Category Archives: Swedish Royals

Karl IX, King of Sweden

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Karl IX, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Karl IX, King of Sweden was the youngest of the ten children and the fifth of the five sons of Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden and his second wife Margareta Leijonhufvud. Two of Karl’s elder brothers died in infancy, one was mentally disabled, and the eldest brother Johan III, King of Sweden succeeded his deposed half-brother Eric XIV. Karl was born on October 4, 1550, at Tre Kronor Castle in Stockholm, Sweden, on the site of the current Royal Palace of Stockholm. His mother’s constant pregnancies took a toll on her health and she died from pneumonia before Karl’s first birthday.

Karl had nine older siblings:

Karl had one elder half-sibling from his father’s first marriage to Katharina of Saxe-Lauenburg:

  • Eric XIV, King of Sweden (1533 – 1577), married Karin Månsdotter, his mistress, had two children before marriage and two children after marriage, Erik reigned for nine years until he was deposed by Karl’s eldest brother Johan III, King of Sweden.

Karl with his first wife Maria and second wife Christina, 1598 by Hieronymus Nützel; Credit – Wikipedia

Karl was not expected to become King of Sweden and was created Duke of Södermanland. In 1578, eighteen-year-old Karl visited Heidelberg in the Electorate of Palatinate, now in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, and proposed to fifteen-year-old Maria of Palatinate-Simmern, daughter of Ludwig VI, Elector Palatine and Elisabeth of Hesse. Karl decided to marry Maria because they were both devout Lutherans. Karl and Maria married on May 11, 1579, in Heidelberg. On July 29, 1589, Maria died after a long illness, aged 28, at Eskilstuna Castle in Eskilstuna, Södermanland, Sweden. She was buried at Strängnäs Cathedral in Strängnäs, Södermanland, Sweden.

Karl and Maria had six children but only one survived childhood:

Karl’s second wife Christina of Holstein-Gottorp; Credit – Wikipedia

On August 27, 1592, at Nyköping Castle in Nyköping, Södermanland, Sweden, Karl married Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, the daughter of Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and Christine of Hesse. Christina and Karl’s first wife Maria were first cousins through their mothers.

Karl and Christina had four children:

Karl’s brother Johan III, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Karl’s brother Johan III, King of Sweden married the Roman Catholic Katarina Jagellonica of Poland, daughter of Sigismund I, King of Poland. As Queen Consort of Sweden, Katarina had much political influence and influenced her husband in many areas. However, her greatest influence was in religious policy. The Protestant Johan had clear Catholic sympathies, inspired by his Catholic wife Katarina, and this created issues with the Protestant Swedish clergy and nobility. Their son Sigismund Vasa was raised as a Catholic in the hopes that he would acquire the Polish crown in the future.

After the death of Stephen Báthory, King of Poland, who had no legitimate children, 21-year-old Sigismund Vasa was elected King of Poland in 1587. On November 17, 1592, Sigismund’s father Johan III, King of Sweden, died. Sigismund was granted permission by the Polish legislature to claim his inheritance as the rightful Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden. The Catholic Sigismund promised to recognize Lutheranism as Sweden’s state religion and was crowned at Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden on February 19, 1594. However, many were suspicious of Sigismund’s promise to uphold Lutheranism when a papal nuncio was in the coronation procession.

Karl’s nephew Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

When Sigismund returned to Poland in July 1594, Karl, Sigismund’s uncle, and the council were to govern in his absence. Because of the religious differences, Sigismund did not want to give his uncle and the council full government power. He appointed some council members who favored the Roman Catholic Church and would receive orders directly from him. In 1595, the Riksdag (legislature) gained control of the Swedish government and appointed the Lutheran Karl Regent of Sweden. Finally, on February  24, 1604, the Swedish Riksdag declared that Sigismund abdicated the Swedish throne, and his uncle Karl was recognized as the sovereign – Karl IX, King of Sweden. Sigismund had lost the Swedish throne but he reigned as King of Poland until he died in 1632.

Although Karl became King of Sweden in 1604, Karl and his wife Christina were not crowned King and Queen of Sweden until March 15, 1607, at Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden. Karl’s seven-year reign was marked by almost constant warfare: the Polish-Swedish War (1600 – 1611), the Ingrian War with Russia (1610 – 1617), and the Kalmar War (1611–1613) with Denmark-Norway.

On October 30, 1611, at Nyköping Castle in Nyköping, Södermanland, Sweden, 61-year-old Karl IX, King of Sweden died. He was buried at Strängnäs Cathedral in Strängnäs, Södermanland, Sweden. Karl IX has a most unusual grave monument – a rider on a horse wearing gold armor placed over Karl IX’s family crypt. The gold armor was made by twelve of Stockholm’s most prominent goldsmiths. Christina survived her husband by fourteen years, dying at the age of 52, on December 8, 1625, at Gripsholm Castle in Mariefred, Södermanland, Sweden, and was buried in the family crypt below her husband’s equestrian grave monument at Strängnäs Cathedral in Strängnäs, Sweden.

Karl IX’s grave monument; Credit – Av Kigsz – Eget arbete, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71076804

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Sweden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

  • De.wikipedia.org. 2021. Karl IX. (Schweden) – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_IX._(Schweden)> [Accessed 11 July 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Charles IX of Sweden – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden> [Accessed 11 July 2021].
  • Flantzer, Susan, 2021. Johan III, King of Sweden. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/johan-iii-king-of-sweden/> [Accessed 11 July 2021].
  • Flantzer, Susan, 2021. Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden, King of Poland. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/sigismund-iii-vasa-king-of-sweden/> [Accessed 11 July 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Karl IX – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_IX> [Accessed 11 July 2021].

Anna of Austria, Queen of Sweden, Queen of Poland

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Anna of Austria, Queen of Sweden, Queen of Poland; Credit – Wikipedia

Anna of Austria was the first wife of Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden and King of Poland. Born on August 16, 1573, in Graz, Austria, Anna was the eldest of the eight daughters and the second of the fifteen children of Karl II, Archduke of Austria of the House of Habsburg, and his niece Maria Anna of Bavaria.

Anna had fourteen siblings:

Anna’s mother was a strong supporter of the Counter-Reformation, the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation. Anna and her siblings attended Mass from the age of one and their first words were to be Jesus and Mary. They were tutored by Catholic priests, and Latin was to be a priority before their native German language.

Although a Protestant, Johan III, King of Sweden had clear Catholic sympathies, inspired by his Catholic Polish wife Katarina Jagellonica, the daughter of King Sigismund I of Poland. Although their only son Sigismund was the heir to the Swedish throne and Sweden was a Protestant nation, he was raised as a Catholic to help him acquire the Polish crown. After the death of Stephen Báthory, King of Poland who had no legitimate children, Sigismund was elected King of Poland in 1587.

Anna’s husband Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden, King of Poland; Credit – Wikipedia

Antonius Possevinus, the papal envoy to Sweden suggested that Sigismund’s wife should come from the Habsburg dynasty. Pope Gregory XIII approved the idea of a marriage alliance between the Habsburgs and Sweden, and Anna of Austria was chosen as the prospective bride. Possevino visited the court of Karl II, Archduke of Austria in Graz, and obtained a portrait of Anna to bring to Sweden. After another marriage possibility for Anna came to naught, and Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II decided that marriage to Sigismund would be the match for Anna that would best benefit the Habsburg dynasty, the marriage was settled. In April 1592, the betrothal of Anna of Austria and Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland, was formally celebrated in the Imperial Court in Vienna. A proxy wedding was held in Vienna on May 4, 1592, after which Anna and her mother traveled to Krakow, Poland. On May 31, 1592, at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland, Anna married Sigismund and was crowned Queen of Poland.

Anna and Sigismund’s only surviving child Prince Ladislaus Vasa, aged about ten years old; Credit – Wikipedia

Anna and Sigmund had five children but only one, Ladislaus Vasa, who succeeded his father as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, survived childhood. Similarly, Ladislaus Vasa had five children from his two marriages but none survived childhood.

On November 17, 1592, Sigismund’s father Johan III, King of Sweden, Grand Duke of Lithuania died and Sigismund was granted permission by the Polish legislature to claim his inheritance as the rightful King of Sweden. In 1594, Anna accompanied her husband to Sweden, where she and her husband were crowned King and Queen of Sweden at Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden on February 19, 1594. The Catholic Sigismund promised to recognize Lutheranism as Sweden’s state religion. However, many were suspicious of Sigismund’s promise to uphold Lutheranism when a papal nuncio was in the coronation procession. Anna and Sigismund had to leave their nine-month-old daughter Anna Marie in Poland as collateral for their return. Anna was pregnant and she feared that she would be forced to do the same in Sweden if she gave birth during her time in Sweden. Anna gave birth to a daughter Katarina on April 19, 1594. Katarina’s christening was celebrated with great festivity, however, she died on May 15, 1594.

When Anna and Sigismund returned to Poland in July 1594, Sigismund’s uncle Karl, Duke of Södermanland and the council were to govern in his absence. Because of the religious differences, Sigismund did not want to give his uncle and the council full government power. He appointed some council members who favored the Roman Catholic Church and who would receive orders directly from him. In 1595, the Riksdag (legislature) gained control of the Swedish government and appointed Karl, Duke of Södermanland Regent of Sweden. As Queen of Poland, Anna acted as a confidant to her husband Sigismund. She advised him on dealing with the Polish noble factions and foreign policy. Anna had no interest in maintaining Sigismumd’s personal union between Catholic Poland and Protestant Sweden. However, long before the situation was resolved, Anna died, aged 24, on February 10, 1598, due to birth complications during the birth of her sixth child, who also died. She was buried in South Ambulatory Crypt at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland.

The coffin of Anna, Queen of Sweden is in the back on the left; Credit – Wikipedia

Ultimately, on February  24, 1604, the Swedish Riksdag declared that Sigismund abdicated the Swedish throne and that his uncle Karl, Duke of Södermanland was recognized as the sovereign, Karl IX, King of Sweden. Although he lost the Swedish throne, Sigismund reigned as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania until he died in 1632. In 1605, he married Anna’s sister Constance of Austria and they had seven children.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Sweden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland> [Accessed 7 June 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Charles II, Archduke of Austria – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria> [Accessed 7 June 2021].
  • Flantzer, Susan. 2021. Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden, King of Poland. [online] Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/sigismund-iii-vasa-king-of-sweden/> [Accessed 7 June 2021].
  • Pl.wikipedia.org. 2021. Anna Habsburżanka (1573–1598) – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia. [online] Available at: <https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Habsbur%C5%BCanka_(1573%E2%80%931598)> [Accessed 7 June 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Anna av Österrike (1573–1598) – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_av_%C3%96sterrike_(1573%E2%80%931598)> [Accessed 7 June 2021].

Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden, King of Poland

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden, King of Poland; Credit – Wikipedia

Sigmund III Vasa was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1587 until he died in 1632 and King of Sweden and Grand Duke of Finland from his father’s death in 1592 until he was deposed by his uncle in 1599. He was born on June 20, 1566, at Gripsholm Castle in Mariefred, Södermanland, Sweden, where his parents were being held in captivity because of a failed rebellion against Johan’s mentally ill half-brother Erik XIV, King of Sweden. Sigismund was the second of the three children and only son of Johan, Grand Duke of Finland, the future Johan III, King of Sweden, and his first wife Katarina Jagellonica of Poland. Sigismund’s mother was the daughter of Sigismund I, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1467 – 1548) and his second wife Bona Sforza of Milan (1494 – 1557). After her father’s death in 1548, Katarina’s brother Sigismund II Augustus succeeded as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Johan III of Sweden, his wife Katarina Jagiellon and young Sigismund imprisoned at Gripsholm Castle; Credit – Wikipedia

Sigismund III Vasa had two sisters:

  • Isabella Vasa of Sweden (1564 – 1566), died in early childhood
  • Anna Vasa of Sweden (1568 – 1625), unmarried

Due to King Erik XIV’s mental health issues, his participation in the 1567 Sture Murders, and his unpopular marriage to his mistress Karin Månsdotter, his younger half-brothers led a revolt against him with the support of many nobles that ended in Erik XIV’s removal as King of Sweden in September 1568 and his eldest half-brother succeeding to the throne as Johan III, King of Sweden. Sigismund was now the Crown Prince of Sweden.

While his father was Lutheran, Sigismund’s mother was Roman Catholic and he was raised Catholic in the hopes that he would become King of Poland. Sigismund was made aware of his connection to the Jagiellonian dynasty which ruled Poland since 1386. He was tutored in Polish and Swedish and was proficient in German, Italian, and Latin. In the spring of 1583, Sigismund’s mother Katarina became seriously ill with gout, and after much suffering, she died on September 16, 1583, aged 56. After Katarina’s death, Johan III married again to Gunilla Bielke.

Sigismund had one half-brother from his father’s second marriage to Gunilla Bielke:

After the death of Stephen Báthory, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, who had no legitimate children, 21-year-old Sigismund was elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1587. He was crowned on December 27, 1587, at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland.

Anna of Austria, Sigismund’s first wife; Credit – Wikipedia

On May 31, 1592, at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland, Sigismund married his first wife Anna of Austria, daughter of Archduke Karl II of Austria and Maria Anna of Bavaria. On the same day, Anna was crowned Queen of Poland.

Sigismund and Anna had five children but only one, Ladislaus Vasa, who succeeded his father as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, survived childhood. Similarly, Ladislaus Vasa had five children from his two marriages but none survived childhood.

On November 17, 1592, Sigismund’s father Johan III, King of Sweden, Grand Duke of Lithuania died. Sigismund was granted permission by the Polish legislature to claim his inheritance as the rightful King of Sweden. The Catholic Sigismund promised to recognize Lutheranism as Sweden’s state religion and was crowned at Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden on February 19, 1594. However, many were suspicious of Sigismund’s promise to uphold Lutheranism when a papal nuncio was in the coronation procession.

Sigismund’s uncle Karl who deposed him and then reigned as Karl IX, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

When Sigismund returned to Poland in July 1594, Sigismund’s uncle Karl, Duke of Södermanland and the council were to govern in his absence. Because of the religious differences, Sigismund did not want to give us uncle and the council full government power. He appointed some council members who favored the Roman Catholic Church who would receive orders directly from him. In 1595, the Riksdag (legislature) gained control of the Swedish government and appointed Karl Regent.  During this long conflict, Sigismund’s first wife Anna died, aged 24, on February 10, 1598, due to birth complications during the birth of her sixth child, who also died. She was buried in the South Ambulatory Crypt at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland. Ultimately, on February  24, 1604, the Swedish Riksdag declared that Sigismund abdicated the Swedish throne and that his uncle Karl, Duke of Södermanland was recognized as the sovereign – Karl IX, King of Sweden. Although he lost the Swedish throne, Sigismund reigned as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania until his death.

Constance of Austria, Sigismund’s second wife and the younger sister of his first wife; Credit – Wikipedia

On December 11, 1605, Sigismund married Anna’s sister Constance of Austria (1588 – 1631) who became Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania upon her marriage.

Sigismund and Constance had seven children:

In June 1631, on a very hot day, Constance participated in the procession on the religious Feast of Corpus Christi and suffered a severe heatstroke. She died on July 10, 1631, aged 42, from the effects of the heatstroke. Sigismund was so upset that he could not attend her funeral. He never recovered from Constance’s sudden death and died just nine months later, on April 30, 1632, aged 65. Sigismund and Constance were buried in the crypt under the Vasa Chapel at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland.

Sigismund III on his catafalque following his death; Credit – Wikipedia

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Sweden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Sigismund III Vasa – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa> [Accessed 4 June 2021].
  • Flantzer, Susan. Johan III, King of Sweden. [online] Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/johan-iii-king-of-sweden/> [Accessed 4 June 2021].
  • Pl.wikipedia.org. 2021. Zygmunt III Waza – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia. [online] Available at: <https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_III_Waza> [Accessed 4 June 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Sigismund – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund> [Accessed 4 June 2021].

Gunilla Johansdotter Bielke, Queen of Sweden

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Gunilla Johansdotter Bielke, Queen of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Gunilla Johansdotter Bielke was the second wife of Johan III, King of Sweden. Born on June 25, 1568, in Liljesta, Östergötland, Sweden, she was the eldest of the three daughters and the third of the eight children of Johan Axelsson Bielke (? – 1576) and Margareta Axelsdotter Posse (1548 – 1575). The Bielke family was an aristocratic Swedish family. Gunilla’s father was a member of the royal council and Lieutenant of Östergötland.

Gunilla had seven siblings:

  • Gunder Johansson Bielke (1562 – ?)
  • Axel Johansson Bielke (? – 1597), married Ebba Bielke
  • Elsa Johansdotter Bielke (1569 – 1622), married Count Claes Bielke, had three children
  • Brita Johansdotter Bielke (1570 – 1599), married Count Sten Gustafsson, had one son
  • Erik Johansson Bielke, died young
  • Nils Johansson Bielke, died young
  • Ebba Johansdotter Bielke (born 1575 – ?), died young

When Gunilla was seven years old, her mother died, possibly in childbirth giving birth to her last child. Her father died the following year. Gunilla was then raised at court as a playmate of King Johan III’s daughter Princess Anna Vasa of Sweden. In 1582, Gunilla became a maid of honor to King Johan III’s first wife Queen Katarina Jagellonica. Queen Katarina fell sick in the spring of 1583 and died on September 16, 1583.

After the death of his wife, Johan III began the search for a new wife. He wanted to marry someone he knew and his choice was Gunilla, his deceased wife’s maid of honor and the daughter of one of his cousins. There was a 32-year age difference – Johan was 48 and Gunilla was 16. Several of Johan III’s siblings protested against the marriage and said he should marry a foreign princess. Johan’s brother Karl (the future Karl IX, King of Sweden) had married a foreign princess, Anna Marie of Palatinate-Simmern.

Gunilla had promised herself to a young nobleman named Per Jonsson Liljesparre. When King Johan III informed Gunilla of his intentions to marry her, she refused to agree. Johan III was so angry that he hit her in the face with his glove and left. Gunilla’s relatives saw a connection with the royal family as an opportunity that they could not allow slipping away, and so they pleaded, cajoled, and threatened until Gunilla finally gave in.

Gunilla’s husband Johan III, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

On February 21, 1585, Johan III, King of Sweden married Gunilla Bielke at Västerås Cathedral in Västerås, Sweden. Gunilla was crowned Queen of Sweden the following day. Johan’s brother Karl was still disturbed by his brother’s choice of a wife. He refused to attend the wedding festivities which further worsened the brothers’ already strained relationship.

Johan III and Gunilla had one son:

Gunilla and Johan III’s son Johan of Sweden, Duke of Finland, Duke of Östergötland; Credit – Wikipedia

Gunilla had two step-children, both close in age to her, from Johan III’s marriage to his first wife Katarina Jagellonica:

  • Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland, King of Sweden, Grand Duke of Finland and Lithuania (1566 – 1632), married (1) Anne of Austria, had five children (2) Constance of Austria, had seven children
  • Anna Vasa of Sweden (1568 – 1625), unmarried

Gunilla had a significant influence on Johan. She had received a strict Lutheran education and is credited with influencing Johan’s policy regarding religion in favor of Protestantism, similar to the way his first wife had influenced him in favor of Catholicism. In 1590, Johan III named Gunilla to serve as regent, should their son Johan succeed to the throne as a minor. Gunilla and Johan III’s son never succeeded to the Swedish throne. First, he was put aside by his elder half-brother Sigismund III Vasa, and then by his uncle Karl IX.

After a reign of twenty-three years, Johan III, King of Sweden died on November 17, 1592, aged 54. He was succeeded by Sigismund III Vasa, his son by his first wife, the Roman Catholic Polish Princess Katarina Jagellonica. Sigismund, who had been raised Roman Catholic, had been elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1587. However, the Catholic Sigismund was deposed in 1599 as King of Sweden by his Protestant uncle who then reigned as King Karl IX of Sweden. Sigismund lived the remainder of his life in Poland and reigned for a total of 45 years in Poland and Lithuania, dying in 1632.

Gunilla’s home Bråborg Castle; Credit – Wikipedia

After the death of her husband, Gunilla received a generous allowance and land willed to her by her husband, as well as custody of her three-year-old son and control of his Duchy of Östergötland. She retired to Bråborg Castle in the Duchy of Östergötland, where she resided until her death. Gunilla survived her husband by only five years, dying at the age of 29 of a fever on July 19, 1597. She was buried near her husband at Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden. After Gunilla’s death, her son Johan was raised by his uncle Karl IX, King of Sweden, who treated him like his own son. Johan was tutored with his first cousin, the future Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Sweden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

  • Adelsvapen.com. 2021. Bielke af Åkerö nr 8 – Adelsvapen-Wiki. [online] Available at: <https://www.adelsvapen.com/genealogi/Bielke_af_%C3%85ker%C3%B6_nr_8> [Accessed 22 May 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Gunilla Bielke – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunilla_Bielke> [Accessed 22 May 2021].
  • Fr.wikipedia.org. 2021. Gunilla Bielke — Wikipédia. [online] Available at: <https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunilla_Bielke> [Accessed 22 May 2021].
  • Gunilla Bielke, Q., 2021. Gunilla Bielke, Queen of Sweden. [online] geni_family_tree. Available at: <https://www.geni.com/people/Gunilla-Bielke-Queen-of-Sweden/6000000000699070330> [Accessed 22 May 2021].
  • Historiesajten.se. 2021. Gunilla Bielke – Historiesajten. [online] Available at: <https://historiesajten.se/visainfo.asp?id=259> [Accessed 22 May 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Gunilla Bielke – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunilla_Bielke> [Accessed 22 May 2021].
  • Tegenborg Falkdalen, K., 2018. Gunilla, drottning. [online] Skbl.se. Available at: <https://www.skbl.se/sv/artikel/GunillaBielke> [Accessed 22 May 2021].

Katarina Jagellonica of Poland, Queen of Sweden

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Katarina Jagellonica of Poland, Queen of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Katarina Jagellonica of Poland was the first of the two wives of Johan III, King of Sweden. Born on November 1, 1526, in Kraków, Poland, she was the fifth of the six children and the youngest of the four daughters of Sigismund I, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1467 – 1548) and his second wife Bona Sforza of Milan (1494 – 1557), daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan and Isabella of Naples, daughter of King Alfonso II of Naples.

Katarina had five siblings:

Ten portrait miniatures of the Jagiellon Family: Sigismund I, Bona Sforza, Sigismund II Augustus, Elizabeth of Austria, Barbara Radziwiłł, Catherine of Austria, Isabella Jagiellon, Catherine Jagiellon, Sophia Jagiellon, Anna Jagiellon; Credit – Wikipedia

From her father’s first marriage to Barbara Zápolya (1495 – 1515), a Hungarian noblewoman who died two months after giving birth to her second child, Katharina had two half-sisters:

Katarina was raised with her sisters Sophia and Anna. Most of her parents’ attention was given to the two eldest children Isabella and Sigismund Augustus. Katarina was educated by Italian tutors to read, write, and speak Latin, German, and Italian. In addition, she was instructed in riding, dancing, singing, and playing several musical instruments.

After her father died in 1548, Katarina’s brother Sigismund II Augustus succeeded as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Sigismund II Augustus and his mother Bona Sforza previously had a conflict over his marriage to Barbara Radziwiłł, his former mistress. Bona eventually accepted her son’s decision to marry but their relationship was problematic and after her husband’s death, Bona and her three unmarried daughters moved away from the Polish court. In 1556, Katarina’s sister Sophia married and left for the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneberg. At the same time, Katarina’s mother decided to return to her home country, the Duchy of Milan. Katarina and her sister Anna were sent to the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius so that there would be a royal presence in Lithuania.

Johan III, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Katarina was now in her 30s, quite old for a princess to remain unwed. In 1560, the widowed Ivan IV (the Terrible), Tsar of Russia proposed marriage but her brother Sigismund II Augustus did not consent to the marriage. Meanwhile, in Sweden, King Gustav I Vasa of Sweden died and was succeeded by his son from his first marriage Erik XIV, King of Sweden. Erik summoned the Riksdag (parliament) and at his urging, the Riksdag curtailed the authority of his half-brothers Johan, Duke of Finland and Karl, Duke of Södermanland in the dukedoms given to them by their father. As a further move against his half-brother Johan, Duke of Finland, Erik placed Johan’s city of Reval, now Tallinn, Estonia, under his protective power and led expansionist campaigns of conquest in Estonia. Johan then turned to Sigismund II Augustus for an alliance. In 1562, Johan’s envoys proposed a marriage between Katarina and Johan, Duke of Finland. However, Polish custom required that princesses marry in seniority. Katarina’s sister Anna who was three years older but was unmarried persuaded her brother to allow the marriage and he agreed. At the age of 35, Katarina married 25-year-old Johan, Duke of Finland in Vilnius, Grand Duchy of Lithuania on October 4, 1562.

Johan and Katarina Jagellonica had three children:

Katarina and Johan with their son Sigismund in captivity at Gripsholm Castle; Credit – Wikipedia

In exchange for marrying Katarina, Johan received a substantial sum of money and land in Livonia (located in present-day Estonia and Latvia), which hindered the expansionist policy of his half-brother King Erik XIV. Erik’s response was to send 10,000 troops to besiege Johan’s home Turku Castle in Turku, Finland. On August 12, 1563, Turku Castle surrendered. Johan was tried for high treason and sentenced to death but he was pardoned and imprisoned for four years with Katarina at Gripsholm Castle in Mariefred, Södermanland, Sweden. Johan and Katarina’s two eldest children were born in captivity at Gripsholm Castle.

Due to King Erik XIV’s mental health issues, his participation in the 1567 Sture Murders, and his unpopular marriage to his mistress Karin Månsdotter, his younger half-brothers led a revolt against him with the support of many nobles that ended in Erik XIV’s removal as King of Sweden in September 1568 and his eldest half-brother succeeding to the throne as Johan III, King of Sweden. In January 1569, the Riksdag (parliament) legally dethroned Erik. Johan and Katarina were crowned King and Queen of Sweden on July 10, 1569, at Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden. Erik was imprisoned in various castles for nine years and died on February 26, 1577, aged 43. He was most likely murdered due to the three major conspiracies that attempted to depose his half-brother King Johan III and place Erik back on the Swedish throne. An examination of his remains in 1958 confirmed that Erik probably died of arsenic poisoning.

As Queen Consort of Sweden, Katarina had much political influence and influenced her husband in many areas, such as his foreign policy and interest in Renaissance art. Johan III named her regent of Sweden should he die while their son was a minor. However, her greatest influence was in religious policy. The Protestant Johan had clear Catholic sympathies, inspired by the Catholic Katarina, and this created issues with the Protestant Swedish clergy and nobility. Their son Sigismund was raised as a Catholic in the hopes that he would acquire the Polish crown in the future.

Katarina’s tomb in Uppsala Cathedral; Credit – Wikipedia

In the spring of 1583, Katarina became seriously ill with gout, and after much suffering, she died on September 16, 1583, aged 56, at Tre Kronor Castle in Stockholm, Sweden, and was buried in Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden. After Katarina’s death, Johan III married again to Gunilla Bielke and had one son.

Katarina’s son Sigismund Vasa, circa 1590; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1587, Katarina and Johan III’s son Sigismund was elected monarch of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth and became King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Upon the death of his father Johan III in 1592, Sigismund also became King of Sweden. However, the Catholic Sigismund was deposed in 1599 as King of Sweden by his Protestant uncle who then reigned as King Karl IX of Sweden. Sigismund lived the remainder of his life in Poland and reigned for a total of 45 years in Poland and Lithuania, dying in 1632.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Sweden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

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  • Pl.wikipedia.org. 2021. Katarzyna Jagiellonka – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia. [online] Available at: <https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarzyna_Jagiellonka> [Accessed 16 May 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Katarina Jagellonica – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Jagellonica> [Accessed 16 May 2021].

Johan III, King of Sweden

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Johan III, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Johan III, King of Sweden was born at Stegeborg Castle in Söderköping, Östergötland, Sweden on December 20, 1537. He was the eldest of the ten children and the eldest of the five sons of Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden and his second wife Margareta Leijonhufvud.  Margareta was a member of the Leijonhufvud family, one of Sweden’s most powerful noble families. Her constant pregnancies took a toll on her health and she died from pneumonia at the age of 35 in 1551, when Johan, the eldest child, was 13-years-old.

Johan had nine younger siblings:

Johan had one elder half-brother from his father’s first marriage to Katharina of Saxe-Lauenburg:

Johan, along with his elder half-brother Erik, was well-educated by tutors. In 1557, King Gustav I wrote his will and divided his kingdom into hereditary duchies for his sons: Erik, Duke of Kalmar; Johan, Duke of Finland; Magnus, Duke of Östergötland; and Karl, Duke of Södermanland.

Johan’s half-brother Erik XIV, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Upon the death of his father, Johan’s elder half-brother succeeded to the throne as Erik XIV, King of Sweden. Erik summoned the Riksdag (parliament) at Arboga where, under Erik’s urging, the Arboga Articles were adopted which curtailed the authority of his half-brothers Johan and Karl in the dukedoms given to them by their father. As a further move against his half-brother Johan, Duke of Finland, Erik placed the city of Reval, now Tallinn, Estonia, under his protective power and led expansionist campaigns of conquest in Estonia.

Johan’s first wife Katarina Jagellonica of Poland; Credit – Wikipedia

Johan then turned to Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania for an alliance. He married Katarina Jagellonica of Poland, the sister of Sigismund II Augustus.

Johan and Katarina Jagellonica had three children:

In exchange for marrying Katarina Jagellonica, Johan received a substantial sum of money and land in Livonia (located in present-day Estonia and Latvia) which hindered King Erik XIV’s expansionist policy. Erik’s response was to send 10,000 troops to besiege Johan’s home Turku Castle in Turku, Finland. On August 12, 1563, Turku Castle surrendered. Johan was tried for high treason and sentenced to death but he was pardoned and imprisoned for four years with his wife at Gripsholm Castle in Mariefred, Södermanland, Sweden. Johan and Katarina’s two eldest children were born in captivity at Gripsholm Castle.

Johan, his wife Katarina, and his son Sigismund imprisoned at Gripsholm Castle by Jozef Simmler,1859; Credit – Wikipedia

King Erik XIV had suffered from mental health issues and from 1563 onwards these issues worsened. His decisions became more illogical and he exhibited violent behavior. Erik’s suspicion of the nobility led him to be suspicious of the Sture family, then headed by Svante Stensson Sture who was married to Märta Erikdotter Leijonhufvud, the sister of Johan’s mother Margareta Leijonhufvud. Erik lacked a legal heir and feared that the Sture family might claim his throne. These fears resulted in the 1567 Sture Murders, the murders of five Swedish nobles and Erik’s former tutor, in which Erik was an active participant and faced no immediate repercussions.

Due to King Erik XIV’s behavior and his marriage to his mistress Karin Månsdotter, his younger half-brothers led a revolt against Erik with the support of many nobles that ended in his removal as King of Sweden in September 1568 and his eldest half-brother succeeding to the throne as Johan III, King of Sweden. In January 1569, the Riksdag (parliament) legally dethroned Erik. He was imprisoned in various castles for nine years and died on February 26, 1577, aged 43. He was most likely murdered due to the three major conspiracies that attempted to depose his half-brother King Johan III and place Erik back on the Swedish throne. An examination of his remains in 1958 confirmed that Erik probably died of arsenic poisoning.

Tre Kronor Castle; Credit – Wikipedia

During his reign, Johan III carried out extensive building projects. He participated personally in the planning of various buildings and provided his own architectural drawings. Johan was particularly interested in the preservation of existing buildings. Some churches that had suffered damage were restored and refurbished including Uppsala Cathedral, Västerås Cathedral, Linköping Cathedral, and Skara Cathedral. In Stockholm, the Storkyrkan (Great Church) and the Riddarholmen Church both had extensive renovations. Tre Kronor Castle, which was on the site of the current Royal Palace in Stockholm, was significantly expanded and refurbished and a castle church was added.

In 1570, Johan III ended the Nordic Seven Years War with Denmark and Sweden, a war his half-brother Erik had started. During the following years, Johan successfully fought Russia in the Livonian War, concluded by the Treaty of Plussa in 1583. Johan had clear Catholic sympathies, inspired by his Catholic Polish wife, and this created issues with the Protestant Swedish clergy and nobility. His son Sigismund was raised as a Catholic to help him acquire the Polish crown and in 1587, Sigismund was elected monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and became King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Johan’s second wife Gunilla Bielke; Credit – Wikipedia

Katarina Jagellonica fell sick in the spring of 1583 and died in Stockholm on September 16, 1583, at the age of 56. She was buried in the royal crypt of the Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden. On February 21, 1585, Johan married Gunilla Bielke at Västerås Cathedral and his new wife was crowned Queen of Sweden the following day. Gunilla, who was thirty-one years younger than her husband, was the daughter of one of Johan’s cousins and had been orphaned at an early age. She was raised at court as a playmate of Johan’s daughter Anna. In 1582, Gunilla had been made a maid of honor to Queen Katarina Jagellonica. Gunilla had a significant influence on Johan. She is credited with influencing his policy regarding religion in favor of Protestantism, similar to the way his first wife had influenced him in favor of Catholicism.

Johan III and Gunilla had one son:

After a reign of twenty-three years, Johan III, King of Sweden died on November 17, 1592, aged 54, at Tre Kronor Castle in Stockholm, Sweden. He was buried in Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden. Gunilla survived her husband by only five years, dying at the age of 29 of a fever on July 19, 1597. She was buried at Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden.

Tomb of Johan III, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Sweden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

  • De.wikipedia.org. 2021. Johann III. (Schweden) – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_III._(Schweden)> [Accessed 8 May 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. John III of Sweden – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden> [Accessed 8 May 2021].
  • Flantzer, Susan. 2021. Erik XIV, King of Sweden. Unofficial Royalty. [online] Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/erik-xiv-king-of-sweden/> [Accessed 8 May 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Johan III – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_III> [Accessed 8 May 2021].

Karin Månsdotter, Queen of Sweden

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Karin Månsdotter, Queen of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Karin Månsdotter was one of several mistresses of Erik XIV, King of Sweden (1533 – 1577), and then briefly his Queen Consort. She was born on November 6, 1550, in Uppland, Sweden. Her father Måns was a mercenary and then a prison guard. Karin’s surname Månsdotter is a patronym, meaning daughter of Måns. Her mother Ingrid came from a family of peasants. It is thought that both of Karin’s parents died around 1560.

Gert Cantor was a musician at the court of Eric XIV, King of Sweden, and also a favorite and confidant of the king. Cantor and his wife managed an inn frequented by the guests of the royal court. Karin Månsdotter was employed as a serving girl in the inn. Cantor’s wife managed the inn and introduced Karin to King Erik XIV. Erik XIV and Karin first met at the beginning of 1565. Karin then moved into Tre Kronor, a castle in Stockholm, Sweden, on the site where the Royal Palace is today. Karin worked as a chambermaid for Elisabet Vasa, Erik IV’s half-sister from the second marriage of his father Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden to Margareta Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud. Also, Karin took care of Virginia Eriksdotter (born 1559) one of Erik XIV’s illegitimate children by his mistress Agda Persdotter.

Erik XIV, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Erik XIV was very taken by the teenage Karin. There are indications that early on he deeply loved her and wanted to marry her. Erik suffered from occasional bouts of mental illness and those closest to him noted that Karin had a calming effect on him. Karin quickly became Erik’s favorite mistress and he dismissed his other mistresses. She was given expensive clothes, her own apartments and servants, and openly appeared with Erik at court. When Karin and Erik’s first child Sigrid was born in 1566, she was immediately treated like a real princess.

Erik and Karin had four children. The first two were born before the second official marriage in 1568 (see below) but were later legitimized. The last two died in early childhood.

  • Princess Sigrid (1566 – 1633), married (1) Henrik Klasson Tott, had three children (2) Nils Nilsson Natt och Dag
  • Prince Gustav (1568 – 1607), unmarried
  • Prince Henrik (1570 – 1574)
  • Prince Arnold (1572 – 1573)

From 1563 onwards Erik’s mental health issues worsened. His decisions became more illogical and he exhibited violent behavior. Starting early in her relationship with Erik, courtiers used Karin to intercede with Erik. In May 1567, Erik imprisoned five nobles in Uppsala Castle: Svante Stensson Sture (husband of Märta Erikdotter Leijonhufvud, the sister of Margareta Leijonhufvud, the second wife of Erik’s father) and his sons Nils Svantesson Sture and Erik Svantesson Sture, Abraham Gustafsson Stenbock (brother of Katarina Gustavsdotter Stenbock, the third wife of King Gustav I Vasa), and Ivar Ivarsson Liljeörn. Svante Stensson Sture’s wife Märta appealed to Karin to ensure that the prisoners would be protected. Karin assured Märta no one would hurt the prisoners.

Svante Stensson Sture; Credit – Wikipedia

Later the same morning, Erik XIV visited Svante Stensson Sture in prison, fell on his knees before him, and begged for his friendship. However, later that day, all five men were killed in their cells on Erik’s orders in what is known as the Sture Murders. Erik personally stabbed Nils Svantesson Sture to death. After the murders, Erik’s former tutor Dionysius Beurreus found him outside the castle in a state of agitation. Beurreus tried to calm Erik but instead, Erik issued an order to kill Beurreus and vanished into a nearby forest. The guards then stabbed Beurreus to death. Karin participated in the search for Erik. Three days after the murder, he was found in the village of Odensala, disguised as a peasant and confused, and was brought to Stockholm. There were no immediate repercussions for Erik’s behavior.

In 1567, Erik decided to marry Karin following an agreement with the state council in 1561 that he could marry whomever he pleased. On December 29, 1567, Erik and Karin were married morganatically in a secret ceremony. In 1568, Karin was ennobled and a second official wedding was held in Storkyrkan (Great Church) in Stockholm, Sweden on July 4, 1568, followed the next day by Karin’s coronation as Queen of Sweden.

Due to Erik’s behavior and his marriage to Karin, his younger half-brothers led a revolt against Erik with the support of many nobles that ended in his removal as King of Sweden in September 1568 and his eldest half-brother succeeding to the throne as Johan III, King of Sweden. In January 1569, the Riksdag (parliament) legally dethroned Erik.

Embed from Getty Images 
Erik XIV, Karin, and one of their sons in captivity

Erik and Karin were imprisoned but their children were initially placed in the care of Queen Dowager Katherina Stenbock, the third wife and widow of Erik’s father. In 1570, the children were returned to their parents. Karin gave birth to two children in captivity in 1570 and 1572, both of whom died young. In 1573, Karin and her children were separated from Erik to prevent the birth of any more children. They were taken to Turku Castle in Finland where they remained under house arrest. In 1575, King Johan III exiled Erik and Karin’s son seven-year-old-son Gustav because he feared that the supporters of Erik would try to install Gustav on the Swedish throne. Gustav was sent to Poland, placed under the care of Jesuit priests, and converted to Roman Catholicism.

Karin Månsdotter, drawing done by King Erik XIV while in captivity; Credit – Wikipedia

Erik was imprisoned in various castles for nine years. He died on February 26, 1577, aged 43, at Örbyhus Castle in Örbyhus, Sweden. He was most likely murdered due to the three major conspiracies that attempted to depose his half-brother Johan III and place Erik back on the Swedish throne. An examination of his remains in 1958 confirmed that Erik probably died of arsenic poisoning. Erik XIV was originally buried in a crypt at Västerås Cathedral in Västerås, Västmanland, Sweden. In 1797, Erik’s remains were reburied at Västerås Cathedral in a Carrara marble sarcophagus that King Gustav III of Sweden originally ordered for himself.

After Erik died in 1577, Karin and her daughter Sigrid were released. King Johan III granted Karin the royal estate Liuksiala Manor in Kangasala, Finland, where she lived comfortably for the rest of her life. In 1582, Karin and her daughter Sigrid were invited to Stockholm to meet with King Johan III, his wife Catherine Jagellonica of Poland, and Queen Dowager Katerina Stenbock at Svartsjö Castle in what was called “The Meeting of Three Queens Catherine”.

Princess Sigrid of Sweden, daughter of Erik XIV  and Karin; Credit – Wikipedia

Karin’s daughter Princess Sigrid had a good relationship with her father’s family and frequently visited her mother. In 1582, she was made lady-in-waiting to her cousin Princess Anna of Sweden, daughter of King Johan III, and traveled with her to Poland, where she was present at the coronation of Anna’s brother King Sigismund III Vasa of Sweden as King of Poland in 1587. Sigrid married twice, both times to Swedish noblemen.

Karin’s son Gustav was not allowed to return to Sweden and Karin did not see him again until 1596 when she saw him in Reval (now Tallinn), Estonia. Gustav had forgotten her and they could not speak to each other because he had forgotten the Swedish language. Karin could identify him only by his birthmarks. Gustav was poor and worked as a mercenary. Karin tried to help him financially, and for the rest of her life, unsuccessfully attempted to get permission for him to return to Sweden but never saw him again.

Tomb of Karin Månsdotter in Turku Cathedral in Turku, Finland; Credit – By Hajotthu, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41249703

Karin Månsdotter died, aged 61, at her home, Liuksiala Manor in Kangasala, Finland on September 13, 1612. She was buried at Turku Cathedral in Turku, Finland, now the Mother Church of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Karin’s daughter Sigrid and Sigrid’s son Åke Henriksson Tott are also buried at Turku Cathedral. Karin was initially buried in the crypt of the Tott Chapel at Turku Cathedral. In the 1860s, her coffin was moved to the Kankas Chapel where it was interred in a sarcophagus decorated with a crown resting on a golden pillow.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Sweden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Karin Månsdotter – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_M%C3%A5nsdotter> [Accessed 2 May 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Sture murders – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sture_murders> [Accessed 2 May 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Turku Cathedral – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_Cathedral> [Accessed 2 May 2021].
  • Flantzer, Susan. 2021. Erik XIV, King of Sweden. [online] Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/erik-xiv-king-of-sweden/> [Accessed 2 May 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Karin Månsdotter – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_M%C3%A5nsdotter> [Accessed 2 May 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Karin Månsdotter – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_M%C3%A5nsdotter> [Accessed 2 May 2021].

Erik XIV, King of Sweden

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Erik XIV, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Erik XIV, King of Sweden is known for the Sture Murders in which he and his guards killed six men. Deposed by his half-brother, Erik was imprisoned, and likely murdered by arsenic poisoning. He was born on December 13, 1533, at Tre Kronor Castle in Stockholm, Sweden, the only child of Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden and his first wife Katharina of Saxe-Lauenburg. In September 1535, during a ball given in honor of her brother-in-law, Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway, who was visiting Sweden, the pregnant Katharina fell while dancing with Christian III. The fall confined her to bed and led to pregnancy complications, and she died on September 23, 1535, the day before her twenty-second birthday along with her unborn child. Erik was not yet two years old.

Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden, Erik’s father; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1536, Erik’s father Gustav I married his second wife Margareta Leijonhufvud. Margareta was a member of the Leijonhufvud family, one of Sweden’s most powerful noble families. Her constant pregnancies took a toll on her health and she died from pneumonia at the age of 35 in 1551.

Erik had ten half-siblings from his father’s second marriage:

In 1552, Erik’s father Gustav I married his third wife 17-year-old Katarina Stenbock, the daughter of Gustaf Olofsson Stenbock and Brita Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud, who was the sister of King Gustav I’s second wife Margareta Leijonhufvud. They had no children. Katarina survived her husband by sixty-one years, dying on December 13, 1621, aged 86.

Erik, along with his half-brother, the future Johan III, King of Sweden, was well-educated by tutors and excelled in foreign languages, mathematics, and history. In 1557, King Gustav I wrote his will and divided his kingdom into hereditary duchies for his sons: Erik, Duke of Kalmar; Johan, Duke of Finland; Magnus, Duke of Östergötland; and Karl, Duke of Södermanland. When Erik started to make public appearances, he was referred to as the “chosen king” (Swedish: utvald konung) until the Riksdag (parliament) granted him the title of “hereditary king” (Swedish: arvkonung) in 1560.

When Erik was in his early 20s, his relationship with his father became very strained. Against his father’s wishes, Erik entered into negotiations for a marriage with the future Queen Elizabeth I of England and pursued her for several years. The death of Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden on September 29, 1560, prevented Erik from traveling to England to press Queen Elizabeth I for her hand in marriage. His later marriage proposals to Mary, Queen of Scots, Renata of Lorraine, Anna of Saxony, and Christine of Hesse were also rejected.

Now as Erik XIV, King of Sweden, he opposed the Swedish nobility and chose as his closest advisor Göran Persson who held the same views as Erik and who had narrowly escaped execution under the reign of Erik’s father. Erik summoned the Riksdag at Arboga where, under Erik’s urging, the Arboga Articles were adopted which curtailed the authority of his half-brothers Johan and Karl in the dukedoms given to them by their father. As a further move against his half-brother Johan, Duke of Finland, Erik placed the city of Reval, now Tallinn, Estonia, under his protective power and led expansionist campaigns of conquest in Estonia.

Johann then turned to Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania for an alliance. He married Katarina Jagellonica of Poland, the sister of Sigismund II Augustus and in exchange received a substantial sum of money and land in Livonia (located in present-day Estonia and Latvia) which then hindered Erik’s expansionist policy. Erik’s response was to send 10,000 troops to besiege Johan’s home Turku Castle in Turku, Finland. On August 12, 1563, Turku Castle surrendered. Johan was tried for high treason and sentenced to death but he was pardoned and imprisoned with his wife at Gripsholm Castle in Mariefred, Södermanland, Sweden.

Karin Månsdotter, Erik XIV, and Göran Persson; Credit – Wikipedia

Sometime in 1565, Erik entered into a relationship with low-born Karin Månsdotter, a maid to his half-sister Elisabet. In 1567, Erik decided to marry Karin following the agreement he made with the state council in 1561 that he could marry whomever he pleased. The marriage plans were supported by his advisor Göran Persson. On December 29, 1567, Erik and Karin were married morganatically in a secret ceremony. A second official wedding was held in Storkyrkan (Great Church) in Stockholm, Sweden on July 4, 1568, followed the next day by Karin’s coronation as Queen of Sweden.

Erik and Karin Månsdotter had four children. The first two were born before the second official marriage in 1568 (see below) but were later legitimized. The last two died in early childhood.

  • Princess Sigrid (1566 – 1633), married Henrik Klasson Tott, had three children
  • Prince Gustav (1568 – 1607), unmarried
  • Prince Henrik (1570 – 1574)
  • Prince Arnold (1572 – 1573)

Erik had suffered from mental health issues and from 1563 onwards these issues worsened. His decisions became more illogical and he exhibited violent behavior. Erik’s suspicion of the nobility led him to be suspicious of the Sture family, then headed by Svante Stensson Sture who was married to Märta Erikdotter Leijonhufvud, the sister of Margareta Leijonhufvud, the second wife of Erik’s father. Erik lacked a legal heir and feared that the Sture family might claim his throne. These fears resulted in the Sture Murders, the murders of five incarcerated Swedish nobles and Erik’s former tutor.

Svante Stensson Sture; Credit – Wikipedia

On May 24, 1567, in Uppsala Castle, Erik and his guards killed six men. Svante Stensson Sture, and his sons Nils Svantesson Sture and Erik Svantesson Sture, Abraham Gustafsson Stenbock (brother of Katarina Gustavsdotter Stenbock, the third wife of King Gustav I Vasa), and Ivar Ivarsson Liljeörn were killed in their cells inside the castle. Erik personally stabbed Nils Svantesson Sture to death. After the murders, Erik’s former tutor Dionysius Beurreus found him outside the castle in a state of agitation. Beurreus tried to calm Erik but instead, Erik issued an order to kill Beurreus and vanished into a nearby forest. The guards then stabbed Beurreus to death. Abraham Gustafsson Stenbock and Ivar Ivarsson Liljeörn already had been sentenced to death but Svante Sture and his sons were executed without trial on Erik’s order and the unfortunate Beurreus was killed on a whim.

Johan III, King of Sweden, Erik’s eldest half-brother and successor; Credit – Wikipedia

On May 27, 1567, Erik was found in the village of Odensala, disguised as a peasant and confused, and was brought to Stockholm. Eventually, he calmed down and then asked both God and the Swedish people for forgiveness. He sought reconciliation with the relatives of the murdered. For a period of time, a regency council took over the government of the country, freed Erik’s half-brother Johan from prison, and sentenced Erik’s advisor Göran Persson to death. However, this death sentence was not carried out for fear of how Erik would react when he recovered. The king’s younger half-brothers led a revolt against Erik which ended in his removal as King of Sweden in September 1568 and his eldest half-brother succeeding to the throne as Johan III, King of Sweden. In January 1569, the Riksdag legally dethroned Erik.

Erik was imprisoned in various castles for nine years. He died on February 26, 1577, aged 43, at Örbyhus Castle in Örbyhus, Sweden. He was most likely murdered due to the three major conspiracies that attempted to depose his half-brother Johan III and place Erik back on the Swedish throne. An examination of his remains in 1958 confirmed that Erik probably died of arsenic poisoning. Erik XIV, King of Sweden was originally buried in a crypt at Västerås Cathedral in Västerås, Västmanland, Sweden. In 1797, Erik’s remains were reburied at Västerås Cathedral in a Carrara marble sarcophagus that King Gustav III of Sweden originally ordered for himself.

Tomb of Erik XIV, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Sweden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

  • De.wikipedia.org. 2021. Erik XIV. – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_XIV.> [Accessed 30 April 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Eric XIV of Sweden – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden> [Accessed 30 April 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Erik XIV – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_XIV> [Accessed 30 April 2021].

Katarina Gustavsdotter Stenbock, Queen of Sweden

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Katarina Gustavsdotter Stenbock, Queen of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

The third wife of Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden, Katarina Gustavsdotter Stenbock was born on July 22, 1535, at the Torpa Stenhus (Torpa Stonehouse), a medieval castle near Lake Åsunden, in Västragötaland, Sweden. Descendants of the Stenbock family still own the well-preserved castle. Katarina was the second of the six daughters and the second of the eleven children of Gustaf Olofsson Stenbock and Birgitta Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud. Both Katarina’s parents were from Swedish noble families. Her father Gustaf Olofsson Stenbock was part of the contingent that brought Gustav Vasa’s first wife Katharina of Saxe-Lauenburg to Sweden. Over the years, he was appointed a state councilor, Governor of Västergötland, and a Marshal of Sweden.

Margareta Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud, 2nd wife of King Gustav I Vasa and the maternal aunt of Katarina; Credit – Wikipedia

Katarina’s mother Birgitta Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud was the sister of King Gustav I Vasa’s second wife Margareta Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud. Therefore, Katarina was the first cousin of the ten children of Gustav Vasa and Margareta Leijonhufvud. Katarina’s parents, like Margareta’s other relatives, were part of the Kungafränderna (The King’s Relatives). They were given prominent positions and had much influence at court. King Gustav I Vasa often attended their family celebrations and Katarina’s parents were considered his personal friends.

Katarina had ten siblings:

  • Beata Gustavsdotter Stenbock (1533 – 1583), married Per Brahe the Elder (nephew of King Gustav I Vasa), had thirteen children
  • Olof Gustavsson Stenbock (circa 1536 – 1599)
  • Karl Gustavsson Stenbock (circa 1537 – 1609), married Brita Claesdotter, had four children
  • Erik Gustavsson Stenbock (1538 – 1602), married his cousin Malin Sture, had two children
  • Arvid Gustafsson Stenbock (1541 – circa 1609), married Carin Månsdotter
  • Cecilia Gustavsdotter Stenbock
  • Margareta Gustavsdotter Stenbock
  • Märta Gustavsdotter Stenbock, married Svante Stensson Sture, had fifteen children
  • Ebba Gustavsdotter Stenbock (? – 1614), married Clas Eriksson Fleming, had four children
  • Abraham Gustafsson Stenbock (? – 1567)

Very little is known about Katarina’s life before she became Queen of Sweden. It is quite probable that she served as a maid of honor to her aunt Margareta Leijonhufvud. Margareta’s ten pregnancies in thirteen years took a toll on her health and she died from pneumonia at the age of 35 on August 26, 1551. After Margareta’s death, her children were placed in the care of her sisters Birgitta (Katarina’s mother) and Märta Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud (Katarina’s aunt) who had married Svante Stensson Sture.

Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

In Sweden at that time, it was the norm for a noble widower with minor children to remarry, and King Gustav I Vasa stated that he needed a queen for his court and a mother for his children. In March 1552, Katarina’s mother, her aunt Märta and her husband Svante Stensson Sture, and Per Brahe the Elder (nephew of King Gustav I Vasa and the husband of Katarina’s sister Beata) were called to a family council. At this meeting, Gustav Vasa probably proposed marriage to Katarina, despite the king being 56 and Katarina being 17. Gustav Vasa saw this marriage as a way to forgo the costs and the time-consuming negotiations necessary to arrange a marriage with a foreign princess in the complicated political climate in Europe due to the ongoing conflicts caused by the Protestant Reformation. Katarina’s family saw the marriage as a way to preserve the family connection they had made with Gustav Vasa through his previous marriage with Margareta Leijonhufvud. On August 22, 1552, at Vadstena Abbey in Vadstena, Sweden, Katarina married King Gustav I Vasa, and the next day, she was crowned Queen of Sweden.

Katarina and Gustav Vasa had no children but Katarina served as a stepmother to her first cousins, the children of Gustav Vasa and her aunt Margareta Leijonhufvud. She was given responsibility for the royal nursery, especially for the upbringing of Gustav Vasa’s daughters.

Katarina’s stepchildren, also her first cousins:

In the late 1550s, King Gustav I Vasa’s health declined. He died on September 29, 1560, aged 64, at Tre Kronor Castle (Three Crowns Castle) which stood on the site of the present Stockholm Palace in Stockholm, Sweden. The official cause of death was cholera but it may have been dysentery or typhoid. Gustav I, King of Sweden was buried in the Vasa Chapel at Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden with his first two wives. Katarina never remarried despite being only 25-years old when King Gustav I died. She dressed in mourning for the rest of her life.

Katarina lived during the reigns of the next five Kings of Sweden who were either sons or grandsons of her husband:

King Erik XIV (reigned 1560 – 1568) – Gustav Vasa’s only surviving child from his first marriage to Katharina of Saxe-Lauenburg. Erik was deposed via a rebellion by his half-brother who became King Johan III. He was then imprisoned in various castles for nine years. He died in 1577 and was most likely murdered due to the three major conspiracies that attempted to depose his half-brother Johan III and place Erik back on the Swedish throne. An examination of his remains in 1958 confirmed that Erik probably died of arsenic poisoning.

King Johan III (reigned 1568 – 1592) – son of King Gustav I Vasa and his second wife Margaret Leijonhufvud and therefore, he was Katarina’s first cousin. During the reign of King Johan III, Katarina no longer had such a prominent place at court. However, because of her royal rank, she occupied a more dominant role in her own birth family, and often hosted family meetings and arranged family occasions such as weddings and funerals, and continued to act as a channel between her relatives and the royal house. King Johan III died in 1592.

King Sigismund III Vasa (reigned 1592 – 1599) – son of King Johan III and grandson of King Gustav I Vasa. Sigismund was not only King of Sweden but also King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania through his mother. Sigismund, who was Catholic, was deposed in 1599 as King of Sweden by his Protestant uncle who reigned as King Karl IX, and lived the remainder of his life in Poland.

King Karl IX (Regent of Sweden 1599 – 1604, King of Sweden 1604 – 1611) – youngest son of King Gustav I of Sweden and his second wife Margaret Leijonhufvud.  Karl became King of Sweden by championing the Protestant cause and deposing his Catholic nephew.

King Gustavus Adolphus (reigned 1611 – 1632) – son of Karl IX, King of Sweden and grandson of King Gustav I Vasa. 16-year-old Gustavus Adolphus became King of Sweden with his mother serving as Regent until he became of age. Gustavus Adolphus, aged 37, was killed in the Battle of Lützen during the Thirty Years War.

Strömsholm Castle, Katarina’s dowager home; Credit – By Christer Johansson – Own work (File produced by Christer Johansson), CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2502279

Katarina spent her last years tending to her estates, engaging in her financial and business enterprises, and spending time with her relatives, especially her sisters. Katarina was well known for providing a safe haven for many female relatives of the exiled supporters of the deposed King Sigismund III Vasa and other charitable work. During her last years, she had mobility issues and was not able to attend the wedding of her husband’s grandson King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1620.

Katarina survived her husband by sixty-one years, dying on December 13, 1621, aged 86, at her home Strömsholm Castle in Strömsholm, Västmanland, Sweden. Upon her death, it was noted, “The poor have lost a friend, the orphans their mother.”  Katarina was buried in Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden with her husband and his first two wives but she has no monument or memorial.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Kingdom of Sweden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Catherine Stenbock – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Stenbock> [Accessed 27 April 2021].
  • Flantzer, Susan, 2021. Gustav I, King of Sweden. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/gustav-vasa-i-king-of-sweden-reigned-1523-1560/> [Accessed 27 April 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Gustaf Olofsson (Stenbock) till Torpa – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Olofsson_(Stenbock)_till_Torpa> [Accessed 27 April 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Katarina Gustavsdotter (Stenbock) – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Gustavsdotter_(Stenbock)> [Accessed 27 April 2021].

Margareta Leijonhufvud, Queen of Sweden

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Margareta Leijonhufvud, Queen of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

The second of the three wives of Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden, Swedish noblewoman Margareta Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud was born on January 1, 1516, at Ekeberg Castle in Närke, Sweden. She was the third of the six children of Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud (died 1520, link in Swedish) and Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa (circa 1490 – 1549), a second cousin of Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden.

Margareta had five siblings:

  • Abraham Eriksson Leijonhufvud (1512 – 1556), married (1) Anna Agesdotter Thott, had one son (2) Emerentia Gera
  • Birgitta Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud (1514 – 1572), married Gustaf Olofsson Stenbock, had eleven children including Katarina Gustafsdotter Stenbock, third wife of Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden
  • Anna Leijonhufvud (1517 – 1540), married Axel Eriksson Bielke
  • Sten Eriksson Leijonhufvud (1518 – 1568), married Ebba Mansdotter Lilliehöök
  • Marta Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud (1520 – 1584), married Svante Stensson Sture, had fifteen children

When Margareta was four years old, her father was beheaded during the Stockholm Bloodbath. Several days after the coronation of Christian II, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden as King of Sweden, the followers of Sten Sture the Younger, who led the anti-Danish faction in Sweden, were charged with heresy for their part in the rising against Gustav Eriksson Trolle, Archbishop of Uppsala and his support of Christian II. What followed is known as the Stockholm Bloodbath. It is estimated that from November 9 – 10, 1520, 82 people were either hanged or beheaded in the square outside Stockholm Palace. Instead of cementing Christian II’s control of the Swedish throne, the Stockholm Bloodbath led to him losing the Swedish throne. The remaining Swedish nobility, disgusted by the bloodbath, rose against Christian II. On August 23, 1521, Christian was deposed with the election of Gustav Vasa as Regent of Sweden. On June 6, 1523, Gustav Vasa was elected King of Sweden, the first monarch of the Swedish House of Vasa.

Margareta’s sister Birgitta married Gustaf Olofsson Stenbock, King Gustav Vasa’s favorite courtier. Considering Margareta’s social status, age, contacts, and the contemporary custom for those from noble families to end their upbringing as a court, Margareta likely served as a maid-of-honor to Katharina of Saxe-Lauenburg, the first wife of Gustav Vasa.

In September 1535, during a ball given in honor of her sister’s husband, Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway, who was visiting Sweden. King Gustav Vasa’s first wife Katharina, who was pregnant with her second child, fell while dancing with Christian III. The fall confined her to bed and led to complications, and she died on September 23, 1535, the day before her twenty-second birthday along with her unborn child.

Although Katharina fulfilled her most important duty as queen consort when she gave birth to a son, the future Erik XIV, King of Sweden, it was considered necessary for King Gustav Vasa to remarry in case the heir to the throne was to die. Margareta was selected as the king’s second wife because she belonged to one of the leading Swedish noble families. The marriage created an alliance between the king and one of the most powerful factions of the nobility.

Gustav Vasa and Margareta Leijonhufvud; Credit – Wikipedia

Margareta and Gustav Vasa were married on October 1, 1536, at Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden, where Margareta was crowned Queen of Sweden the following day. The new queen’s brothers were knighted and, along with the husbands of Margareta’s sisters, were named state councilors. This began the period called Kungafränderna (The King’s Relatives), during which the relatives that King Gustav I Vasa had acquired through his marriage with Margareta were given prominent positions and influence at court. During the first years of their marriage, Margareta’s mother and Gustav Vasa’s second cousin Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa played such a dominating role at court, that not even the king dared oppose her.

Margareta and Gustav had ten children including Johan III, King of Sweden who succeeded his deposed half-brother Eric XIV.

Although Margareta was twenty years younger than her husband, she felt very comfortable in her role as Queen of Sweden and had a great influence on King Gustav I Vasa. Margareta remained a Catholic her entire life despite the Swedish Reformation, and made donations to the still-active Vadstena Abbey, while her husband had Catholic churches and monasteries looted.

Margareta’s effigy; Credit – Wikipedia

Margareta’s constant pregnancies took a toll on her health. She died from pneumonia at the age of 35 on August 26, 1551, at Tynnelsö Castle in Strängnäs Municipality, Södermanland, Sweden. She was buried next to Gustav Vasa’s first wife in Uppsala Cathedral in Uppsala, Sweden. When King Gustav Vasa died in 1560, he was buried with his first two wives. Gustav’s effigy is in the middle of the tomb with the effigies of his wives Katharina of Saxe-Lauenburg and Margareta Leijonhufvud on either side. One year after Margareta’s death, King Gustav Vasa married her 17-year-old niece Katharina Gustafsdotter Stenbock, the daughter of Margareta’s eldest sister Birgitta Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud.

Tomb of Gustav I and his first two wives; Credit – Von Skippy13 – Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=726933

Kingdom of Sweden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebba_Eriksdotter_Vasa> [Accessed 20 April 2021].
  • En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Margaret Leijonhufvud – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Leijonhufvud> [Accessed 20 April 2021].
  • Flantzer, Susan. 2021. Gustav I, King of Sweden. [online] Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/gustav-vasa-i-king-of-sweden-reigned-1523-1560/> [Accessed 20 April 2021].
  • Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Margareta Eriksdotter (Leijonhufvud) – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareta_Eriksdotter_(Leijonhufvud)> [Accessed 20 April 2021].