his father had attempted several times to sell it. Thanks in part to his wife’s dowry, Lorne was able to purchase it outright, and it would become the couple’s home in Scotland until he succeeded to the Dukedom. After his death, it would become Louise’s dower home as well. Also in 1895, Lorne was again elected to Parliament, serving in the House of Commons representing Manchester South.

On April 24, 1900, Lorne succeeded his father as the 9th Duke of Argyll. Among many other titles, he also became Hereditary Master of the Royal Household in Scotland, Admiral of the Western Coasts and Isles, Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland, and Lord-Lieutenant of Argyllshire. Most important of all, Lorne was now Chief of the Clan Campbell.

 

Despite the huge step up in prominence, Lorne’s financial situation was still quite strained. Facing massive inheritance taxes after his father’s death, the new Duke of Argyll managed to maintain Rosneath and the family seat, Inveraray Castle. When not in residence, he often leased both out to help meet the expense, and the couple lived primarily at Kensington Palace and at Kent Cottage on the grounds of Osborne House.

Lorne published several books through the years. His first was a book of poetry in 1875, Guido and Lita – A Tale of the Riviera, and others included several books about Canada and his family history. After Queen Victoria’s death, he agreed to write a serialized biography of her to be published in monthly installments – V.R.I Queen Victoria, Her Life and Empire.

Argyll Mausoleum attached to St Munn’s Church;  Credit – Wikipedia

Lorne’s later years were spent managing the Argyll estates and fulfilling his role in the House of Lords. The Duke of Argyll died on May 2, 1914, at Kent House on the Isle of Wight. He is buried in the Argyll Mausoleum at St. Munn’s Church in Kilmun, Scotland. His wife survived him by 25 years and is buried in the Royal Burial Ground at Frogmore.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.