Category Archives: Dutch Royals

King’s Day – April 27 (April 26 if April 27 is a Sunday) – Netherlands

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

King Willem-Alexander visiting Emmen, the Netherlands on King’s Day in 2024; Credit – Door Erikt – Eigen werk https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147787647

King’s Day (Koningsdag in Dutch) is a national holiday, marking the birth of King Willem-Alexander on April 27, 1967. It is celebrated on April 27 or April 26 if April 27 is a Sunday. When the Dutch monarch is female, the holiday is known as Queen’s Day (Koninginnedag in Dutch).

History

Queen Wilhelmina on Queen’s Day, August 31, 1946, two years before her death. Left to Right: Princess Juliana (later Queen), Prince Bernhard (Juliana’s husband), Queen Wilhelmina, unidentified man, Princess Beatrix (later Queen), Princess Margriet (sitting on step), and Princess Irene; Credit – Wikipedia

King Willem III, who reigned from 1849 to 1890, was an unpopular ruler. Faced with an unpopular monarchy, the States-General, the Dutch legislature, considered ways to promote national unity. Although King Willem III was disliked, his young daughter, only surviving child, and successor, Princess Wilhelmina (born 1880, later Queen Wilhelmina) was not. Intermittently, a holiday had been held on King Willem III’s birthday. J. W. R. Gerlach, editor of the newspaper Utrechts Provinciaal en Stedelijk Dagblad, proposed that Princess Wilhelmina’s birthday be observed for patriotic celebration and national reconciliation.

On the first Princess’ Day in 1885, celebrations occurred only in Utrecht where the five-year-old Princess Wilhelmina was paraded through the streets, waving to the crowds. Eventually, other towns and cities held celebrations, many organizing activities for children. Queen Wilhelmina (reigned 1890 – 1948, abdicated in favor of her daughter Juliana) rarely attended Queen’s Day celebrations after reaching adulthood.

Queen Juliana  (second from the left) and the Dutch royal family standing on the steps of  Soestdijk Palace on Queen’s Day in 1960; Credit – Wikipedia

Queen Juliana (reigned 1948 – 1980, abdicated in favor of her daughter Beatrix) spent each Queen’s Day at Soestdijk Palace in Baarn. The Dutch royal family stood on the palace steps watching a procession of Dutch people in a flower parade. Many Dutch people left flowers and gifts for the royal family on the palace steps. The flower parade was broadcast on television from the mid-1950s.

Queen Beatrix on Queen’s Day in 2010

Queen Beatrix (reigned 1980 – 2013, abdicated in favor of her son Willem-Alexander) decided that rather than remaining at a palace and letting the Dutch people come to her, she would instead visit two towns or cities each year for Queen’s Day celebrations, accompanied by members of the Dutch royal family.

Date Changes

The holiday was originally held as Princess’ Day (Prinsessedag in Dutch) on August 31, 1885, the fifth birthday of Princess Wilhelmina, the only surviving child of King Willem III of the Netherlands and the heir presumptive to the Dutch throne. When ten-year-old Wilhelmina ascended the Dutch throne after her father died in 1890, the holiday became known as Queen’s Day (Koninginnedag) and was first celebrated on August 31, 1891.

In September 1948, when Queen Wilhelmina died, her daughter Juliana became Queen of the Netherlands and Queen’s Day was moved to April 30, Queen Juliana’s birthday. Queen Beatrix, Queen Juliana’s daughter and successor, opted to keep Queen’s Day on April 30 as a tribute to her mother. Queen Beatrix’s birthday was January 31, in the middle of winter, not a time conducive to outdoor activities.

Queen Beatrix abdicated on Queen’s Day in 2013, in favor of her son Willem-Alexander, the first King of the Netherlands in 123 years. The holiday became known as King’s Day (Koningsdag) and was moved to April 27, King Willem-Alexander’s birthday.

What Happens?

Princess Caterina Amalia, Queen Máxima, King Willem-Alexander, Princess Alexia, and Princess Ariane on King’s Day on April 27, 2024, in Emmen, Netherlands

The older generation of the Dutch royal family usually no longer attends events on King’s Day. Instead, King Willem-Alexander, Queen Máxima, and their three daughters Princess Catharina-Amalia (The Princess of Orange), Princess Alexia, and Princess Ariane make appearances. The King’s brother Prince Constantijn and his wife Princess Laurentien, the four sons of Princess Margriet, first cousins of King Willem-Alexander, and their spouses also make appearances.

King Willem-Alexander visits only one city or town on King’s Day. That city or town is given the opportunity to present itself to the rest of the Netherlands, focusing on music, sports, visual arts, design, technology, business, historical heritage, social initiatives, or dreams for the future.

People dressed in orange on Amsterdam’s canals on Queen’s Day in 2010; By Carmelrmd – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21023947

There are many celebrations throughout the Netherlands. Participants in King’s Day often dress in orange and dye their hair orange in honor of the House of Orange-Nassau. The vrijmarkt (free market) is a nationwide flea market. King’s Day is the only day of the year that the Dutch government permits sales on the street without a permit or the payment of value-added tax. Many large-scale celebrations are held on King’s Day with many concerts and special events in public spaces, particularly in Amsterdam. An outdoor concert is held on Amsterdam’s Museumplein, where as many as 800,000 people attend.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Koningsdag (Nederland). (2024). Wikipedia. https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koningsdag_(Nederland)
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2019). Koningsdag. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koningsdag
  • Zaken, M. van A. (2014). Geschiedenis Koningsdag – Koningsdag – Het Koninklijk Huis. Www.koninklijkhuis.nl. https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/koningsdag/geschiedenis-koningsdag

Netherlands – Accession to the Throne and Inauguration

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

A painting by Nicolaas Pieneman depicting King Willem II swearing the oath during his inauguration in 1840; Credit – Wikipedia

The last accession to the throne of the Netherlands took place when Queen Beatrix abdicated on April 30, 2013, thirty-three years after she became Queen of the Netherlands when her mother Queen Juliana abdicated on April 30, 1980. Queen Beatrix’s abdication and the inauguration of her son King Willem-Alexander took place on April 30, 2013. Beatrix signed the instrument of abdication in the Mozeszaal in the Royal Palace in Amsterdam at 10:07 a.m. local time. Willem-Alexander immediately became King of the Netherlands the instant his mother signed the instrument of abdication. His inauguration took place on the afternoon of April 30, 2013, in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam.

Article 32 of the Dutch Constitution states “Upon assuming the royal prerogative the monarch shall be sworn in and invested as soon as possible in the capital city, Amsterdam, at a public and joint session of the two Houses of the States General. The monarch shall swear or promise allegiance to the Constitution and that he/she will faithfully discharge his/her duties. Specific rules shall be laid down by Act of Parliament.” The Dutch monarch is not crowned, although the crown, orb, and scepter are present at the investiture ceremony. The swearing of the oath constitutes the monarch’s acceptance of the throne.

History

Willem ( (the Silent), Prince of Orange; Credit – Wikipedia

Prince of Orange is a title originally associated with the sovereign Principality of Orange, in what is now southern France. Willem I (the Silent), Prince of Orange (reigned 1559 – 1584, assassinated) is the founder of the House of Orange-Nassau, and the ancestor of the Dutch monarchs. When Willem’s childless cousin René of Châlon, Prince of Orange died in 1544, he left the Principality of Orange to Willem. Over the years, the title Prince of Orange became prestigious in the Netherlands and throughout the Protestant world despite losing the territory that had originally gone with the title. The Princes of Orange were also Stadtholders of various Dutch provinces during the period of the Dutch Republic and gained much power.

The 1814 inauguration of Willem VI, as Sovereign Prince of Orange at the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam; Credit – Wikipedia

The Napoleonic Wars disrupted much of Europe. When the French invaded the Dutch Republic in 1795, Willem V, Prince of Orange and his family went into exile, first in England and then in 1796 in Prussia where they lived until 1813. After the defeat of Napoleon, the first inauguration ceremony was held in 1814, when Willem VI, Prince of Orange was sworn in as sovereign prince at the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam. Willem VI, urged on by the powers who met at the Congress of Vienna, proclaimed the Netherlands a monarchy on March 16, 1815. After Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo and his second exile, the Congress of Vienna formally confirmed Willem VI, Prince of Orange as the hereditary ruler, King Willem I, of what was known as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Today, the title Prince/Princess of Orange is held by the heir apparent of the Dutch monarch and the Dutch Royal Family are members of the House of Orange-Nassau.

What happens?

Nieuwe Kerk on Dam Square in Amsterdam. The Royal Palace is on the left; Photo – © Susan Flantzer

The inauguration of Sovereign Kings and Queens of the Netherlands is held at the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church) in Amsterdam during a public session of the Dutch legislature, the States General. The Nieuwe Kerk is no longer used for church services and has been converted into a cultural center. However, the Nieuwe Kerk is used for the inauguration of the Dutch monarch according to Article 32 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In addition, the religious wedding of the future King Willem-Alexander and Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti was held at the Nieuwe Kerk in 2002.

Royal guests at King Willem-Alexander’s inauguration

Many guests attended King Willem-Alexander’s inauguration including members of other royal families. However, tradition requires that no foreign sovereign attend the inauguration so that the new Dutch sovereign, as protocol requires, is the one with the highest rank among those present.

Foreign royalty who attended King Willem Alexander’s inauguration:

  • Prince Albert II of Monaco (assuming that Prince Albert could attend because as a Sovereign Prince, his rank is lower than a King.)
  • Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Al-Missned representing the Emir of Qatar
    Princess Lalla Salma of Morocco representing the King of Morocco
  • Crown Prince Naruhito and Crown Princess Masako of Japan representing the Emperor of Japan)
  • Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn of Thailand representing the King of Thailand
  • Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand
  • The Prince of Wales (Charles) and Duchess of Cornwall (Camilla), representing the Queen of the United Kingdom
  • Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark, representing the Queen of Denmark
  • Crown Princess Victoria and Prince Daniel of Sweden, representing the King of Sweden
  • The Prince (Felipe) and Princess of Asturias (Letizia) representing the King of Spain
  • The Crown Prince Haakon and Crown Princess Mette Marit of Norway, representing the King of Norway
  • The Duke (Philippe) and Duchess of Brabant (Mathilde), representing the King of the Belgians
  • The Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah and Crown Princess Sarah binti Salleh Ab of Brunei, representing the Sultan of Brunei
  • The Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume and Hereditary Grand Duchess Stéphanie of Luxembourg, representing the Grand Duke of Luxembourg)
  • The Hereditary Prince Alois and Hereditary Princess Sophie of Liechtenstein, representing the Prince of Liechtenstein)
  • Prince Hassan bin Talal and Princess Sarvath al-Hassan of Jordan, representing the King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan)

The inauguration is strictly ceremonial as the successor to the throne instantly becomes the new monarch at the moment the former monarch dies or abdicates. A monarch must be eighteen years old to participate in an inauguration. Although the inauguration is held in a church, it is not a religious ceremony. The significance of the inauguration is purely constitutional. The present form of the inauguration began with King Willem II’s inauguration in 1840.

The regalia of the Netherlands; Credit – Wikipedia

The Regalia of the Netherlands, commissioned by King Willem II in 1840, a copy of the Dutch Constitution, and a copy of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands are placed on a table in the Nieuwe Kerk. The regalia symbolizes the monarch’s power and dignity but are never physically given to or worn by the monarch.

The Crown symbolizes the sovereignty of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the dignity of the head of state. Since Dutch monarchs are not crowned, they never actually wear the crown. The Scepter symbolizes the monarch’s authority and the Orb symbolizes the monarch’s territory. The Sword of State symbolizes the monarch’s power.

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The regalia and the chairs of state in place for the inauguration of King Willem-Alexander © Royal Archives, photo: Ben Grishaaver (Leiden University). https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/royal-house/investiture

The President of the Senate opens this public session of the Dutch legislature and then reads a message from the Prime Minister which gives the President of the Senate the political responsibility for the inauguration of the monarch.

The ministers and secretaries of state, the members of the Council of State, and the governors of Aruba, Curaçao, and Saint Martin are welcomed. Members of the Dutch royal family, led by the heir to the throne and the other children of the sovereign enter and take their seats.

King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima walking to the Nieuwe Kerk; Credit – Wikipedia

Meanwhile, the Dutch monarch and his/her spouse leave the adjacent Royal Palace, preceded by a military escort, and walk the short distance to the Nieuwe Kerk.

The interior of the Nieuwe Kerk as King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima make their way down the aisle

On arriving at the Nieuwe Kerk, the monarch is greeted by a parliamentary delegation of five members. During the ceremony, the monarch, wearing an ermine-lined heirloom mantle, and his/her spouse, are seated on chairs of state upon a raised dais, opposite the members of the legislature. Once the monarch is seated, Wilhelmus, the national anthem is sung. The Wilhelmus was written in honor of  Willem I (the Silent), Prince of Orange, known as the Vader des Vaderlands (Father of the Fatherland).

The singing of the Wilhelmus, the national anthem of the Netherlands

The monarch gives a speech before swearing the oath to uphold the constitution and protect the people of the Kingdom. While reciting the oath, the monarch often displays the Spreekgebaar (speaking gesture), a hand gesture used in Germanic Europe and neighboring countries, when swearing an oath. The right hand is raised, with the index finger and middle finger extended upwards; the last two digits are curled downwards against the palm. The thumb is slightly curled or raised.

King Willem-Alexander swearing the oath while raising his hand in the Spreekgebaar

The oath or affirmation: “I solemnly swear (affirm) to the people of the Kingdom that I shall constantly preserve and uphold the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Constitution. I swear (affirm) that I shall defend and preserve the independence and the territory of the Kingdom to the best of my ability, that I shall protect the freedom and rights of all Dutch citizens and residents, and that I shall employ all means placed at my disposal by the law to preserve and promote prosperity, as is incumbent upon a good and faithful Sovereign. So help me God! (This I solemnly affirm!)

Following the monarch’s oath, the President of the Senate makes a declaration on behalf of the assembled people: “We receive and invest, in the name of the people of the Kingdom and in accordance with the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Constitution, you as king/queen. We swear (promise) that we will maintain your inviolability and the rights of your Crown. We swear (promise) to do all that a good and faithful States General, States of Aruba, States of Curaçao, and States of St Maarten should do. So help us God! (This we promise!)

A member of the States General swears the declaration

Next, each member of the States General is called individually to stand and swear or affirm this declaration. They either swear with the Spreekgebaar like the new monarch and state, “So truly help me, God Almighty” or affirm with a simple “That, I promise.”

The President of the Senate declares the inauguration completed, followed by the senior King of Arms exclaiming that the monarch has been inaugurated and the President of the Senate then proclaiming, “Long live the King/Queen!” All assembled respond with three hurrahs. The heralds proceed outside the church to Dam Square where they announce to the public that the monarch has been inaugurated and proclaim “Long live the King/Queen!”

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Investiture. (2017). Royal-House.nl. https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/royal-house/investiture
  • Monarchy of the Netherlands. (2021). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands
  • Outline of Abdication and Investiture Programme 30 April. (2015). Royal-House.nl. https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/abdication-and-investiture/news/2013/2/12/outline-of-abdication-and-investiture-programme-30-april
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Inauguration of the Dutch monarch. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_the_Dutch_monarch
  • Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Inauguration of Willem-Alexander. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Willem-Alexander

Netherlands – Prinsjesdag (Prince’s Day) – Third Tuesday of September

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

King Willem-Alexander accompanied by Queen Máxima reads the Speech from the Throne, 2015; Credit – Wikipedia

On Prinsjesdag (Prince’s Day), the third Tuesday of September, the Sovereign King or Queen of the Netherlands addresses a joint session of the Dutch Senate and House of Representatives to give the Speech from the Throne, setting out the government policy for the new parliamentary session. The States General of the Netherlands, the legislature of the Netherlands, meets at the Binnenhof, a complex of government buildings in The Hague, Netherlands. Although Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands, The Hague is the seat of government.

The Binnenhof, a gothic castle built in the 13th century, was originally the residence of the Counts of Holland. The Speech from the Throne is given in the Ridderzaal (Hall of Knights), a large Gothic hall within the Binnenhof, which has stained glass windows depicting the coats of arms of Dutch towns and cities and a timber roof structure with the appearance of an upturned ship.

The throne of the of the Netherlands in the Ridderzaal; Credit – Wikipedia

The throne of the Netherlands, designed by Pierre Cuypers, a Dutch architect who designed the Amsterdam Central Station and the Rijksmuseum, is kept at the Ridderzaal.

History

Prince of Orange is a title originally associated with the sovereign Principality of Orange, in what is now southern France. Willem I (the Silent), Prince of Orange (reigned 1559 – 1584, assassinated) is the founder of the House of Orange-Nassau, and the ancestor of the Dutch monarchs. When Willem’s childless cousin René of Châlon, Prince of Orange died in 1544, he left the Principality of Orange to Willem. Over the years, the title Prince of Orange became prestigious in the Netherlands and throughout the Protestant world despite losing the territory that had originally gone with the title. The Princes of Orange were also Stadtholders of various Dutch provinces during the period of the Dutch Republic and gained much power.

After the defeat of Napoleon, Willem VI, Prince of Orange, urged on by the powers who met at the Congress of Vienna, proclaimed the Netherlands a monarchy on March 16, 1815. After Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo and his second exile, the Congress of Vienna formally confirmed Willem VI, Prince of Orange as the hereditary ruler, King Willem I, of what was known as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Today, the title Prince/Princess of Orange is held by the heir apparent of the Dutch monarch and the Dutch Royal Family are members of the House of Orange-Nassau.

Prinsjesdag originally celebrated the birthday of Willem V, Prince of Orange (reigned 1751 – 1806) and was celebrated on his birthday, March 8. After the establishment of the Netherlands as a kingdom, Prinsjesdag was the day on which the monarch delivered the speech from the throne in the presence of the Dutch legislature. The Constitution has always determined the date the Dutch legislature opens and the date has changed over the years. According to Article 65 of the Dutch Constitution, “every third Tuesday in September the King or a person on his behalf shall make a statement in a plenary session of the States General on the policy to be pursued by the Government.”

What Happens?

Prinsjesdag 1975 during the reign of Queen Juliana – Ridderzaal; Credit – Wikipedia

At 12:30 PM on Prinsjesdag, the members of the Senate and House of Representatives enter the Ridderzaal, taking seats directly in front of the throne and to the left and the right of the throne. The government ministers and state secretaries sit to the left on the throne and the members of the Council of State sit behind them. The ministers and state secretaries sit to the left of the throne. Behind them sit members of the Council of State, the government’s highest advisory body. They all sit in an area enclosed by wooden barriers symbolizing that the head of state (the monarch) is in conference with the Dutch legislature.

The High Councils of State, senior civil servants, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, senior members of the judiciary, the King’s/Queen’s Commissioner of South Holland, the mayor of The Hague, and guests sit outside the wooden barriers.

The Golden Coach on Prinsjesdag 2014, during the reign of King Willem-Alexander; By Minister-president Rutte from Nederland (+31) – Den Haag, dinsdag 16 september- prinsjesdag 2014, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35438337

At 1:00 PM, the Dutch monarch usually accompanied by members of the Dutch royal family, leaves Noordeinde Palace in The Hague and travels to the Binnenhof in the Golden Coach and sometimes Glass Coach.

King Willem-Alexander arriving at the Binnenhof in 2014; Credit – Wikipedia

When the Dutch monarch arrives at the Binnenhof, a band plays the Wilhelmus, the national anthem. The monarch and other royal family members salute the color of the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps, the oldest regiment in the Dutch armed forces, and enter the Ridderzaal.

Ushers appointed by the President of the Senate, from both houses of the legislature, receive the Dutch monarch and royal family members at the entrance to the Ridderzaal. The President of the Senate, who serves as President of the States General during a joint session, announces the monarch’s arrival, and all those present stand. The Dutch monarch proceeds to the throne and delivers the Speech from the Throne written by the Prime Minister and the cabinet, announcing the plans for the new parliamentary year.

After the Speech from the Throne is delivered, the President of the Senate proclaims “Leve de koning!” (“Long live the King!”) or “Leve de koningin!” (“Long live the Queen!”). All present answer with “Hoera! Hoera! Hoera!” (in English Hooray! Hooray! Horray!). The ushers escort the Dutch monarch and the royal family members out of the chamber.

Balcony Scene from 2008 during the reign of Queen Beatrix – Left to Right: Pieter van Vollenhoven, Princess Margriet, Queen Beatrix, King Willem-Alexander, then Prince of Orange, Queen Máxima, then Princess Máxima, Princess Laurentien, and Prince Constantijn

The Dutch monarch and members of the royal family return to Noordeinde Palace. At 2:00 PM, members of the royal family appear on the palace balcony to the cheers of the crowds.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Bijdragers aan Wikimedia-projecten. (2003). Dag waarop de troonrede wordt uitgesproken. Wikipedia.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsjesdag
  • Kingdom of the Netherlands Index. (2014). Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/current-monarchies-article-index/dutch-royals-index/
  • ‌Prinsjesdag. (2022). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsjesdag
  • Ridderzaal. (2024). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridderzaal

Dutch Royal Regalia

by Scott Mehl
© Unofficial Royalty 2023

The Crown of the Netherlands. source: Wikipedia

The Dutch Royal Regalia consists of five items:

  • The Crown of the Netherlands
  • The Sceptre
  • The Orb
  • The Sword of State
  • The Gonfalon (Banner) of State

Unlike several of the other European monarchies, the Dutch monarchs are not – and never have been – crowned. Upon ascending the throne, the Monarch is inaugurated in a special session of the States General of the Netherlands, held at the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam. The new King or Queen takes an oath of office in which he/she swears to uphold the Charter and the Constitution of the Netherlands. Although there is no actual crowning, the Regalia is all used in the ceremony. The Crown, Sceptre and Orb are displayed on a credence table situated in front of the new Monarch, along with the Charter and the Constitution. The Sword of State and Gonfalon of State are used in the procession into the Nieuwe Kerk, and are held on the dais on either side of the Monarch during the ceremony..

Embed from Getty Images

The current regalia was commissioned by King Willem II in 1840, replacing an earlier set, made of silver, that had been commissioned by King Willem I in 1815.

The Crown of the Netherlands
The Crown of the Netherlands symbolizes the sovereignty of the Netherlands, as well as the dignity of the Monarch as Head of State. It is made of gilded silver, with eight arches, supporting a monde and cross at the top. The crown is adorned with colored stones and pearls.

The Sceptre and The Orb
The Sceptre symbolizes the Sovereign’s authority, while the Orb symbolizes the Sovereign’s territories.

The Sword of State
The Sword of State symbolizes the Sovereign’s power.

The Gonfalon of State
The Gonfalon of State is a banner made of white moiré silk, hung from a gilded wooden spear. The banner is painted with the Coat of Arms of the Netherlands, as decreed in 1815. (The arms have changed since then, but the Gonfalon retains the original arms from 1815).

Embed from Getty Images
The Crown, Sceptre and Orb displayed at the Inauguration of King Willem-Alexander, April 2013. The Gonfalon of State can be seen to the left of the dais.

Ancestors of Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange

compiled by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2023

Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange; Credit – By Ian Jones – Buckingham Palace reception, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=132803882 (2023)

Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange, the eldest of the three daughters of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, is the heir apparent to the Dutch throne. As the heir apparent, she is titled The Princess of Orange. The Netherlands changed its succession law in 1983 to absolute primogeniture where the succession passes to the eldest child of the sovereign regardless of gender. Males and females have equal succession rights.

Catharina-Amalia is a descendant of the monarchs of the Netherlands and before the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, the Princes of Orange. However, a good portion of her ancestors were members of the German untitled and titled nobility. Her paternal grandfather Claus von Amsberg was a member of the Amsberg noble family which belonged to the untitled nobility of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

Through her great-great-grandfather, Duke Heinrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, son of Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Catharina-Amalia is a descendant of reigning Dukes and Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Among the last six generations of Catharina-Amalia’s ancestry, there were no marriages with current monarchies. However, there are marriages with members of the former royal monarchies of the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire, the Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont.

Catharina-Amalia’s mother Queen Máxima was born Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Máxima has Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian ancestry. Via her father, she also has Basque ancestry. Around 1790, her ancestor José Antonio Zorreguieta y Oyarzábal Gamboa y Sagastume, migrated to Argentina from Basque country, located in the western Pyrenees, straddling the border between France and Spain on the coast of the Bay of Biscay. Máxima’s maternal great-grandparents Oreste Stefanini and Tullia Borella migrated to Argentina from Italy in 1900.

Parents, Grandparents, Great-Grandparents, Great-Great-Grandparents, and Great-Great-Great-Grandparents of Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange (born December 7, 2003 )

The links below are from Unofficial Royalty,  Wikipedia, Leo’s Genealogics Website, The Peerage, or Geni.

Parents

King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands and Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti, parents; Credit – By Quirinale.it, Attribution, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=133267418

Grandparents

Claus von Amsberg and Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, paternal grandparents

Great-Great-Grandparents

Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld and Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, great-grandparents; Credit – Wikipedia

Great-Great-Grandparents

Duke Heinrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, great-great-grandparents; Credit – Wikipedia

Great-Great-Great-Grandparents

King Willem III of the Netherlands and Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, great-great-great-grandparents; Credit – Wikipedia

Sources:

Sophia Friederike of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Hereditary Princess of Denmark and Norway

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2023

Sophia Friederike of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Hereditary Princess of Denmark and Norway; Credit – Wikipedia

Sophia Friederike of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Hereditary Princess of Denmark and Norway, the mother of King Christian VIII of Denmark, was born on August 24, 1758, in Schwerin, Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, now in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. She was the second of the two children and the only daughter of Ludwig, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Sophia Friederike’s paternal grandparents were Christian Ludwig II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Duchess Gustave Caroline of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Her maternal grandparents were Franz Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

Sophie Friederike with her brother Friedrich Franz, 1764; Credit – Wikipedia

Sophia Friederike had one older brother:

Hereditary Prince Frederik of Denmark and Norway; Credit – Wikipedia

On October 21, 1774, 16-year-old Sophia Friederike married 21-year-old Hereditary Prince Frederik of Denmark and Norway, the only child of King Frederik V of Denmark and Norway and his second wife Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. When Sophia Friederike first met Frederik, she was disappointed by his less favorable appearance. She had difficulty settling at the Danish court and repeatedly complained of its dullness. Although the couple eventually became fond of each other, they both had lovers, and the father of Sophia Friederike’s children was rumored to be her husband’s adjutant Frederik von Blücher (link in Danish).

Sophia Friederike and Frederik with their three eldest surviving children Christian, Juliane, and Louise; Credit – Wikipedia

Sophia Friederike and Frederik had two stillborn daughters before the birth of their five children. Through their daughter Louise Charlotte, they are the ancestors of the Belgian, British, Danish, Luxembourg, Norwegian, and Spanish royal families and the former royal families of Greece and Romania.

Frederik’s elder half-brother King Christian VII of Denmark; Credit – Wikipedia

At the time of the marriage, Frederik’s elder half-brother Christian VII, the son of King Frederik V of Denmark and Norway and his first wife, Princess Louisa of Great Britain, was King of Denmark and Norway. Soon after Christian VII’s succession, it became clear that he was not quite normal. It is unknown if Christian’s mental illness was caused by the brutal childhood treatment of his governor Christian Ditlev Reventlow, Count of Reventlow, possible porphyria inherited from his Hanover mother, or schizophrenia. Christian’s symptoms included paranoia, self-mutilation, and hallucinations. It was becoming clearer and clearer that Christian could not fulfill his role as king. Eventually, as a result of King Christian VII’s mental illness, Sophia Friederike’s husband Frederik and his mother Queen Dowager Juliana Maria became involved in major political manipulations. Their actions, of course, would affect Sophia Friederike and her status in the Danish royal family.

Sophia Friederike’s mother-in-law Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Queen Dowager of Denmark and Norway; Credit – Wikipedia

On a trip arranged for Christian because it was believed that new environments could change King Christian VII’s behavior, Christian became acquainted with the physician Johann Friedrich Struensee. Struensee was the first person who understood that Christian was seriously ill. When Christian came home from the trip, Struensee accompanied him and was employed as Christian’s personal physician. Because of Christian’s confidence in him, Struensee gained political power. He also became the lover of Christian VII’s ill-treated wife, born Princess Caroline Matilda of Wales, whose marriage was less than satisfactory. When Caroline Matilda gave birth to her daughter Louise, no one doubted that Struensee was Louise’s father. In 1772, Frederik’s mother, Queen Dowager Juliana Maria, maneuvered a coup that would bring about the fall of Struensee and discredit Caroline Matilda. Juliana Maria arranged for King Christian VII to sign Struensee’s arrest warrant after Struensee had been in the king’s name. Struensee was executed and Caroline Matilda was exiled for the rest of her life.

After the fall of Struensee, Frederik and his mother Juliana Maria took charge of the Council of State. Christian VII was only nominally king from 1772 onward. Crown Prince Frederik (the future King Frederik VI), King Christian VII’s son, had no intention of allowing his uncle Frederik and his stepgrandmother Juliana Maria to continue their rule. In 1784, Crown Prince Frederik reached the age of legal majority and then ruled permanently as Prince Regent. He somehow managed to get his insane father to sign an order dismissing the supporters of his Frederik and Juliana Maria’s supporters from the Council of State and declaring that no royal order was legal unless co-signed by the Crown Prince, thereby deposing Frederik and Juliana Maria. After losing power, Frederik’s political career ended, his family’s status in the Danish royal family was greatly diminished, and he and Sophia Friederike lived as private people for the rest of their lives.

Roskilde Cathedral; Photo © Susan Flantzer

On November 29, 1794, Sophia Friederike, aged thirty-six, died at Sorgenfri Palace in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, north of Copenhagen. She was buried at Roskilde Cathedral in Roskilde, Denmark, the traditional burial site of the Danish royal family. Hereditary Prince Frederik survived his wife by eleven years, dying at Amalienborg in Copenhagen, Denmark on December 7, 1805, at the age of 52. He also was buried at Roskilde Cathedral. Because King Frederick VI, Frederik’s nephew, the son of his half-brother King Christian VII, had two daughters but no sons, upon his death in 1839, he was succeeded by the son of Sophia Friederike and Frederik, King Christian VIII.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Da.wikipedia.org. (2018). Arveprins Frederik. [online] Available at: https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arveprins_Frederik [Accessed 01 Jun. 2023].
  • Da.wikipedia.org. (2018). Sophie Frederikke af Mecklenburg-Schwerin. [online] Available at: https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Frederikke_af_Mecklenburg-Schwerin [Accessed 01 Jun. 2023].
  • En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Sophia_Frederica_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin [Accessed 01 Jun. 2023].
  • En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Denmark [Accessed 1 Jun. 2023].
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2019) Frederik, Hereditary Prince of Denmark and Norway, Unofficial Royalty. Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/frederik-hereditary-prince-of-denmark/ (Accessed: 01 June 2023).
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2017). Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Queen of Denmark. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/juliana-maria-of-brunswick-wolfenbuttel-bevern-queen-of-denmark/ [Accessed 01 Jun. 2023].
  • Ludwig, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (2023) Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Accessed: 01 June 2023).

Nieuwe Kerk (New Church) in Delft, the Netherlands

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

The Nieuwe Kerk in Delft; Credit – Door Natuur12 – Eigen werk, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28304742

Since the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, all Dutch monarchs and consorts have been buried at the Nieuwe Kerk (The New Church) in Delft, located in South Holland (Zuid-Holland), the Netherlands. In addition to the monarchs of the Netherlands and their consorts, most Princes of Orange after Willem I (the Silent) and their consorts were also buried at the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft.

The Nieuwe Kerk in Delft was built in the 14th and 15th centuries and was originally a Roman Catholic Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary and Saint Ursula of Cologne. In 1572, during the Reformation, the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft was taken over by the Dutch Reformed Church. Today the Dutch royal family are members of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. It was formed in 2004 by the merger of the Dutch Reformed Church, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Netherlands. While the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft is open for visitors, the royal burial vaults of the House of Orange-Nassau are private and not open to the public and there are no photos of the tombs. The church has services every Sunday for members of the Protestant Church of the Netherlands in Delft.

The Nieuwe Kerk in Delft circa 1742 – 1801; Credit – Wikipedia

This church was the second church in Delft after the Oude Kerk (Old Church) and was therefore called the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church). The first Nieuwe Kerk was a temporary wooden church, constructed from 1381 – 1382 and consecrated on July 6, 1382. Two years later, the construction of a Gothic stone basilica around the wooden church started. On August 11, 1384, the foundation stone for the choir of the basilica was laid on the east side of the wooden church. After the completion of the interior, the wooden church was dismantled. The foundation stone of the tower was laid on September 6, 1396, by four city councilors of the city. On September 6, 1496, exactly 100 years after the start of construction, the tower was finished.

On May 3, 1536, a fire in Delft, probably caused by a lightning strike to the Nieuwe Kerk tower, caused hundreds of buildings to burn including the entire city archives resulting in the loss of recorded information from before 1536. The tower of the church was rebuilt.

View of Delft after the 1654 Delft Thunderclap by Egbert van der Poel, The Nieuwe Kerk can be seen on the left; Credit – Wikipedia

On October 12, 1654, the Delft Thunderclap (link in German) disaster took place. A gunpowder storage facility located in the northeast center of Delft exploded. The exact number of people who died in the disaster has never been established. Nearly every building in the city center was damaged and buildings further away, such as the Nieuwe Kerk, also suffered damage. All the stained glass windows in the Nieuwe Kerk were blown out. In 1872, the Nieuwe Kerk tower was damaged again after a lightning strike. The Dutch architect Pierre Cuypers designed a new tower using the strong Bentheimer sandstone.

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Burial Church of the Dutch Royal Family

A drawing made by a French journalist who entered the crypts in 1890 just before King Willem III was interred; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1584, Willem I (the Silent) Prince of Orange was assassinated at the Prinsenhof in Delft. He had planned to be buried at the Grote Kerk (Great Church) in Breda, where members of the Nassau-Dillenburg family, ancestors to the Dutch Royal Family, the House of Orange-Nassau, were traditionally buried, but Breda was under Spanish control. Instead, his remains were placed in a cloth-covered coffin in the choir of the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft.

It was not until 1609 that the States-General decided to build a tomb for Willem the Silent, considered the Vader des Vaderlands (Father of the Fatherland). Willem is the founder of the House of Orange-Nassau, the ancestor of the Dutch monarchs, the ancestor of British monarchs from King George I forward, and the ancestor of other European royal families. However, work on the tomb never began and in 1614, Willem the Silent’s fourth wife and widow Louise de Coligny insisted that a suitable tomb be built.

Tomb of Willem the Silent; Photo Credit – Door Zairon – Eigen werk, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56280054

Hendrick de Keyser, a Dutch sculptor and architect, was commissioned to build the tomb. After his death, his son Pieter de Keyser, also a sculptor and an architect, completed the tomb in 1623. A crypt was constructed under the tomb with an entrance behind the tomb. The remains of Willem I (the Silent) were moved to the crypt at an unknown date. The crypt is sealed by a large stone cover with four brass rings commissioned by Queen Wilhelmina in 1925. On the stone cover is this inscription in Latin:  “Here Willem I, the Father of the Fatherland, expects the resurrection.”  The crypt became the burial site for subsequent Princes of Orange and their families and later for the monarchs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and their families. The original crypt, called the Old Crypt, was expanded in 1625 and 1752. In 1822, an additional crypt called the New Crypt was constructed.

The access to the royal crypt in the foreground and the cenotaph for William the Silent in the background and ; Credit – By Sander van der Wel from Netherlands – Royal grave tomb and the grave of Willem van Oranje, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28146859

Members of the House of Orange-Nassau visited and probably still visit the crypts but they have never been open to the public out of respect for the privacy of the royal family and because they are not suitable for public visits. The mayor of Delft is the commissioner of the royal vaults. He inspects the crypts once a year and ensures that the royal family can always visit them. The mayor opens the crypts in the presence of two members of the Dutch security service and two military police. Only sworn personnel may carry out work in the crypts. The large stone cover is only removed for burials of members of the Dutch royal family. For all other purposes, a small service entrance next to Willem the Silent’s tomb is used.

The only information about what the crypts look like comes from two drawings. In 1890, a drawing was made by a French journalist who entered the crypts just before King Willem III was interred.  In the same year, Victor Eugène Louis de Stuers, a Dutch art historian, lawyer, civil servant, and politician, made a pencil drawing of the Old Crypt.

Victor Eugène Louis de Stuers’ drawing of the Old Crypt with the body-like lead sarcophagus of Louise de Coligny on the bottom right and Willem I, Prince of Orange’s coffin on the bottom left; Credit – Wikipedia

On April 20, 2021, it was announced that the royal vault in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft would be refurbished and expanded. From Royal House of the Netherlands: Expansion crypt Nieuwe Kerk Delft: “With the burials of Prince Claus (2002) and Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard (2004), the maximum capacity of the burial vault of the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft has almost been reached. The expansion of the royal vault means that a new cellar will be built in the south ambulatory of the church. The crypt will be connected to the existing vestibule (dating from 1925) of the current royal crypt. In addition, the crypt will have a new secondary entrance on the outside of the church, creating direct access to the crypt. In the extension of the burial vault, space will be created for more than twenty burials.”

In the diagram below, the Old Crypt is labeled with the years 1623, 1625, and 1752. The New Crypt is labeled with the year 1822 and the newest crypt is labeled with the year 2022. The area labeled with the year 1925 is a vestibule.

Floor plan of the current royal burial vault in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft, along with the new expansion of the burial vault to be built in 2022; Credit – Royal House of the Netherlands: Expansion crypt Nieuwe Kerk

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Burials at the Nieuwe Kerk, Delft

Queen Juliana and her husband Prince Bernhard and other members of the Dutch royal family watch as Queen Wilhelmina’s coffin is taken to the royal crypts in 1962; Credit – Wikipedia

Most funerals of those buried at the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft had funerals at the church.

Buried in the Old Crypt:

  • Willem I, Prince of Orange (Willem the Silent) (1533 – 1584)
  • Louise de Coligny, fourth wife of Willem I, Prince of Orange (1555 – 1620)
  • Maurits, Prince of Orange (1567 – 1625)
  • Princess Henriëtte Amalia, daughter of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange (born and died 1628)
  • Princess Elisabeth of Orange-Nassau, daughter of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange born and died 1630)
  • Prince Hendrik Lodewijk, son of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange (born and died 1639)
  • Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange (1584 – 1647)
  • Princess Isabella Charlotte of Orange-Nassau, daughter of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange (1632 – 1642)
  • Princess Catharina Belgica of Orange-Nassau, daughter of Willem I, Prince of Orange, wife of the Count of Hanau-Münzenberg  (1578 – 1648)
  • Amalia of Solms-Braunfels, wife of Frederik Hendrik,Prince of Orange (1602 – 1675)

Buried in the New Crypt:

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • An Ard Rí and Flantzer, Susan, 2012. Dutch Royal Burial Sites. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/nieuwe-kerk-new-church-in-delft-the-netherlands/> [Accessed 4 October 2021].
  • De.wikipedia.org. 2021. Nieuwe Kerk (Delft) – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)> [Accessed 4 October 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Nieuwe Kerk (Delft) – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)> [Accessed 4 October 2021].
  • Koninklijkhuis.nl. 2021. Uitbreiding grafkelder Nieuwe Kerk Delft. [online] Available at: <https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/overlijden/nieuwe-kerk-delft/uitbreiding-grafkelder> [Accessed 4 October 2021].
  • Nl.wikipedia.org. 2021. Delftse donderslag – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delftse_donderslag> [Accessed 4 October 2021].
  • Nl.wikipedia.org. 2021. Grafkelder van Oranje-Nassau – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafkelder_van_Oranje-Nassau> [Accessed 4 October 2021].
  • Nl.wikipedia.org. 2021. Nieuwe Kerk (Delft) – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)> [Accessed 4 October 2021].
  • Oude en Nieuwe Kerk Delft. 2021. Royal crypts. [online] Available at: <https://oudeennieuwekerkdelft.nl/en/new-church/royal-family/royal-crypts> [Accessed 4 October 2021].

Nieuwe Kerk (New Church) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Nieuwe Kerk on the Dam Square in Amsterdam. The Royal Palace is on the left; Photo – © Susan Flantzer

The Nieuwe Kerk (New Church) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, which this writer has visited, is located on the Dam Square next to the Royal Palace of Amsterdam. Originally a Roman Catholic Church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and later to St. Catherine of Sweden, the church became a Dutch Reformed Church after the Protestant Reformation. The current Dutch royal family belongs to the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. It was formed in 2004 by the merger of the Dutch Reformed Church, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Netherlands.

The Nieuwe Kerk is no longer used for church services and has been converted into a cultural center. Since 1980, the Nationale Stichting De Nieuwe Kerk (National Foundation of the Nieuwe Kerk) has organized the exhibtions and concerts held in the church. However, the Nieuwe Kerk is used for the inauguration of the Dutch monarch according to Article 32 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands which states, the Dutch monarch “shall be sworn in and inaugurated as soon as possible in the capital city, Amsterdam, at a public and a joint session of the two Houses of the States-General.” In addition, the religious wedding of the future King Willem-Alexander and Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti was held at the Nieuwe Kerk in 2002.

The Oude Kerk (Old Church) was becoming too small for the growing population of Amsterdam. Frederik van Blankenheim, Bishop of Utrecht gave permission for a second church to be constructed. Willem Eggert, a nobleman, banker, and alderman of Amsterdam, donated the orchard near his house for the church site and was the builder and financier of the church. Upon his death in 1417, Willem Eggert was buried in the Eggert Chapel at the Nieuwe Kerk. The Nieuwe Kerk was constructed between 1380 and 1408, and the church was consecrated in 1409.

The Nieuwe Kerk on fire in 1645; Credit – Wikipedia

Fires in 1421 and 1452 caused minor damage, however, there was a major fire on January 11, 1645. Due to the carelessness of workers, the roof caught on fire and a strong northeastern wind allowed the fire to quickly spread. The roof came crashing down, burning almost everything in the church. The interior of the church dates for the most part from after the fire of 1645. Although the time of Gothic architecture was over by then, the Gothic style was used for the restoration.

The church has undergone several restorations since the 1645 fire restoration. From 1892 – 1912, neo-Gothic elements were added to restore the church to its state before the 1645 fire. Between 1959 – 1980, modern conveniences such as lighting and heating were added and/or improved.

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The Inauguration of the Dutch Monarch

The Nieuwe Kerk during the inauguration of King Willem-Alexander in 2013

After the defeat of Napoleon, Willem VI, Prince of Orange, urged on by the powers who met at the Congress of Vienna, proclaimed the Netherlands a monarchy on March 16, 1815. After Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo and his second exile, the Congress of Vienna formally confirmed Willem as the hereditary ruler, King Willem I, of what was known as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Today, the title Prince/Princess of Orange is held by the heir apparent of the Dutch monarch and the Dutch Royal Family are members of the House of Orange-Nassau.

Upon his or her accession to the throne, the new Dutch monarch participates in an inauguration ceremony as required by the constitution at a joint session of the two houses of the States-General of the Netherlands at the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam. The inauguration is strictly ceremonial as the successor to the throne instantly becomes the new monarch at the moment the former monarch dies or abdicates. A monarch must be eighteen years old to participate in an inauguration.

The Regalia of the Netherlands and the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

The Regalia of the Netherlands and the constitution are placed on a table. The crown symbolizes the monarch’s sovereignty and dignity, the royal scepter symbolizes the monarch’s authority, the orb symbolizes the dominions upon which he reigns, and the constitution symbolizes the constitutional monarchy. The regalia are never physically given to or worn by the monarch. The monarch, wearing a royal mantle, sits on a chair of state opposite members of the States-General and the regalia. The monarch gives an address before taking the oath to uphold the constitution and protect the people of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

King Willem-Alexander taking the oath

The oath: I swear (promise) to the people of the Kingdom that I shall constantly preserve and uphold the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Constitution. I swear (promise) that I shall defend and preserve the independence and the territory of the Kingdom to the best of my ability, that I shall protect the freedom and rights of all Dutch citizens and residents, and that I shall employ all means placed at my disposal by the law to preserve and promote prosperity, as a good king should do. So help me God! (This I promise!)

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September 21, 1815 – Inauguration of King Willem I; Credit – Wikipedia

Unofficial Royalty: King Willem I of the Netherlands

November 28, 1840 – Inauguration of King Willem II; Credit – Wikipedia

Unofficial Royalty: King Willem II of the Netherlands

May 12, 1849 – Inauguration of King Willem III; Credit – Wikipedia

Unofficial Royalty: King Willem III of the Netherlands

September 6, 1891 – Inauguration of Queen Wilhelmina; Credit – Wikipedia

Unofficial Royalty: Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

September 6, 1948 – Inauguration of Queen Juliana; Credit – Wikipedia

Unofficial Royalty: Queen Juliana of the Netherlands

April 30, 1980 – Inauguration of Queen Beatrix; Credit – Wikipedia

Unofficial Royalty: Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands

April 30, 2013 – Inauguration of King Willem-Alexander; Credit – Wikipedia

Unofficial Royalty: King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands

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Wedding of the future King Willem-Alexander and Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti

Willem-Alexander and Maxima leaving the Nieuwe Kerk after their marriage

On February 2, 2002, King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, then The Prince of Orange and heir to the Dutch throne, married Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti in a civil ceremony at the Beurs van Berlage in Amsterdam, followed by a religious ceremony at Amsterdam’s Nieuwe Kerk. Approximately 1700 guests attended the religious service.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • De Nieuwe kerk Amsterdam. 2021. De Nieuwe Kerk – Amsterdam. [online] Available at: <https://www.nieuwekerk.nl/en/> [Accessed 2 October 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Inauguration of the Dutch monarch – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_the_Dutch_monarch> [Accessed 2 October 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Inauguration of Willem-Alexander – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Willem-Alexander> [Accessed 2 October 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Nieuwe Kerk, Amsterdam – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk,_Amsterdam> [Accessed 2 October 2021].
  • Flantzer, Susan, 2017. Wedding of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands and Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/wedding-of-king-willem-alexander-and-maxima-zorreguieta-cerruti/> [Accessed 2 October 2021].
  • Nl.wikipedia.org. 2021. Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam) – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Amsterdam)> [Accessed 2 October 2021].

The Grote Kerk (The Great Church) in The Hague, the Netherlands

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Grote Kerk/Great Church; Credit – By Ralf Roletschek (talk) – Fahrradtechnik auf fahrradmonteur.de – https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10439163

The Grote Kerk or Sint-Jacobskerk (Great Church or St. James’ Church) is one of the oldest buildings in The Hague, the Netherlands. While Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands, The Hague is the administrative and royal capital of the Netherlands and its seat of government. Originally a Roman Catholic Church dedicated to Saint James the Greater, one of the Twelve Apostles, the church became a Dutch Reformed Church after the Protestant Reformation. The current Dutch royal family belongs to the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. It was formed in 2004 by the merger of the Dutch Reformed Church, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Netherlands. The Grote Kerk has not been used for weekly services since 1982. It is owned by the City of The Hague and is mainly used for cultural events, such as concerts, fairs, and exhibitions. However, the House of Orange-Nassau, the Dutch royal family, has used and still uses the Grote Kerk for christenings and weddings.

Interior of the Grote Kerk; Credit- By Zairon – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55374431

The Grote Kerk was founded in the late 13th century and the very first church was probably a wooden church. The present church was built in stages between the 14th and 16th centuries. Sources from 1337 refer to a “great church” which typically meant a brick structure. From 1420 – 1424, the 304 foot/92.5-meter high tower was built. The original brick church was built as a cruciform church with a nave and two side aisles. From 1434 – 1455, the width of the two side aisles was widened and the height of the aisles was raised to the roof level resulting in the loss of the cross shape. The resulting style was called a hall church.

Nave of the Grote Kerk; Credit – By Zairon – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55374430

In 1539, lightning struck the church tower causing damage to the tower and the church. Lotteries and collections raised money for repairs. The stained glass windows were also destroyed. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (also Archduke of Austria, King of Spain, and Lord of the Netherlands), the Bishop of Utrecht, and some city councils donated new stained glass windows. At least fourteen church windows received new stained glass windows in the 16th century but only two have survived: the Annunciation Window (1541) and the Emperor Charles Window (1547). The rest were replaced by unpainted stained glass windows.

Emperor Charles Window; Credit – Wikipedia

Speech from the Throne 2020 and 2021

King Willem-Alexander accompanied by Queen Maxima acknowledges the audience after the Speech from the Throne in the Grote Kerk on September 21, 2021

The third Tuesday of September is called Prinsjesdag (Prince’s Day, also called Budget Day) in the Netherlands. The monarch, as head of state, delivers the Speech from the Throne to a joint session of the legislature, States-General of the Netherlands. In the speech, the government indicates in general terms what government policy will be for the coming year. The Speech from the Throne has been delivered from the Ridderzaal (Knights Hall), a medieval reception hall in the Binnenhof in The Hague, the 13th-century Gothic castle originally used as the residence of the Counts of Holland. Today, the Binnenhof is a complex of buildings in The Hague that houses both houses of the States-General of the Netherlands, the Ministry of General Affairs, and the office of the Prime Minister of the Netherlands.

In 2020, it was decided that King Willem Alexander would deliver the Speech from the Throne that year in the Grote Kerk. The Ridderzaal could not offer enough space to keep an appropriate distance in accordance with Covid-19 measures. For the same reason, the Speech from the Throne in 2021 was also delivered in the Grote Kerk.

Royal Christenings

The christening of Princess Catharina-Amalia, now the Princess of Orange, who is being held by her mother, now Queen Maxima, as her father, now King Willem-Alexander, looks on

  • July 1, 1626 – Willem II, Prince of Orange, son of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange
  • December 16, 1627 – Princess Louise Henriëtte, daughter of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange
  • November 23, 1628 – Princess Henriëtte Amalia of Nassau, daughter of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange
  • May 20, 1632 – Princess Isabella Charlotte of Nassau, daughter of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange
  • June 8, 1634 – Princess Albertine Agnes of Nassau, daughter of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange
  • March 29, 1637 – Princess Henriëtte Catharina of Nassau, daughter of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange
  • October 26, 1642 – Princess Maria of Nassau, daughter of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange
  • January 15, 1651 – Willem III, Prince of Orange (later also King William III of England), son of Willem II, Prince of Orange and Mary, Princess Royal (eldest daughter of King Charles I of England)
  • February 8, 1689 – Princess Maria Amalia of Nassau-Dietz, daughter of Prince Henry Casimir II of Nassau-Dietz, great-granddaughter of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange
  • April 11, 1748 – Willem V, Prince of Orange, son of Willem IV, Prince of Orange
  • January 13, 1761 – Hereditary Prince Georg Wilhelm of Nassau-Weilburg, son of Karl Christian, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg, grandson of Willem IV, Prince of Orange
  • December 20, 1761 – Hereditary Prince Ludwig of Nassau-Weilburg, son of Karl Christian, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg, grandson of Willem IV, Prince of Orange
  • February 8, 1764 – Princess Maria of Nassau-Weilburg, daughter of Karl Christian, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg, granddaughter of Willem IV, Prince of Orange
  • October 2, 1765 – Princess Luise of Nassau-Weilburg, daughter of Karl Christian, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg, granddaughter of Willem IV, Prince of Orange
  • October 30, 1768 – Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg, son of Karl Christian, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg, grandson of Willem IV, Prince of Orange
  • December 19, 1770 – Princess Louise of Orange-Nassau, daughter of Willem V, Prince of Orange
  • September 17, 1772 – King Willem I of the Netherlands, son of Willem V, Prince of Orange
  • March 3, 1774 – Prince Frederik of Orange-Nassau, son of Willem V, Prince of Orange
  • December 28, 1792 – King Willem II of the Netherlands, son of King Willem I of the
  • Netherlands
  • August 24, 1818 – Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, son of King Willem II of the Netherlands
  • May 4, 1824 – Princess Sophie of the Netherlands, daughter of King Willem II of the Netherlands
  • August 18, 1828 – Princess Louise of the Netherlands, daughter of Prince Frederik of the Netherlands, granddaughter of King Willem I of the Netherlands
  • August 12, 1841 – Princess Marie of the Netherlands, daughter of Prince Frederik of the Netherlands, granddaughter of King Willem I of the Netherlands
  • May 12, 1938 – Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, daughter of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands
  • September 2, 1967 – King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, son of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands
  • June 12, 2004 – Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange, daughter of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands

Royal Weddings

Wedding of Queen Wilhelmina and Duke Hendrik of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in the Great Church in The Hague on February 7, 1901. To the left of the bride her mother Queen Emma and Hendrik’s cousin, Grand Duke Frederik Franz IV of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. To the right of the groom is his mother Marie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Credit – Wikipedia

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Grote or Sint-Jacobskerk (The Hague) – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_or_Sint-Jacobskerk_(The_Hague)> [Accessed 1 October 2021].
  • Grote-kerk.nl. 2021. Grote Kerk Den Haag. [online] Available at: <https://www.grote-kerk.nl/> [Accessed 1 October 2021].
  • Nl.wikipedia.org. 2021. Grote of Sint-Jacobskerk (Den Haag) – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Jacobskerk_(Den_Haag)> [Accessed 1 October 2021].

Louise de Coligny, Princess of Orange, 4th wife of Willem I (the Silent), Prince of Orange

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2018

Louise de Coligny, Princess of Orange; Credit – Wikipedia

On April 12, 1583, Willem I, Prince of Orange (the Silent) married his fourth wife French Huguenot Louise de Coligny, daughter of Gaspard II de Coligny and Charlotte de Laval. Born at Châtillon-sur-Loing, France on September 23, 1555, Louise was the eldest of three siblings.

Louise had two younger brothers:

Louise’s father was a French nobleman and admiral but is best remembered as a leader of the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants). At the age of 15, Louise married Charles de Teligny who was 20 years older. Both Charles and Louise’s father were killed during the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572 when thousands of Huguenots were murdered. After her husband and father were killed, Louise fled to Switzerland. She returned to France in 1576 after the Edict of Beaulieu, which gave Huguenots the right of public worship, and lived on the estates of her deceased husband. Louise appeared once at the French court to reclaim the titles and property of her father.

Willem and Louise had one son:

On July 10, 1584, a little more than six months after the birth of her son, Louise was widowed for the second time when Willem I, Prince of Orange was assassinated.

Louise then raised both her son and Willem’s six daughters from his third marriage to Charlotte de Bourbon-Monpensier. She remained an advocate of Protestantism all her life. Due to her excellent connections with Protestant families and her continuing friendship with King Henri IV of France, Louise played a significant role in the political life of France and the Netherlands. She lived in Delft until one year before her death when she went to the court of Marie de’ Medici, Queen Dowager of France, at the Château de Fontainebleau. Louise, aged 65, died on November 9, 1620, at the Château de Fontainebleau and was buried with her husband Willem I, Prince of Orange in the Old Crypt of the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft.

The Old Crypt with the coffin of Willem I on the bottom, the body-like coffin of Willem I’s fourth wife Louise de Coligny on the bottom right, the coffin of Maurits on the top left and the coffin of Frederik Hendrik on the top right; Credit – Wikipedia

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.