by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

Mathilde Feliksovna Kschessinskaya; Credit – Wikipedia

• Patronymics: In Russian, a patronymic is the second name derived from the father’s first name: the suffix -vich means “son of” and the suffixes -eva, -evna, -ova, and -ovna mean “daughter of”.

Mathilde Feliksovna Kschessinskaya was one of the most famous ballerinas of the Maryinsky Ballet (now the Kirov Ballet) in St. Petersburg, Russia. She was awarded the title prima ballerina assoluta, traditionally reserved only for the most exceptional ballerinas of their generation. Mathilde was born on August 31, 1872, in Ligovo, Peterhof, Russia near St. Petersburg. She was the youngest of the four children and the second of the two daughters of Feliks Krzesiński (1821 – 1905) and Julia Dymiński (1830 – 1912) who were both dancers born in Warsaw, Poland. Her father was a dancer with the Maryinsky Ballet in St. Petersburg from 1853-1898, specializing in character dance, particularly the mazurka. Her mother was a former ballet dancer and the widow of the French dancer Théodore Ledé with whom she had nine children but only five survived infancy. Mathilde was baptized Maria Mathilde on November 20, 1872, at St. Stanisłav Roman Catholic Church in St. Petersburg but used her middle name professionally. There are several versions of her surname in Russian and Polish.

Mathilde’s father and mother; Credit- Wikipedia

Mathilde had three older siblings:

• Stanislav Feliksovich Kschessinsky (1864 – 1868), died in childhood
• Julia Feliksovna Kschessinskaya (1866 – 1969), married Baron Alexander Zeddeler, an officer in the Preobrazhensky Guards, friend and adjutant of Emperor Nicholas II, no children
• Josef Feliksovich Kschessinsky (1868 – 1942), married (1) Serafina Alexandrovna Astafieva, a fellow dancer, and later a ballet teacher in London, England, had one son, divorced (2) Celina Sprechinska, a fellow dancer, had one son and one daughter (3) Marie-Antoinette, surname unknown, died in 1942

Mathilde’s sister Julia and her brother Josef both graduated from the Imperial Ballet School School in St. Petersburg, Russia, (now the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet), the school of the Maryinsky Ballet. Both danced with the Maryinsky Ballet in St. Petersburg, Russia where they were both character dancers like their father. Julia and her husband fled from Russia during the Russian Revolution, and she died in France at the age of 103. Josef remained in Russia as it became the Communist Soviet Union and like his father, had a long career. In 1927, he received the title of Honored Artist of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic, and the following year, Josef gave his farewell performance. However, he did not retire but choreographed and staged ballets. In August 1942, Josef and his third wife both died during the Siege of Leningrad during World War II. Leningrad was the Soviet name for St. Petersburg.

When Mathilde was three-years-old, her father began teaching her dance and she often accompanied him to the theater. In 1880, eight-year-old Mathilde was accepted to the Imperial Ballet School. She studied and trained at the Imperial Ballet School for ten years, graduating in 1890.

The Imperial Family always attended the graduation performances of the Imperial Ballet School and so in the audience was Alexander III, Emperor of All Russia and his family including his son and heir the future Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia. The Imperial Family watched as Mathilde performed a pas de deux from La Fille Mal Gardée with a male graduating student. Afterward, the graduates were presented to the Imperial Family and Emperor Alexander III told Mathilde to “be the glory and adornment of our ballet.” At the post-performance supper, Emperor Alexander III insisted that Mathilde sit next to him and then motioned his son and heir Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich to sit on her other side – and so the seventeen-year-old Mathilde met the twenty-two-year-old Nicholas for the first time.

Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich in 1902, during his affair with Mathilde; Credit – Wikipedia

According to Mathilde’s later recollections, she had a relationship with Nicholas from 1890 – 1894. To facilitate their meetings, the imperial court rented a villa in St. Petersburg. The relationship ended when Nicholas became engaged to Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine in April 1894. Mathilde was generously compensated with the villa that had served as their meeting place and a sum of money. Nicholas II never met her in private after that, but he often watched her performances and always supported her discreetly whenever she needed it.

Credit – Wikipedia

Mathilde dancing the mazurka with her father; Credit – Wikipedia

After her graduation in 1890, Mathilde had a career with the Maryinsky Ballet until the Russian Revolution occurred in 1917. She appeared in solo roles in many ballets, including Princess Aurora in Sleeping Beauty, Nikia in La Bayadere, the Sugar Plum Fairy in The Nutcracker, the dual role of Odette and Odile in Swan Lake, and Giselle in Giselle, often partnered by Nikolai Legat or the legendary Vaslav Nijinsky. Mathilde also danced character roles with her father, most often they danced the mazurka as they did in the St. Petersburg premiere of Swan Lake.

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, circa 1900; Credit – Wikipedia

When Tsesarevich Nicholas broke off his relationship with Mathilde, he asked his twenty-five-year-old first cousin once removed, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich (1869 – 1918), to take care of her. From 1894 until the 1917 Russian Revolution, Grand Duke Sergei was Mathilde’s protector and lover and he provided generously for her. Mathilde, who was ambitious, used her connections to the Romanovs to promote her career. Grand Duke Sergei was president of the Imperial Theatres Society and used his influence to help promote Mathilde’s career with the Maryinsky Ballet. Sergei was devoted to Mathilde but she was not in love with him. He never married but he found that Mathilde provided him with a substitute for family life. Sadly, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich was one of the five Romanovs executed by the Bolsheviks with Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, born Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, the sister of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, Emperor Nicholas II’s wife.

• Unofficial Royalty: July 18, 1918 – Execution of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and Five Other Romanovs

Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich in 1900, the year he met Mathilde; Credit – Wikipedia

At the same time, Mathilde was involved in a relationship with Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, she was also involved with Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich (1879 – 1956), a first cousin of Emperor Nicholas II. Grand Duke Andrei was the youngest of the four sons and the fourth of the five children of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, the second surviving son of Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia, and Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna).

In February 1900, Grand Duke Andrei was invited by his brothers Grand Duke Kirill and Grand Duke Boris, to a dinner party at Mathilde’s home. Mathilde was attracted to the good-looking Grand Duke Andrei. As she was not in love with Grand Sergei, Mathilde pursued a relationship with Grand Duke Andrei. Mathilde and Andrei were lovers by July 1900. Grand Duke Sergei tolerated their affair, remaining a close and loyal friend to Mathilde but the relationship between the two grand dukes grew tense. They tried to avoid each other and remain civil while sharing the same woman for almost two decades.

Andrei, Mathilde, and her son Vladimir, circa 1905; Credit – Wikipedia

The relationship between the three became more complicated when Mathilde became pregnant. On June 18, 1902, Mathilde gave birth to a son. Both grand dukes were convinced that they were the infant’s father. The newborn was named Vladimir and was known as Vova in the family. A decree issued on October 15, 1911, gave nine-year-old Vladimir the patronymic Sergeevich (meaning son of Sergei) and the surname Krasinsky (according to family tradition, Mathilde’s family descended from Counts Krasinsky). Grand Duke Sergei took on the role of father and looked after Vladimir and Mathilde until his circumstances during the Russian Revolution no longer permitted him to do so. Meanwhile, Mathilde and Andrei continued their affair.

From left to right seated: Baron Alexander Zeddeler (Julia’s husband); Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich; Mathilde’s son Vladimir with his aunt Julia (Mathilde’s sister) behind him; Mathilde with two unidentified children; Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich,1909; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1916, Grand Duke Andrei had been one of the Romanov family members who objected to Empress Alexandra Feodorovna being in charge of the government while her husband Emperor Nicholas II was away at military headquarters during World War I. In December 1916, the murder of the controversial Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin who had befriended the family of Emperor Nicholas II, by Andrei’s first cousin Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich and Prince Felix Yusupov, the husband of his first cousin Princess Irina Alexandrovna, further fractured the Romanov family. When Andrei’s ambitious mother intrigued against Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, Emperor Nicholas II ordered the Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna to temporarily leave Saint Petersburg. In early 1917, Grand Duke Andrei and his mother Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna left for Kislovodsk, a spa resort town in the Caucasus, an area in Russia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Meanwhile, Nicholas II, Emperor of all Russia abdicated in March 1917 and the Russian Revolution was in its beginnings. In July 1917, Mathilde and her son escaped from the turmoil in Saint Petersburg and joined Andrei in Kislovodsk.

Andrei’s mother Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna still hoped that her eldest son Kirill, would one day be Emperor of All Russia. When other Romanovs were leaving Russia, including her son Kirill and his family, Maria Pavlovna spent 1917-1918 with her son Boris, her son Andrei, and Mathilde along with her son Vladimir in the war-torn Caucasus. With the advance of the Bolsheviks, they fled to Anapa, Russia on the Black Sea, where they spent another fourteen months. When the Commander of the White Army told Maria Pavlovna that the Bolsheviks were going to win the Russian Civil War, she finally agreed to go into exile. On February 13, 1920, Maria Pavlovna, her son Andrei, his mistress Matilde, and her son Vladimir boarded an Italian ship headed to Venice. They made their way from Venice to Switzerland and then to France. Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna did not live long in exile, dying in Contrexéville, France on September 6, 1920.

Russian Orthodox Church of St. Michael the Archangel in Cannes, France where Mathilde and Andrei were finally married; Credit – By Иерей Максим Массалитин – originally posted to Flickr as Завтра зима, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9099069

After the death of his mother, Andrei felt that he would finally be able to marry Mathilde. Andrei asked for and received permission to marry Mathilde from his brother Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, the Head of the Romanov Family since the murders of Emperor Nicholas II and his family, and from Empress Maria Feodorovna, the mother of Nicholas II. Mathilde and Andrei were married in a simple ceremony in the Russian Orthodox Church of St. Michael the Archangel in Cannes, France on January 30, 1921.

After the Russian Revolution, Mathilde and Grand Duke Andrei maintained that Andrei was the father of Mathilde’s son. In 1921, shortly after Mathilde and Andrei’s wedding, Vladimir was adopted by Grand Duke Andrei, and his patronymic was changed to Andreievich, son of Andrei. However, the question of Vladimir’s paternity remains unresolved but most historians believe that Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich, whom Vladimir resembled, was his father. On November 30, 1926, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, Head of the Romanov Family, gave Mathilde, who had converted to Russian Orthodoxy, and her son Vladimir, the title and surname of the Prince/Princess of Krasinsky. On July 28, 1935, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich gave Mathilde and her son the surname Romanovsky-Krasinsky, and they were formally styled Princess Maria Romanovsky-Krasinsky and Prince Vladimir Andreievich Romanovsky-Krasinsky.

Cap-d’Ail, France where Mathilde and Andrei lived in exile for a while; Credit – Par Gilbert Bochenek — Travail personnel, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18109477

Andrei and Mathilde were able to live more comfortably than some of the other exiled Romanovs. Before the Russian Revolution, Andrei had bought the Villa Alam in Cap-d’Ail, France, bordering Monaco, in Mathilde’s name, and so it did not have to be sold when Nicholas II had ordered all Romanov foreign property to be sold during World War I. To have a cash flow and maintain his standard of living, Andrei sold the jewel collection he inherited from his mother and he mortgaged Villa Alam. However, their standard of living did not last long. Both Mathilde and Andrei liked to gamble and lost huge sums of money at the gambling tables in Monte Carlo and the rest of their money was lost in the stock market crash of 1929. Mathilde and Andrei were forced to sell the Villa Alam. They moved to Paris where they lived in the 16th arrondissement.

Embed from Getty Images 
Mathilde, on the right, at her dance school in Paris

In 1929, Mathilde opened a ballet school to provide income for the family. During the 1930s, Mathilde’s ballet school prospered, allowing her family to live a modest, yet comfortable life. Her students included some of the greatest ballet dancers of the 20th century including Dame Margot Fonteyn of Britain’s Royal Ballet, Dame Alicia Markova of Sergei Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes (Fonteyn and Markova are the only two British ballerinas to be recognized as a prima ballerina assoluta), André Eglevsky who danced with the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, the American Ballet Theatre and the New York City Ballet, Tatiana Riabouchinska who danced with the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, and Tamara Toumanova who also danced with the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo (Riabouchinska and Toumanova were two members of the famous trio called the Baby Ballerinas).

Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich between his wife Mathilde and his first cousin Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna in Paris. 1953; Credit – Wikipedia

As Andrei aged, his health worsened as did the family finances. Andrei and Mathilde were forced to sell their home in Paris and rent instead. They relied on financial aid from Andrei’s nephew Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich, the Head of the Romanov Family, and some of Mathilde’s friends and former students, such as British ballerina Margot Fonteyn. On October 31, 1956, Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich died at the age of 77 in Paris, France. Mathilde survived him by fifteen years, dying in Paris on December 6, 1971, at the age of 99. Mathilde and Andrei’s son Vladimir never married. He died in Paris, France on April 23, 1974, aged 71. Vladimir was buried with his parents at the Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery in Paris, France.

Grave of Andrei, Mathilde and their son Vladimir; Credit – Автор: Muumi – собственная работа, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62393803

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

• En.wikipedia.org. 2020. Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich Of Russia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Andrei_Vladimirovich_of_Russia> [Accessed 9 July 2020].
• En.wikipedia.org. 2020. Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich Of Russia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia> [Accessed 9 July 2020].
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by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

Maria Antonovna Naryshkina; Credit – Wikipedia

• Patronymics: In Russian, a patronymic is the second name derived from the father’s first name: the suffix -vich means “son of” and the suffixes -eva, -evna, -ova, and -ovna mean “daughter of”.

Born Princess Maria Czetwertyński-Światopełk (name often shortened and Russified to Chetvertinskaya) on February 2, 1779, in Warsaw, Poland, Maria was the second of the two daughters and the second of the three children of Polish nobleman Prince Antoni Stanisław Czetwertyński-Światopełk and his first wife Tekla von Kampenhausen.

Maria had two siblings:

• Princess Zhanetta Antonovna Chetvertinskaya (1777 – 1854), married Count Severin Vyshkovsky, no children,
• Prince Boris Antonovich Chetvertinsky (1784 – 1865), married Princess Nadezhda Fedorovna Gagarina, had nine children

Maria’s mother died when she was five years old. Her father married again to Coletta Adamovna Kholonevskaya.

Maria had two half-brothers from her father’s second marriage:

• Prince Konstantin Antonovich Chetvertinsky (1792 – 1850)
• Prince Gustav Antonovich Chetvertinsky (1794 – 1851)

The urn with the ashes of  Prince Antoni Stanisław Czetwertyński-Światopełk surrounded by his widow Coletta Adamovna Kholonevskaya with her two young sons, Konstantin and Gustav. On the right side are the children of Prince Chetvertinsky from his first marriage: son Boris and daughters Maria and Zhanetta; Credit – Wikipedia

Maria’s father Prince Antoni Stanisław Czetwertyński-Światopełk was a member of the parliament of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and took the side of the Russian Empire in many matters that came before the parliament. During the Kościuszko Uprising, he was imprisoned by the Polish revolutionaries. On June 28, 1794, an angry mob stormed the prison, and Prince Antoni Stanisław Czetwertyński-Światopełk was hanged with other people declared traitors.

Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia ordered Prince Antoni Stanisław Czetwertyński-Światopełk’s widow and children to be brought to St. Petersburg and provided for them. As adults, Maria’s brothers had positions at the Russian court and/or in the government. Her sister was the mistress of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, the brother of Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia.

Maria’s husband, Dmitry Lvovich Naryshkin; Credit – Wikipedia

Maria was fifteen years old when she arrived in St. Petersburg and was made a maid-of-honor at the Russian court. Catherine the Great arranged a marriage for her, and in 1795, she married 31-year-old Dmitry Lvovich Naryshkin, from a rich noble family, and a courtier at the Russian court where he held several high positions over the years.

Naryshkin-Shuvalov Palace; Credit – Wikipedia

Maria and her husband lived a life of extravagant luxury. They were famous for hosting balls at their St. Petersburg palace, now known as the Naryshkin-Shuvalov Palace on the Fontanka River Embankment. Today, it is the site of the Faberge Museum in St. Petersburg. Maria was known for her dazzling beauty and attracted the attention of Tsesarevich Alexander Pavlovich, the future Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia.

Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia: Credit – Wikipedia

Tsesarevich Alexander Pavlovich was the eldest son and heir of Paul I, Emperor of All Russia, who had succeeded his mother Catherine II (the Great) upon her death in 1796. In 1793, Catherine the Great arranged a marriage between her grandson Alexander and Louise of Baden, known as Elizabeth Alexeievna after her marriage. Alexander and Elizabeth Alexeievna’s marriage started to falter. With the approval of Maria’s husband, Alexander started a long-term affair with Maria in 1799 and Elizabeth Alexeievna sought affection from her husband’s friend Prince Adam Czartoryski, a Polish noble. In 1799, Elizabeth Alexeievna gave birth to a daughter Maria Alexandrovna, who had dark eyes and dark hair like Prince Adam Czartoryski, unlike the blond hair and blue eyes of both Alexander and Elizabeth Alexeievna. Elizabeth Alexeievna had one more daughter but both daughters died in early childhood.

Maria and Alexander’s affair lasted for nearly nineteen years. After Alexander became Emperor of All Russia following the assassination of his father in 1801, his marriage was one in name only. Both Alexander and Elizabeth Alexeievna fulfilled their duties as Emperor and Empress. However, Alexander continued his long-term affair with Maria, and Elizabeth Alexeievna continued her affair with Prince Adam Czartoryski.

Maria Antonovna Naryshkina with her daughter Marina; Credit – Wikipedia

Maria had six children who were officially considered the children of Maria’s husband Dmitry Lvovich Naryshkin but their paternity is uncertain. The eldest Marina was the child of Dmitry as Maria’s affair with Alexander I started in 1799, after Marina’s birth. Sophie was the only child officially recognized by Alexander I. There are suspicions that Maria had an affair with Prince Grigory Ivanovich Gagarin, a diplomat and a poet, in 1813-1816, and that Maria’s son Emmanuel may have been Gagarin’s.

• Marina Dmitrievna Naryshkina (1798 – 1871), married Count Nikolai Dmitrievich Guryev, had four children
• Elizabeth Dmitrievna Naryshkina (1802 – 1803), died in infancy
• Elena Dmitrievna Naryshkina (1803 – 1804), died in infancy
• Sophia Dmitrievna Naryshkina (1805 – 1824), died from tuberculosis at age 18
• Zinaida Dmitrievna Naryshkina (1807 – 1810), died in early childhood
• Emanuel Dmitrievich Naryshkin (1813 – 1901), married (1) Ekaterina Nikolaevna Novosiltseva, no children (2) Alexandra Nikolaevna Chicherina, no children

In 1815, Maria accompanied Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia to the Congress of Vienna, causing a scandal. Eventually, Maria began to worry about her position and the gossip surrounding her and Alexander began to have pangs of guilt about the long-term affair. In 1818, the affair ended and Alexander went back to his wife Elizabeth Alexeievna but he continued to talk about Maria as his family.

Maria in 1838; Credit – Wikipedia

Maria returned to her husband Dmitry Lvovich Naryshkin and they lived in Odessa, Russia on the Black Sea. On December 1, 1825, 47-year-old Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia died in Elizabeth Alexeievna’s arms from typhus. He was succeeded by his brother Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia. Dmitry Lvovich Naryshkin died on March 31, 1838, aged 73, and was buried in the Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg. In 1842, Maria left Russia and moved to Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, now in the German state of Bavaria, where she lived with the family of Count von Rechberg.

Maria Antonovna Naryshkina, aged 75, died on September 6, 1854, in Starnberg, Kingdom of Bavaria, now in the German state of Bavaria. She was buried in the Alter Südfriedhof (Old South Cemetery) in Munich.

Tomb of Maria Antonovna Naryshkina; Credit – Von HubertSt – Eigenes Werk, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50916498

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

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by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

Anna Petrovna Lopukhina; Credit – Wikipedia

Patronymics: In Russian, a patronymic is the second name derived from the father’s first name: the suffix -vich means “son of” and the suffixes -eva, -evna, -ova, and -ovna mean “daughter of”.

Anna Petrovna Lopukhina was born on November 8, 1777. She was the eldest of the three daughters and the eldest of the four children of Peter Vasilievich Lopukhin and his first wife Praskovya Ivanovna Levshina. The Lopukhins were an old Russian noble family. Eudoxia Feodorovna Lopukhina, the first wife of Peter I (the Great), Emperor of All Russia was from the family. Peter Vasilievich Lopukhin served in the Russian Army with the Preobrazhensky Guards. He served as Chief of Police of St. Petersburg, Moscow Civil Governor, and Governor-General of Yaroslav and Vologda. When Paul I succeeded to the throne, Peter Vasilievich was appointed to the Privy Council. He served as President of the Council of Ministers, basically the Prime Minister, from 1816 to 1827 during the reigns of Paul’s sons Alexander I and Nicholas I.

Anna’s father Peter Vasilievich Lopukhin; Credit – Wikipedia

Anna’s mother, Praskovya Ivanovna Levshina; Credit – Wikipedia

Anna had three younger siblings:

• Vasily Petrovich Lopukhin (1780 – ?), died young
• Ekaterina Petrovna Lopukhina (1783 – 1830), married Grigory Alexandrovich Demidov, had six children
• Praskovya Petrovna Lopukhina (1784 – 1870), married Count Pavel Ivanovich Kutaisov, had five children

Anna’s stepmother Ekaterina Nikolaevna Shetneva; Credit – Wikipedia

When Anna was eight-years-old, her mother died. A year later her father married Ekaterina Nikolaevna Shetneva. Anna and her siblings were raised by their stepmother in Moscow, Russia, along with their half-siblings.

Anna had four half-siblings from her father’s second marriage:

• Alexandra Petrovna Lopukhina (1788 – 1852), married Alexander Alexandrovich Zherebtsov, had one daughter
• Pavel Petrovich Lopukhin (1790 – 1873), married Anna Ivanovna von Wenkstern
• Elizaveta Petrovna Lopukhina (1792 -1805), died in childhood
• Sofia Petrovna Lopukhina (1798 – 1825 ), married Alexei Jakovlevich Lobanov-Rostovsky, had four children

Paul I, Emperor of All Russia’ Credit – Wikipedia

In 1798, Paul I, Emperor of All Russia visited Moscow. At a court ball, he noticed 21-year-old Anna Petrovna Lopukhina and became infatuated. A court faction headed by Count Ivan Pavlovich Kutaisov, formerly Paul’s valet and now one of his important advisors, decided to use Paul’s infatuation with Anna against the influence of Paul’s wife Empress Maria Feodorovna, born Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg, and Paul’s official mistress Ekaterina Ivanovna Nelidova, one of his wife’s ladies-in-waiting. The Empress had originally been quite upset about her husband’s infidelities, but eventually, she made her peace with Ekaterina Ivanovna Nelidova and the two women used their combined influence on Paul.

Emperor Paul instructed Kutaisov to negotiate the Lopukhina family’s move to St. Petersburg. After being offered an important position in St. Petersburg, a house, money, and the title His Serene Highness Prince, Peter Vasilievich Lopukhin agreed to move his family to St. Petersburg. Upon hearing of this, Empress Maria Feodorovna sent a letter to Anna strongly advising her to remain in Moscow. The letter was intercepted and came to the attention of Paul I who was angered by his wife’s actions. In the fall of 1798, the Lopukhin family moved to St. Petersburg where they lived at 10 Palace Embankment, a street along the Neva River where the Winter Palace was located.

The brown building in the middle, 10 Palace Embankment, was the Loupkhin family home in St. Petersburg; Credit – Wikipedia

Anna’s stepmother was made a lady-in-waiting at court and Anna was made a maid of honor. She quickly replaced Ekaterina Ivanovna Nelidova as Paul’s official mistress. Praskovya Petrovna Lopukhina, Anna’s sister, married Count Pavel Ivanovich Kutaisov, the son of Count Ivan Pavlovich Kutaisov, the mastermind behind the scheme to move the Lopukhin family to St. Petersburg and make Anna the mistress of Emperor Paul.

Anna had a diplomatic and humble nature and stayed away from court intrigues. She used her influence with Paul only for those who fell out of favor or for those who deserved rewards. However, instead of using persuasion, Anna cried or pouted until she got what she wanted. Anna had a passion for dancing and so Paul often gave balls. She loved the waltz, which had been forbidden at court but was brought into vogue thanks to Anna. The usual court costume restricted some dance moves and Paul ordered it abandoned which greatly upset his wife Empress Maria Feodorovna.

Anna’s husband Prince Pavel Gavrilovich Gagarin; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1799, Anna asked Paul’s permission to marry a childhood friend, Prince Pavel Gavrilovich Gagarin, who was then in Italy with the Russian Army. Paul recalled him to St. Petersburg, gave him the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, promoted him to Adjutant General, and transferred him to the St. Petersburg-based Preobrazhensky Guards. Anna and Pavel Gavrilovich were married on February 8, 1799. Upon her marriage, Anna was appointed a lady-in-waiting. Paul’s feelings for Anna did not change after her marriage and she continued to be his official mistress.

Because Emperor Paul overly taxed the nobility and limited their rights, the Russian nobles, by increasing numbers, were against him. Paul’s reign was becoming increasingly despotic. Eventually, the nobility reached their breaking point and rumors began swirling of a coup d’état being prepared by the nobility. On the night of March 23, 1801, a group of conspirators charged into Paul’s bedroom, forced him to abdicate, and then strangled and trampled him to death. Paul’s eldest son, who probably knew about the coup but not the murder plot, succeeded as Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia.

• Unofficial Royalty: Assassination of Paul I, Emperor of All Russia

Alexander I appointed Pavel Gavrilovich Gagarin ambassador to Sardinia, now in Italy, and Anna and her husband moved to the city of Turin. Because the benefits that Pavel would reap from being married to Paul’s official mistress were now gone, Pavel and Anna’s marriage deteriorated. Both Pavel and Anna had affairs. Anna’s affair was with Prince Boris Antonovich Chetvertinsky. On February 5, 1805, Anna gave birth to Boris Antonovich’s daughter Alexandra. Anna, aged 27, died on April 25, 1805, in Turin from tuberculosis. Her infant daughter died a few weeks later.

Anna was buried in the St. Lazarus Church at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg, Russia. Her husband Prince Pavel Gavrilovich Gagarin ordered the inscription on her tomb to read, “In memory of my wife and benefactress,” a nod to the benefits he had received for being married to a mistress of the Emperor of All Russia.

St. Lazarus Church at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg; Credit – By Екатерина Борисова – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51910633

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

• En.wikipedia.org. 2020. Anna Lopukhina. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lopukhina> [Accessed 1 July 2020].
• Flantzer, Susan, 2018. Paul I, Emperor of All Russia. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/emperor-paul-i-of-russia/> [Accessed 1 July 2020].
• Lincoln, W. Bruce. (1981). The Romanovs: Autocrats of  All the Russias. New York, NY.: Doubleday
• Ru.wikipedia.org. 2020. Лопухина, Анна Петровна. [online] Available at: <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0> [Accessed 1 July 2020].
• Ru.wikipedia.org. 2020. Гагарин, Павел Гаврилович. [online] Available at: <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87> [Accessed 1 July 2020].
• Ru.wikipedia.org. 2020. Лопухин, Пётр Васильевич. [online] Available at: <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87> [Accessed 1 July 2020].

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

Prince Platon Alexandrovich Zubov; Credit – Wikipedia

• Patronymics: In Russian, a patronymic is the second name derived from the father’s first name: the suffix -vich means “son of” and the suffixes -eva, -evna, -ova, and -ovna mean “daughter of”.

Prince Platon Alexandrovich Zubov was the last lover of Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia. There was a thirty-eight-year age difference between Platon and Catherine. He was also one of the conspirators in the assassination of Catherine II’s son and successor Paul I, Emperor of All Russia, and was one of the fourteen people present at Paul’s murder. Born on November 26, 1767, Platon was the fifth of the six children and the third of the four sons of Alexander Nikolaievich Zubov (1727 – 1795) and Elizabeth Vasilievna Voronova (1742 – 1813).

Platon Alexandrovich had four older siblings and one younger sibling:

• Anna Alexandrovna Zubova (1760 – after 1787), married Osip Ivanovich Horvath, had two children
• Nicholai Alexandrovich Zubov (1763 – 1805), married Natalia Alexandrovna Suvorov, had seven children
• Dmitri Alexandrovich Zubov (1764 – 1836), married Praskovye Alexandrovna Vyazemskaya, had six children
• Olga Alexandrovna Zubova (1765 – 1849), married Alexander Alexeivich Zherebtsov, had four children
• Valerian Alexandrovich Zubov (1771 – 1804), unmarried

Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin; Credit – Wikipedia

The great love of Empress Catherine’s life was Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin who had a relationship with Catherine from 1774 until he died in 1791. After a period of exclusivity, Potemkin and Catherine worked out a new relationship that preserved their affection toward each other and their political collaborations but allowed each of them to choose other sexual partners. Besides being Catherine’s lover, Potemkin was Grand Admiral of the Black Sea Fleet, Field Marshal of the Russian Army, and Governor-General of New Russia. Potemkin served as a diplomat, was a member of the Imperial Council and was president of the War College. He built the Black Sea Fleet and founded the cities of Sevastopol and Kherson in Crimea. Potemkin’s achievements include the peaceful annexation of Crimea and the successful Russo-Turkish War.

In June 1789, Platon Alexandrovich Zubov was a 22-year-old officer in the Lifeguards Horse Regiment when Count Nikolai Ivanovich Saltykov introduced him to Empress Catherine in an effort to supplant his enemy Prince Grigory Potemkin from his various positions. Potemkin had approved of all Catherine’s other lovers from 1777 – 1789 but he vehemently disapproved of Platon. He saw Platon for what he was – poorly educated, vain, and greedy for wealth, estates, honors and titles for himself, his father and his three brothers. Although Potemkin died in 1791, he was proven correct. Platon would become the last of Catherine’s lovers, become a Count and a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, and along with his father and three brothers who all became Counts, would accumulate enormous fortunes and would become widely reviled for corruption and cruelty.

Platon wearing his honors and a miniature of Catherine; Credit – Wikipedia

Upon Potemkin’s death, Platon succeeded him as the Governor-General of New Russia. In 1795, Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin wrote to Count Semyon Romanovich Vorontsov: “Count Zubov is everything here. There is no other will but his. His power is greater than that of Potemkin. He is as reckless and incapable as before, although the Empress keeps repeating that he is the greatest genius the history of Russia has known”.

Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia, 1794; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1796, Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia died at the age of 67 and the 29-year-old Platon went mad with grief. For ten days, he isolated himself in his sister Olga’s home. On the eleventh day, he was visited by Catherine’s son and successor Paul I, Emperor of All Russia who drank to his health. Nevertheless, within a few days, Paul confiscated Platon’s estates, relieved him of all his posts, and strongly advised him to go abroad. Platon traveled for a few years in Poland and various regions of Germany. In 1800, he obtained permission to return to Russia and his confiscated estates were returned to him.

Back in Russia, Platon found dissatisfaction among the nobles with Emperor Paul’s reign. Paul agreed with the practices of autocracy and tried to prevent liberal ideas in the Russian Empire. He did not tolerate freedom of thought or resistance against autocracy. Because he overly taxed the nobility and limited their rights, the Russian nobles, by increasing numbers, were against him. Paul’s reign was becoming increasingly despotic. Eventually, the nobility reached their breaking point.

A conspiracy to assassinate Emperor Paul was organized, some months before it was executed, by Count Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen, Count Nikita Petrovich Panin, and Admiral José de Ribas, with the alleged support of the British ambassador in Saint Petersburg, Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth who was the lover of Platon’s sister Olga. Platon was one of the conspirators along with his siblings Nikolai, Olga, and Valerian. The conspirators met and discussed their plans at Olga’s house. The total number of people involved in the conspiracy, according to various estimates, ranges from 180 to 300 people.

The assassination of Emperor Paul I, French engraving, 1880s; Credit – Wikipedia

Platon and his brother Nikolai were among the fourteen people present at Emperor Paul’s assassination. At 1:30 AM on March 23, 1801, a group of twelve men led by Platon’s brother Count Nikolai Alexandrovich Zubov and Levin August von Bennigsen, a German general in the service of the Russian Empire, broke into Paul’s bedroom at the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in a corner. The conspirators pulled him out and forced him to a table so he could sign an abdication document. When Paul resisted, Platon’s brother Nikolai struck him with a sword and Platon said to Paul, “You are no longer Emperor. It is Alexander (Paul’s eldest son) who is our master.” Paul finally signed the abdication document after which the assassins strangled and trampled him to death.

• Unofficial Royalty: Assassination of Paul I, Emperor of All Russia

Paul’s 23-year-old eldest son Alexander, who probably knew about the coup but not the murder plot, succeeded as Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia. Platon initially played a prominent role and enjoyed influence in Alexander’s early reign. However, Alexander I soon realized that he could not surround himself with those involved in the death of his father without compromising himself and Platon’s days of influence came to an end for good.

Tekla Ignatyevna Valentinović; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1814, Platon moved to his estates in Lithuania. In 1821, 54-year-old Platon fell madly in love with 19-year-old Tekla Ignatyevna Valentinović (1801-1873), the daughter of a Lithuanian nobleman of modest means. He had seen Tekla with her mother at a horse fair in Vilnius, Lithuania. Through an intermediary, Platon offered Tekla’s family a notable sum of money but his marriage proposal was rejected. Several months later Tekla and her mother arrived at Platon’s estate in Yanishki, Lithuania. Platon made an offer of one million rubles to marry Telka and her mother agreed.

The couple married in 1821 and had a daughter:

• Alexandra Platonovna Zubova (1822 – 1824), died in early childhood

Rundāle Palace; Credit – By Jeroen Komen from Utrecht, Netherlands CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37637993

After the marriage of Platon and Tekla, they made their home at Rundāle Palace, originally built for the Dukes of Courland in what is now Latvia. After the Duchy of Courland was absorbed by the Russian Empire in 1795, Empress Catherine II presented the palace to Platon’s youngest brother Valerian Zubov. Platon inherited Rundāle Palace after the death in 1804 of his unmarried brother.

Platon’s burial site, photographed in the 1860w; Credit – Wikipedia

Prince Platon Alexandrovich Zubov, aged 55, died on April 19, 1822, at Rundāle Palace, three weeks after the birth of his only child. He was buried in the Zubov family crypt at the Coastal Monastery of Saint Sergius in the coastal settlement of Strelna near St. Petersburg, Russia. Platon’s brothers Nikolai and Valerian were also buried in the same crypt. Their burial site was destroyed during the Soviet era.

Platon’s widow Tekla inherited a huge fortune upon his death. However, Platon’s relatives sued due to the lack of a will. The subsequent trial ended in favor of Tekla who made a second marriage in 1826 to Count Andrei Petrovich Shuvalov, who became a prominent figure at the courts of Emperor Nicholas I and Emperor Alexander II. Tekla and her husband had four children and her second marriage brought the vast Zubov estates and fortune into the Shuvalov family.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

• En.wikipedia.org. 2020. Platon Zubov. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon_Zubov> [Accessed 19 July 2020].
• Flantzer, Susan, 2020. Assassination Of Paul I, Emperor Of All Russia (1801). [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/assassination-of-paul-i-emperor-of-all-russia-1801/> [Accessed 19 July 2020].
• Flantzer, Susan, 2018. Catherine II (The Great), Empress Of All Russia. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/empress-catherine-ii-the-great-of-russia/> [Accessed 9 July 2020].
• Lincoln, W. Bruce. (1981). The Romanovs: Autocrats of  All the Russias. New York, NY.: Doubleday
• Massie, Robert, (2016). Catherine the Great. London: Head of Zeus.
• Ru.wikipedia.org. 2020. Валентинович, Текла Игнатьевна. [online] Available at: <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0> [Accessed 19 July 2020].
• Ru.wikipedia.org. 2020. Зубов, Александр Николаевич (1727). [online] Available at: <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(1727)> [Accessed 19 July 2020].
• Ru.wikipedia.org. 2020. Зубов, Платон Александрович. [online] Available at: <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87> [Accessed 19 July 2020].

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin; Credit – Wikipedia

Patronymics

• In Russian, a patronymic is the second name derived from the father’s first name: the suffix -vich means “son of” and the suffixes -eva, -evna, -ova, and -ovna mean “daughter of”.

The term “Potemkin Village” derives from Grigory Potemkin. It has come to mean, especially in a political context, any hollow or false construct, physical or figurative, meant to hide an undesirable or potentially damaging situation. The term comes from stories of a fake portable village built solely to impress Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia, by her former lover Grigory Potemkin, during her journey to the Crimea in 1787.

Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin was born in the village of Chizhovo near Smolensk, Russia on October 11, 1739. He was the youngest of the six children and the only son of Alexander Vasilyevich Potemkin and Daria Vasilyevna Kondyreva.

Grigory had five older sisters:

• Elena Alexandrovna Potemkina (1724–1775), married Vasily Andreyevich Engelhardt, had two sons and six daughters, the famous Potemkin Nieces, who were court favorites during the reigns of Catherine II and her son Paul I
• Marya Alexandrovna Potemkina, married Nikolai Borisovich Samoilov, had two children
• Piełagieja Alexandrovna Potemkina, married Peter Egorovich Vysotsky, had four children
• Daria Alexandrovna Potemkina, married Alexander Alexandrovich Likhachev, no children
• Nadzieżda Alexandrovna Potemkina (1738–1757), unmarried

Grigory’s father, a decorated war veteran who served as a non-commissioned officer in the Russian Army, came from a family of middle-income noble landowners. After his father died in 1746, Grigory’s mother moved the family to Moscow to aid her only son in establishing a career. Seven-year-old Grigory attended the Johann Philipp Litke School, the first private boarding school in Moscow where he was taught in German. He then attended the University Gymnasium, a secondary school that was part of the Imperial Moscow University. Grigory entered Imperial Moscow University in 1755. In 1756, he was awarded a gold medal for his achievements in science, and in 1757, he was one of the top twelve students sent to St. Petersburg to be introduced to Elizabeth I, Empress of All Russia. Despite his achievements, Grigory was expelled from Imperial Moscow University in 1760 for laziness and non-attendance at classes.

Grigory had enlisted in the army in 1750 at age eleven, which was customary for noble children, with active service postponed until his education was completed. After being expelled from the university, Grigory began his service with the Imperial Guards Horse Regiment as a non-commissioned officer. In 1761, Grigory was promoted to vahmistra, the highest rank for non-commissioned officers. This rank was essentially a commander who assisted the squadron commander with drill training and organization. In March 1762, became an aide-de-camp to the Colonel of the Imperial Guards Horse Regiment, Field Marshal Prince George Ludwig of Holstein-Gottorp, the second cousin once removed of Peter III, Emperor of All Russia and uncle of Peter’s wife and Grigory’s future lover, the future Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia.

In 1762, Grigory’s regiment took part in the coup d’etat that overthrew Peter III and placed his wife on the Russian throne. Allegedly, as Catherine reviewed her troops in front of the Winter Palace before the coup d’etat, she lacked a sword knot, a tassel attached to the hilt of a sword, and Grigory quickly supplied her with one. Potemkin’s horse then refused to leave her side for several minutes before returning to the ranks. After the coup d’etat, Empress Catherine singled out Potemkin for reward and promoted him to second lieutenant. Catherine then gave him a position in her household as a gentleman of the bedchamber, with Grigory retaining his post in the Imperial Guards Horse Regiment.

Two of the five Orlov Brothers: Alexei and Catherine’s lover Grigory; Credit – Wikipedia

Catherine’s lover Grigory Orlov and his four brothers, who had organized the coup d’etat, dominated court life. However, Catherine encouraged Potemkin’s flirtatious behavior, including kissing her hand and declaring his love for her. For eleven years, from 1761 – 1772, Catherine was faithful to Grigory Orlov. In 1772, Orlov’s enemies, led by Nikita Ivanovich Panin, a statesman and political mentor to Catherine, broke up the relationship between Orlov and Catherine. They informed Catherine that Grigory had been unfaithful to her. A handsome young officer, Alexander Semyonovich Vasilchikov, was installed as Catherine’s new lover and Orlov was made to leave the court. However, Vasilchikov did not last long as Grigory Potemkin replaced him.

Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia, 1772; Credit – Wikipedia

Grigory and Catherine had known each other since 1762 but their sexual relationship began in the spring of 1774 when Grigory was 34 and Catherine was 44. There is some evidence that a secret wedding took place in the summer or fall of 1774, or in early January 1775, and that Grigory and Catherine had a daughter Elizaveta Grigorievna Temkina, born July 24, 1775. However, there is no documentation of a marriage or the birth of a daughter. By late 1775, their relationship was changing and in early 1776, Catherine took her official secretary Count Peter Vasilievich Zavadovsky as her lover as a buffer for her stormy relationship with Grigory.

In public, courtiers saw no change except now it was Zavadovsky who escorted Catherine to her private apartments each night instead of Grigory. Grigory remained at the Winter Palace, was always present when Catherine appeared, and they seemed no less affectionate in public. However, Zavadovsky was jealous and demanded that Catherine give him exclusive intimacy. Grigory, who had initially approved of Zavadovsky, asked for his removal. To make his point, he stayed away from Catherine’s birthday celebrations. Eventually, Grigory got his way. In the summer of 1777, Zavadovsky was asked to leave the palace.

Grigory Potemkin in 1790; Credit – Wikipedia

Grigory and Catherine worked out a new relationship that preserved their affection toward each other and their political collaborations but allowed them to choose other sexual partners. That relationship lasted until Grigoryi died and he is considered Catherine’s great love. Catherine obtained for him the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and gave him the title of Prince of the Russian Empire. He was Grand Admiral of the Black Sea Fleet, Field Marshal of the Russian Army, and Governor-General of New Russia. Grigory served as a diplomat, was a member of the Imperial Council and president of the War College. He built the Black Sea Fleet and founded the cities of Sevastopol and Kherson in the Crimea. Grigoryi’s achievements include the peaceful annexation of Crimea and the successful Russo-Turkish War.

While traveling from Russia to Jassy in Moldavia, now in Romania, to negotiate the Treaty of Jassy ending the Russo-Turkish War, Grigoryi became ill with a fever. He had contracted malaria in Crimea in 1783 and his symptoms showed a reoccurrence of malaria. Grigory refused to take quinine or other medicines the doctor accompanying him prescribed. Like Catherine, Grigoryi believed his body would heal itself. When his entourage reached Jassy, his aides sent for his niece Countess Alexandra Branitskaya in Poland, hoping she could convince her uncle to follow the doctor’s advice. Catherine eagerly waited for messages about Grigoryi’s condition and ordered his niece to write to her every day.

Death of Potemkin, 1793 engraving; Credit – Wikipedia

Grigory was bothered by the humid air in Jassy and requested to be moved to Nikolaev in southern Ukraine where he thought the cooler air would do him good. On the day he left Jassy, he dictated his last letter to Catherine: “Your most gracious Majesty. I have no more strength to endure my torments. My only remaining salvation is to leave this town and I have ordered myself to be taken to Nikolaev. I do not know what is to become of me.” Grigory was then carried to a carriage to begin the trip to Nikolaev. After traveling only a few miles, Grigory could not breathe. He was carried into a nearby house where he spent the night. In the morning, he requested that the journey continue. However, after only seven miles, Grigory ordered the carriage to stop. He said, “This will be enough. There is no point in going on. Take me out of the carriage. I want to die on the field! ” Grigory was taken from the carriage, laid on a Persian carpet, and died in the arms of his niece on October 16, 1791, at the age of 52.

Catherine received the news via courier a week later and collapsed saying, “Now I have no one left on whom I can rely. How can anyone replace Potemkin?” Days passed and the same report came from Catherine’s secretary, “Tears and despair, tears and more tears.”

Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin was buried at the Cathedral of St. Catherine in Kherson, now in Ukraine, the city he had founded in the Crimea on the Black Sea in 1778. In October 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian forces removed the remains of Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin from the Cathedral of St. Catherine and transported them to Russia.

Tomb of Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin at the Cathedral of St. Catherine in Kherson, now in Ukraine; Credit – By Alexey M. – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=78690594

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

• En.wikipedia.org. 2020. Grigory Potemkin. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Potemkin> [Accessed 19 July 2020].
• Flantzer, Susan, 2018. Catherine II (The Great), Empress Of All Russia. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/empress-catherine-ii-the-great-of-russia/> [Accessed 9 July 2020].
• Lincoln, W. Bruce. (1981). The Romanovs: Autocrats of  All the Russias. New York, NY.: Doubleday
• Massie, Robert, (2016). Catherine the Great. London: Head of Zeus.
• Ru.wikipedia.org. 2020. Потёмкин, Григорий Александрович. [online] Available at: <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87> [Accessed 19 July 2020].
• Ru.wikipedia.org. 2020. Свадьба Екатерины II И Потёмкина. [online] Available at: <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_II_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0> [Accessed 19 July 2020].

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

Count Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov; Credit – Wikipedia

Patronymics

• In Russian, a patronymic is the second name derived from the father’s first name: the suffix -vich means “son of” and the suffixes -eva, -evna, -ova, and -ovna mean “daughter of”.

Count Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov and his four brothers organized the coup d’etat that overthrew the husband of Catherine II the Great, Empress of All Russia, and gave her the throne of the Russian Empire.

Count Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov was the second of the five surviving sons of Grigory Ivanovich Orlov and Lukerya Ivanovna Zinovieva. He was born on October 17, 1734, at his father’s estate in the village of Lyutkino of the Bezhetsky Uyezd in the Tver Governorate in the European part of the Russian Empire. His father Grigory Ivanovich Orlov served in the Russian army and attained the rank of Major-General. After he retired from the army, Grigory Ivanovich was appointed Governor of Novgorod with the rank of State Councilor.

Grigory Grigoryevich had one older brother and four younger brothers, Collectively, they were known as the Orlov Brothers:

• Ivan Grigorievich Orlov (1733-1791), married Elizaveta Fyodorovna Rtishcheva, no children
• Alexei Grigorievich Orlov (1737-1808), married Evdokia Nikolaevna Lopukhina, had one son and one daughter
• Fedor Grigorievich Orlov (1741-1796), unmarried, had six illegitimate six sons and two illegitimate daughters, later legitimized by Empress Catherine II
• Mikhail Grigorievich Orlov (born1742), died in infancy
• Vladimir Grigorievich Orlov (1743-1831), married Elizaveta Ivanovna Stackelberg, had two sons and four daughters

Grigory Grigoryevich was raised in Moscow where he was educated at home. In 1749, as a 15-year-old, he enlisted in the Semyonovsky Lifeguard Regiment. By 1757, he was an officer and took part in the Seven Years’ War. He refused to leave the battlefield at the Battle of Zorndorf after being wounded three times which gained much respect from his fellow soldiers. In 1759, he was transferred to St. Petersburg where he joined the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Grigory’s transfer to the Preobrazhensky Regiment increased his popularity in St. Petersburg society. His good looks and physical qualities attracted the attention of Grand Duchess Ekaterina (Catherine) Alexeievna.

Grand Duchess Ekaterina (Catherine) Alexeievna, born Princess Sophie Auguste Friederike of Anhalt-Zerbst; Credit – Wikipedia

Grand Duchess Ekaterina (Catherine) Alexeievna, born Princess Sophie Auguste Friederike of Anhalt-Zerbst, was the wife of Grand Duke Peter Feodorovich (the future Peter III, Emperor of All Russia), the heir to the Russian throne. Peter’s maternal aunt Elizabeth, Empress of All Russia, the daughter of Peter I (the Great), Emperor of All Russia, was unmarried. Peter had been born Prince Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp, the son of Karl Friedrich, reigning Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, the elder of the two surviving daughters of Peter I (the Great), Emperor of All Russia. Peter’s mother died at the age of 20, three months after his birth. His father died when Peter was eleven-years-old and he became the reigning Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Three years later, in 1742, Peter’s life dramatically changed when his unmarried maternal aunt, his mother’s younger sister, Elizabeth, Empress of All Russia, declared him her heir and brought him to St. Petersburg, Russia.

Peter and Catherine’s marriage was not happy, and both had lovers. In 1754, Catherine had given birth to a son, the future Paul I, Emperor of All Russia. However, it is quite possible that Paul’s father was not Peter but Catherine’s lover Sergei Saltykov. By 1759, Catherine and Grigory had become lovers but no one told Catherine’s husband Peter. In the summer of 1761, Catherine became pregnant with Grigory’s child and concealed her pregnancy from her husband.

Grigory and Catherine’s son Alexei Grigoryevich Bobrinsky; Credit – Wikipedia

During Catherine’s pregnancy, Empress Elizabeth suffered a massive stroke and died on January 5, 1762. Her nephew and Catherine’s husband became Peter III, Emperor of All Russia, and Catherine became the Empress Consort. Catherine gave birth to a son on April 22, 1762, at the Summer Palace in St. Petersburg. Immediately after the birth, the child, named Alexei Grigoryevich Bobrinsky was given to Catherine’s wardrobe master Vasily Grigorievich Shkurin to be raised with his family.

Catherine and Peter; Credit – Wikipedia

Peter was unpopular and few were looking forward to his reign. After he became Emperor of All Russia, Peter did little to win the support of Empress Elizabeth’s friends and courtiers. His foreign policy also did little to win supporters. The last straw for Peter may have been how he treated the Russian army. Peter abolished “the guard within the guard”, a group within the Preobrazhensky Regiment, created by Empress Elizabeth as her personal guard in remembrance for their support in the coup which brought her to the throne. He replaced “the guard within the guard” with his own Holstein guard and often spoke about their superiority over the Russian army.

A conspiracy to overthrow Peter and place Catherine on the throne was planned and centered around the five Orlov brothers, with Grigory, Catherine’s lover, and Alexei being the main conspirators. On July 9, 1762 (June 29 in Old Style, the feast day of St. Peter and Paul), at Peterhof, a celebration on the occasion of Peter’s name day was planned. It was no coincidence that the conspirators chose this time for their attack. The day before, Peter was to travel from Oranienbaum to Peterhof. The brothers Alexei Orlov and Grigory Orlov made preparations during the weeks before the planned celebration. With threats and bribes of vodka and money, the Orlov brothers set up the guards against Peter.

Alexei and Grigory Orlov in the 1770s; Credit – Wikipedia

Peter was late leaving Oranienbaum due to a hangover and his daily habit of reviewing his Holstein troops. He was to meet Catherine at Peterhof but she was not there when he arrived. Eventually, Peter and the few advisers he had with him began to suspect what was happening. Peter sent members of his entourage to St. Petersburg to find out what was happening but none returned. He learned that Catherine had proclaimed herself Catherine II, Empress of All Russia, and that the senior government officials, the clergy, and all the Guards supported her.

Peter ordered his Holstein guards to take up defensive positions at Peterhof. They did so but were afraid to tell Peter they had no cannonballs to fire. Peter thought about fleeing but was told no horses were available because his entourage had all arrived in carriages. Learning that Catherine and the Guards were approaching Peterhof, Peter made a desperate decision to sail to Kronstadt, a fortress on an island. Upon arrival, Peter was refused admittance because all those in the fortress had sworn allegiance to Catherine. Peter rejected the advice of his advisors to go to the Prussian army and returned to Oranienbaum.

Peter and his Holstein guards were behind the gates at Oranienbaum when Alexei Orlov and his men surrounded Oranienbaum. Peter sent a message that he would renounce the throne if he, his mistress, and his favorite Russian general were allowed to go to Holstein. Catherine sent Grigori Orlov and a Russian general to Oranienbaum insisting that Peter must write out a formal announcement of abdication in his own handwriting. Grigori Orlov was to deal with the abdication and the general was to lure Peter out of Oranienbaum and back to Peterhof to prevent any bloodshed. Grigori Orlov rode back to Peterhof with the signed abdication announcement and the general convinced Peter to go to Peterhof and beg Catherine for mercy. Upon arrival at Peterhof, Peter was arrested and taken by Alexei Orlov to Ropsha Palace, a country estate outside of St. Petersburg.

Catherine had to deal with the same dilemma that Empress Elizabeth had to deal with regarding Ivan VI who she had deposed – keeping a former emperor around was a threat to her throne. Catherine intended to send Peter to Shlisselburg Fortress where Ivan VI, who had been deposed in 1741 as an infant, was still imprisoned. However, Catherine did not have to deal with a living deposed emperor for long.

One thing was certain – Peter was dead. He died at the age of 34 on July 17, 1762, at Ropsha Palace. What is uncertain is how he died. In the early afternoon of July 17, 1762, Peter was invited to dine with Alexei Orlov and Prince Feodor Baryatinsky, one of the officers of his guards. At 6:00 PM, a rider from Ropsha Palace reached St. Petersburg with a letter from Alexei Orlov for Catherine. Orlov wrote: “At dinner he [Peter] started quarreling and struggling with Prince Baryatinsky at the table. Before we could separate them, he was dead. We ourselves know not what we did. But we are equally guilty and deserve to die.”

Whether Peter’s death was planned or the result of an accidental drunken altercation is unknown. Catherine certainly benefitted from Peter’s death, which happened in the presence of Grigory Orlov, one of her key allies, and his men. The Orlov brothers and the officers guarding Peter hated him. They would have known that they were doing the new empress a favor. The official cause of Peter’s death was “a severe attack of hemorrhoidal colic.”

On the day of Catherine II’s accession to the throne, Captain Grigory Orlov was promoted to Major General, given the title of Acting Chamberlain, and received the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky and a sword richly decorated with diamonds. On October 3, 1762, the day of Catherine’s coronation, Major General Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov was promoted to Lieutenant General and appointed Catherine’s Adjutant General. In addition, Grigori and all his brothers and their descendants were given the title of Count of the Russian Empire.

Gatchina Palace; Credit – By Usadboved – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62884978

In 1765, Catherine purchased a small manor south of Saint Petersburg from Gatchina Manor and presented it to Grigory as gratitude for his role in the coup d’etat that brought Catherine to the throne. Catherine and Orlov commissioned a new palace to be designed by Antonio Rinaldi. Gatchina Palace was finally completed in 1781, almost 15 years after construction began, and Grigory died two years later in 1783. Catherine had taken a great liking to Gatchina Palace and bought it from Grigory’s heirs and presented it to her son Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, the future Emperor Paul I. Thereafter, Gatchina Palace remained popular with the Russian Imperial Family.

Grigory never distinguished himself as a statesman but acted as a private adviser during the early years of Catherine’s reign. He was particularly interested in improving the conditions of serfs and their partial emancipation. Meanwhile, Orlov’s enemies, led by Nikita Panin, a statesman and political mentor to Catherine, attempted to break up the relationship between Orlov and Catherine. They informed Catherine that Grigory had been unfaithful to her.  A handsome young officer, Alexander Vasilchikov, was installed as Catherine’s new lover and Grigory was made to leave the court.

The Orlov Diamond in the Imperial Sceptre of Russia; Credit – Wikipedia

In an attempt to restore himself to Catherine’s affections, Grigory presented her with one of the greatest diamonds in the world, known ever since as the Orlov Diamond.  Catherine accepted the magnificent diamond and had it encrusted into the Imperial Sceptre of Russia. However, when Grigory returned to court and went, without permission, to his Marble Palace in Saint Petersburg, Orlov found another favorite, the younger Grigory Potemkin, had replaced him. Lacking a role at court, Grigori went to Switzerland for several years. In 1777, at the age of 43, Grigory married his 18-year-old second cousin Catherine Zinovyeva but they had no children. His young wife died of tuberculosis in 1781, at the age of 23, in Lausanne, Switzerland where she was buried.

Orthodox Church of St. George Monastery, the burial site of Grigory Orlov; Credit – Par Mysquarehead — Travail personnel, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43159066

Count Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov died at Neskuchnoe, his estate near Moscow, on April 24, 1783, at the age of 48. He was buried at the Orthodox Church of St. George Monastery (link in French) in Velikiy Novgorod, Russia. Grigory’s immense fortune was left to his son with Catherine, Count Alexei Grigoryevich Bobrinsky, who had been created a Count by his half-brother Emperor Paul I.

In 1796, Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia died and her son succeeded to the throne as Paul I, Emperor of All Russia. Now as the Emperor of All Russia, Paul sought revenge for the deposed and disgraced Peter III and the coup d’etat of his mother Catherine II and the Orlov brothers.  On July 19, 1762, Peter had been buried without honors in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg. In 1796, immediately after the death of Catherine II, on the orders of her son and successor Paul I, Peter’s remains were transferred first to the church in the Winter Palace and then to the Peter and Paul Cathedral, the burial site of the Romanovs. 60-year-old Alexei Orlov was made to walk in the funeral cortege, holding the Imperial Crown as he walked in front of the coffin. Peter III was reburied in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg at the same time as the burial of his wife Catherine II. Peter III had never been crowned so at the time of his reburial, Paul I personally performed the ritual of coronation of his Peter’s remains.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

• En.wikipedia.org. 2020. Grigory Orlov. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Orlov> [Accessed 10 July 2020].
• Flantzer, Susan, 2018. Catherine II (The Great), Empress Of All Russia. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/empress-catherine-ii-the-great-of-russia/> [Accessed 9 July 2020].
• Flantzer, Susan, 2018. Peter III, Emperor Of All Russia. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/emperor-peter-iii-of-russia/> [Accessed 9 July 2020].
• Lincoln, W. Bruce. (1981). The Romanovs: Autocrats of  All the Russias. New York, NY.: Doubleday
• Massie, Robert, (2016). Catherine the Great. London: Head of Zeus.
• Ru.wikipedia.org. 2020. Орлов, Григорий Григорьевич. [online] Available at: <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2020

Credit – Wikipedia

• Patronymics: In Russian, a patronymic is the second name derived from the father’s first name: the suffix -vich means “son of” and the suffixes -eva, -evna, -ova, and -ovna mean “daughter of”.

Count Sergei Vasilievich Saltykov was the first lover of the future Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia, and possibly the father of her son Paul I, Emperor of All Russia. Born in 1726, Sergei was the son of Vasily Fedorovich Saltykov and Princess Marya Alexeievna Golitsyna. The Saltykovs were an old Boyar (noble) family as were the Romanovs originally. The later Saltykovs were descended from Tatiana Feodorovna Romanova, a sister of Michael, the first Romanov Tsar. The mother of Anna I, Empress of All Russia (reigned 1730 – 1740) was Praskovia Feodorovna Saltykova, the wife of Ivan V, Tsar of All Russia (reigned 1682 – 1696). During the reign of Anna I, she depended on her Saltykov relatives and Sergei’s father Vasily Fedorovich Saltykov served in various positions. In 1741, Vasily Fedorovich took part in the coup that put the only surviving child of Peter I (the Great), Emperor of all Russia (reigned 1682 – 1725), Elizabeth, Empress of All Russia (reigned 1741 – 1762), on the throne.

Sergei had seven siblings:

• Agrafena Vasilievna Saltykova (1709 – 1762), married Prince Alexei Dmitrievich Golitsyn, had four children
• Alexei Vasilievich Saltykov (?), died young
• Peter Vasilievich Saltykov (1724 – after 1796), married Princess Maria Fedorovna Solntseva-Zasekina
• Maria Vasilievna Saltykova (1728 – 1792), married Adam Vasilievich Olsufiev, had seven children
• Anna Vasilievna Saltykova (1729 – 1799), married Prince Matvey Alekseevich Gagarin, no children
• Alexander Vasilievich Saltykov (died 1803)
• Ekaterina Vasilievna Saltykova (1732 – 1774), married Peter Ivanovich Izmailov, had two children

Elizabeth, Empress of All Russia; Credit – Wikipedia

Elizabeth, Empress of Russia had never married and now that she was Empress of Russia, she needed an heir. On November 18, 1742, Empress Elizabeth named Karl Peter Ulrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (the future Peter III, Emperor of All Russia), the 14-year-old son of her deceased younger sister Anna Petrovna, as her successor. Elizabeth’s nephew converted to Russian Orthodoxy and was given the name and title Grand Duke Peter Feodorovich. It was important to Elizabeth that Peter marry so that the Romanov dynasty could be continued. Elizabeth arranged for Peter to marry his second cousin, Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, later Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia. Sophie converted to Russian Orthodoxy, was given the title Grand Duchess and the name Ekaterina (Catherine) Alexeievna, and married Peter on August 21, 1745. Later in the evening of their wedding day, Catherine and Peter were taken to their bedchamber and put to bed. The marriage was not consummated that night and many historians doubt that the marriage was ever consummated.

Peter and Catherine’s marriage was not a happy one. Peter took Elizabeth Romanovna Vorontsova as his mistress and Catherine had affairs. Catherine’s first affair was with Sergei Vasilievich Saltykov. Because Sergei’s father was a supporter of Empress Elizabeth, and because of Sergei’s personal qualities, he had a prominent place in court life as Peter’s Chamberlain. Sergei became the person closest to both Peter and Catherine.

Peter and Catherine; Credit – Wikipedia

Sergei had observed how Catherine was ignored by Peter and how bored she was with the court. The rumors that Catherine was still a virgin encouraged him even more to pursue a relationship, and so he did. Sergei made sure he saw Catherine every day and that he was constantly by her side. Sometime in August or September 1752, the affair between Sergei and Catherine started. However, once their affair, Sergei worried that Catherine could become pregnant when she was thought to be a virgin.

Around the same time, Empress Elizabeth realized that the marriage of Peter and Catherine had never been consummated. It was suggested to her that Peter become acquainted with an attractive sexually experienced woman who was his social inferior. Madame Groot, the widow of a court painter was given the assignment and was successful in acquainting Peter with the mechanisms of sex. Thereafter, if Catherine became pregnant, no one could say for sure that Sergei was the father.

The future Paul I, Emperor of All Russia as a child; Credit – Wikipedia

Catherine did become pregnant and on October 1, 1754, a son was born, the future Paul I, Emperor of All Russia. Empress Elizabeth was overjoyed that there was an heir. Of course, Empress Elizabeth knew that Sergei could be Paul’s father but she did not care. To get Sergei out of the way, he was sent on a diplomatic mission to the Swedish court to deliver the official announcement of Paul’s birth. Catherine wrote: “This meant that I was immediately going to be separated from the one person I cared about the most.”

Sergei was away in Sweden for five months. Soon after he returned to St. Petersburg, Sergei learned that he was to be sent to Hamburg as the resident Russian minister and so his separation from Catherine would be permanent. He was glad the affair was over and that he was no longer engaged in a dangerous liaison. Sergei spent the subsequent years of his known life at various European courts. After 1764, there is no mention of Sergei Saltykov, who would have been 38, in official records. Some sources have his death occurring in 1765. Other sources say that he left for France and went missing there during the French Revolution. Another story says he lived until the reign of Paul and then he died in 1807.

In her memoirs, Catherine strongly implied that Sergei Saltykov was the biological father of her son Paul and that her marriage with Peter had never been consummated. However, Paul greatly resembled Peter in both character and appearance. Catherine, in her memoirs, countered with the well-known “ugliness” of Sergei’s brother Peter. If Paul I, Emperor of All Russias was the son of Sergei Saltykov, then all subsequent Romanovs were not genetically Romanovs.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

• Flantzer, Susan, 2018. Catherine II (The Great), Empress Of All Russia. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/empress-catherine-ii-the-great-of-russia/> [Accessed 9 July 2020].
• Flantzer, Susan, 2018. Peter III, Emperor Of All Russia. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/emperor-peter-iii-of-russia/> [Accessed 9 July 2020].
• Lincoln, W. Bruce. (1981). The Romanovs: Autocrats of  All the Russias. New York, NY.: Doubleday
• Massie, Robert, (2016). Catherine the Great. London: Head of Zeus.
• Ru.wikipedia.org. 2020. Салтыков, Сергей Васильевич. [online] Available at: <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87> [Accessed 9 July 2020].