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Sophia Dorothea of Celle with her two children, the future King George II and Sophia Dorothea, the future wife of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, Credit – Wikipedia

September 15, 1666 – Birth of Sophia Dorothea of Celle, Electoral Princess of Hanover, wife of George, Electoral Prince of Hanover (later King George I of Great Britain), at Celle Castle in the Principality of Lüneburg, now in Lower Saxony, Germany
The marriage between first cousins Sophia Dorothea and George, the future King George I of Great Britain, was happy at first, but soon they both found affection elsewhere. George fell in love with one of his mother’s ladies-in-waiting, Melusine von der Schulenburg.  Sophia Dorothea fell in love with a Swedish Count, Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, an officer in the Hanoverian army. Despite warnings, from her mother and friends, Sophia Dorothea and her lover wrote letters to each other, met secretly, and planned to escape Hanover together. On the morning of July 2, 1694, after a meeting with Sophia Dorothea, von Königsmarck disappeared from Leineschloss Castle in Hanover and was never seen again. It was widely believed that George ordered von Königsmarck’s death. On December 28, 1694, a tribunal of judges and Lutheran Church officials declared the marriage of George and Sophia Dorothea dissolved on the grounds of Sophia Dorothea’s desertion. Because she was considered the guilty party, Sophia Dorothea was not allowed to remarry, would never again see her children, and would be kept in captivity at the Castle of Ahlden for the last 32 years of her life.
Unofficial Royalty: Sophia Dorothea of Celle, Electress Princess of Hanover

September 15, 1800 – Birth of Paul Friedrich, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin at Ludwigslust Palace in Ludwigslust, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, now in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
In 1822, Paul Friedrich married Alexandrine of Prussia, the daughter of King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia and the couple had six children. Paul Friedrich became Grand Duke upon his grandfather’s death on February 1, 1837. He moved the official Grand Ducal residence from Ludwigslust to Schwerin and worked to improve the judicial system and the infrastructure of the Grand Duchy. Using his experience with the Prussian military, the Grand Duke made efforts to modernize the Mecklenburg-Schwerin military, basing many of his reforms on the Prussian forces. As his reign continued, he became more reclusive, often shunning his family and spending time quietly with his mistress. Paul Friedrich died on March 7, 1842, aged 41. Several weeks earlier, he had contracted a cold while helping to battle a great fire in Schwerin and never recovered.
Unofficial Royalty: Paul Friedrich, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

September 15, 1837 – Birth of King Pedro V of Portugal at the Palace of Necessidades in Lisbon, Portugal
Full name: Pedro de Alcântara Maria Fernando Miguel Rafael Gonzaga Xavier João António Leopoldo Víctor Francisco de Assis Júlio Amélio
Pedro became King of Portugal in 1853 after his mother Queen Maria II of Portugal died in childbirth delivering her eleventh child who also died. As he was just sixteen, his father served as Regent until Pedro reached his majority two years later. Pedro quickly removed the Prime Minister and appointed more left-leaning politicians, ending years of unrest within the Portuguese government. In 1858, Pedro married Princess Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen who died two years later from diphtheria. King Pedro V died of typhoid fever in late 1861, along with two of his brothers. As he had no children from his brief marriage, Pedro was succeeded by his younger brother Luís.
Unofficial Royalty: King Pedro V of Portugal

September 15, 1840 – Death of Maria Beatrice of Savoy, Duchess of Savoy and Reggio, wife of Francesco IV, Duke of Modena and Reggio; buried at the Church of San Vincenzo in Modena, Duchy of Modena and Reggio, now in Italy
Maria Beatrice was the eldest of the seven children of Vittorio Emanuele I, King of Sardinia and Duke of Savoy. In 1812, 20-year-old Maria Beatrice married her 33-year-old maternal uncle Francesco IV, Duke of Modena and Reggio, and had four children. Like Maria Beatrice’s family, her husband Francesco had also been exiled since 1796 from the Duchy of Modena and Reggio due to the occupation of Napoleon’s French forces. After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, the couple was able to return to Modena. As the senior surviving descendant of Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orléans, daughter of King Charles I of England and sister of James II, King of England/James VII, King of Scots, Maria Beatrice became the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England and Scotland after the death of her father Vittorio Emanuele I, King of Sardinia in 1824. During the last years of her life, Maria Beatrice preferred to live at the Castello del Catajo in Battaglia Terme near Padua, then in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, now in Italy, a summer home that had been purchased by Francesco IV in 1803. It was there that Maria Beatrice died from heart failure on September 15, 1840, at the age of 47.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Beatrice of Savoy, Duchess of Savoy and Reggio

September 15, 1864 – Birth of Prince Sigismund of Prussia, grandson of Queen Victoria, at Neues Palais in Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia, now in Brandenburg, Germany
Full name: Franz Friedrich Sigismund
Sigismund was the son of Victoria, Princess Royal and the future Friedrich III, German Emperor.  On June 4, 1866, Vicky’s husband Fritz left for the front of the Austro-Prussian War.  Even before his father left, Sigismund had been fretful and it was thought to be caused by teething. However, the day after Fritz left, Sigismund was unable to eat or sleep. Twenty-four hours later, he could no longer stand. Because all the doctors normally used by the family had left with the army, Vicky was forced to consult doctors unknown to her who gave her the terrible news that her son had meningitis. At that time, there was no successful treatment for meningitis, and death usually occurred. Sigismund’s convulsions grew increasingly worse until he died in agony on June 18, 1866, only 21 months old. He was the first of Queen Victoria’s grandchildren to die.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Sigismund of Prussia

September 15, 1904 – Birth of King Umberto II of Italy at the Castle of Racconigi in Piedmont, Italy
Full name: Umberto Nicola Tommaso Giovanni Maria
King Umberto II was the last monarch of Italy, reigning for just 34 days. In 1930, Umberto married Princess Marie-José of Belgium, the daughter of King Albert I of the Belgians and the couple had four children. At the end of World War II, Italy held a referendum to decide on the continuation of the monarchy, Umberto’s father King Vittorio Emanuele III formally abdicated on May 9, 1946, hoping to help ensure a positive result in the vote and Umberto took the throne as King Umberto II. The referendum was held on June 2, 1946, with the majority voting to become a Republic. Umberto had promised to accept and support the result and encouraged the Italian people to support the new government. On June 12, 1946, King Umberto II of Italy was formally deposed and left Italy. He settled in Cascais, Portugal, where he would live for the remainder of his life. His wife Queen Marie-José also left and settled near Geneva, Switzerland. The couple led separate lives but remained married.
Unofficial Royalty: King Umberto II of Italy

September 15, 1972 – Birth of Queen Letizia of Spain, wife of King Felipe VI of Spain, born Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano in Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
Letizia is the current Queen Consort of Spain. Before her marriage to Felipe, Prince of Asturias, the heir to the Spanish throne, she had a very successful career as a journalist. The couple married in 2004, at the Santa María la Real de La Almudena Cathedral in Madrid, Spain. It was the first royal wedding held in Madrid since the wedding of Felipe’s great-grandparents King Alfonso XIII of Spain and Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg in 1906. Letizia and Felipe had two daughters. Her husband became King of Spain upon the abdication of his father King Juan Carlos in 2014.
Unofficial Royalty: Queen Letizia of Spain

September 15, 1973 – Death of King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden at Helsingborg Hospital in Helsingborg, Sweden; buried at the Royal Burial Grounds in Haga, Sweden
In 1905, Gustav Adolf married Princess Margaret of Connaught, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. The couple had five children. In 1920, Margaret was eight months pregnant with her sixth child when she underwent mastoid surgery. An infection set in, killing Margaret and her unborn child. In 1923, Gustav Adolf married Lady Louise Mountbatten (born Princess Louise of Battenberg). The couple had a stillborn daughter in 1925, and after that, they had no more children. Another tragedy hit in 1947 Gustav Adolf when his eldest son Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten was killed in an airplane crash. In 1950, Gustav Adolf became King of Sweden at age 67 upon the death of his father King Gustaf V. In the summer of 1973, King Gustaf VI Adolf fell ill from bleeding ulcers and had surgery. After the surgery, he developed pneumonia, cardiac issues, and kidney failure, and King Gustaf VI Adolf died, just short of his 91st birthday. He was succeeded by his 27-year-old grandson King Carl XVI Gustaf. The new king was the son of King Gustaf Adolf VI’s deceased eldest son Prince Gustaf Adolf who was not even a year old when his father had been killed.
Unofficial Royalty: King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden

September 15, 1973 – Birth of Prince Daniel of Sweden, husband of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, born Olof Daniel Westling at Örebro University Hospital in Örebro, Sweden
Daniel is the husband of Crown Princess Victoria, the heir apparent to the Swedish throne. Daniel started his own company in 1997 and worked as a consultant in the fitness industry. He then went on to run his own gym where he met Victoria and became her personal trainer. The couple married in 2010. Victoria and Daniel have a daughter and a son. Their daughter Estelle is second in line to the Swedish throne after her mother and remained in that position after the birth of her brother Oscar.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland

September 15, 1984 – Birth of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, at St. Mary’s Hospital in London, England
Full name: Henry Charles Albert David
In May 2005, Harry entered Royal Military Academy Sandhurst where he was known as Officer Cadet Wales. He completed his training in April 2006 and was commissioned as a Cornet (second lieutenant) in the Blues and Royals, a regiment of the Household Cavalry in the British Army. Harry’s highest rank in the army was Captain and like his brother William, he used Wales as his surname with his military rank. Harry trained to fly Apache helicopters and served two tours of duty in Afghanistan. In 2018, Harry married American actress Meghan Markle. In 2020, it was announced that Harry and Meghan would step back as senior royals, and in 2021, it was further announced that they will no longer have any of their royal patronages or honorary military roles. Harry and Meghan live in California in the United States and have a son and a daughter.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex

September 15, 2014 – Death of Prince Nicholas Romanov in Bolgheri, Tuscany, Italy; interred in the crypt of the Counts della Gherardesoc, the burial site of his wife’s family, at the Basilica of Saint Francis in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy
Prince Nicholas Romanov, a great-great-grandson of Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia, was one of the disputed pretenders to the Headship of the Russian Imperial Family from 1992 – 2014.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Nicholas Romanov

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Princess Grace of Monaco; Credit – Wikipedia

September 14, 1435 – Death of John, Duke of Bedford, son of King Henry IV of England, at Joyeux Repos in Rouen, Normandy, now in France; buried at Rouen Cathedral
When John’s brother King Henry V died at the early age of 35, he left his nine-month-old son to succeed him as King Henry VI. John served as Regent for his young nephew and fought many battles against the French. It was John who tried and executed Joan of Arc. John’s marriage to Anne of Burgundy was childless and Anne died nine years later of the plague. On April 22, 1433, John married 17-year-old Jacquetta of Luxembourg. The marriage was short-lived and childless as John died a little more than two years later. John’s widow Jacquetta married Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers in 1437 and had fourteen children including Elizabeth Woodville, the wife of King Edward IV.
Unofficial Royalty: John, Duke of Bedford

September 14, 1667 – Birth of Edgar, Duke of Cambridge, son of King James II of England, at St. James Palace in London, England
Edgar was the youngest of the four sons of the future King James II of England, then Duke of York, and his first wife Anne Hyde. At the time of his birth, his three brothers who had been born before Edgar had all died. His only living siblings were his two elder sisters, the future Queen Mary II of England and the future Queen Anne of England, who were the only surviving children of their parents’ eight children. Until his early death in 1671, Edgar was second in the line of succession to the English throne after his father. Edgartown, Massachusetts on the island of Martha’s Vineyard, established in 1642, was named after Edgar when it was incorporated in 1671.
Unofficial Royalty: Edgar, Duke of Cambridge

September 14, 1928 – Birth of The Honourable Angus Ogilvy, husband of Princess Alexandra of Kent, in London, England
Full name: Angus James Bruce
Angus Ogilvy was the second son of David Ogilvy, 12th Earl of Airlie. Angus’s grandmother, Mabell Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie was a close lifelong friend of Queen Mary and served as one of her ladies-in-waiting for over 50 years. His father served as a Lord-in-Waiting to King George V and then as Lord Chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother from 1937-1965. An uncle served as an equerry to the future King Edward VIII while he was Prince of Wales. His elder brother served as Lord Chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth II from 1984-1997 and his sister-in-law, Virginia, has been a lady-in-waiting to The Queen since 1973.  In 1963. Angus married Princess Alexandra of Kent and the couple had two children. Angus was offered an Earldom by The Queen but graciously declined. Angus died from throat cancer in 2004.
Unofficial Royalty: The Right Honourable Sir Angus Ogilvy

September 14, 1982 – Death of Princess Grace of Monaco at the Princess Grace Hospital in Monte Carlo, Monaco; buried at the Cathedral of Monaco in Monaco
Born Grace Patricia Kelly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Academy Award-winning actress was the wife of Prince Rainier III of Monaco and is the mother of Prince Albert II, the current Sovereign Prince of Monaco. On September 13, 1982, while driving back to Monaco from their home in France, Princess Grace suffered a stroke. The car veered off the road, and both Grace and her daughter Princess Stephanie were severely injured. Flown back to the hospital in Monaco, Grace never regained consciousness, having suffered major internal injuries. The following day, on September 14th, at 10:55 pm, Princess Grace of Monaco passed away. Her funeral was held several days later at the Cathedral of Monaco, attended by many royal representatives from around the world abdmany of Grace’s old friends from Hollywood. Following the funeral, she was buried at the Cathedral.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Grace of Monaco

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King Felipe II of Spain; Credit – Wikipedia

September 13, 1336 – Death of John of Eltham, Duke of Cornwall, son of King Edward II of England, in Perth, Scotland, buried in Westminster Abbey in London, England
In 1327, when John was eleven years old, his father King Edward II was forced to give up his crown in favor of his son 14-year-old son King Edward III, with his mother Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer, 3rd Baron Mortimer, 1st Earl of March acting as regents. King Edward II died in Berkeley Castle on September 21, 1327, probably murdered on the orders of Isabella and Mortimer. John was the heir to the English throne until 1330, when his nephew Edward, Prince of Wales, the first child of King Edward III, was born.  King Edward III began marriage negotiations for his brother several times but none of the negotiations led to a betrothal. John had a brilliant military career, similar to the later military career of his nephew Edward, Prince of Wales, known as The Black Prince, who predeceased his father, and whose career ended just as suddenly. John of Eltham, 1st Earl of Cornwall died on September 13, 1336, in Perth, Scotland at the age of 20. The cause of his death is uncertain. There are references to John dying from a fever and dying in a skirmish with the Scots.
Unofficial Royalty: John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall

September 13, 1410 – Death of Isabella of Valois, Queen of England, second wife of King Richard II of England, at Château de Blois in Blois, France, buried at the Church of the Celestines in Paris, France
Soon after the death of his first wife Anne of Bohemia in 1394, the childless King Richard II of England began a search for a new wife. He turned to France seeking an alliance and in 1397 a marriage was arranged between Isabella, a daughter of King Charles VI of France, and Richard who was 22 years older than his bride. Isabella lived apart from Richard at Windsor Castle. Richard visited her frequently and a strong affection developed between the partners of this unconsummated marriage. In 1399, Richard II was deposed by his cousin who then reigned as King Henry IV. Richard was imprisoned at Pontefract Castle in Yorkshire where he died on or around February 14, 1400.  Eventually, Isabella’s return to France was arranged and she left England on July 1, 1401. Isabella married her cousin Charles of Orléans in 1406. At the age of 19, Isabella died a few hours after giving birth to her only child.
Unofficial Royalty: Isabella of Valois, Queen of England

September 13, 1598 – Death of King Felipe II of Spain at the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain; buried at the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
Physically exhausted after 40 years of ruling, Felipe’s father Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abdicated in 1555 and retired to the peace of a monastery, where he died three years later. Upon Charles’ abdications, the Holy Roman Empire was inherited by his younger brother Ferdinand, who had already been given the Austrian lands in 1521. The Spanish Empire, including the possessions in the Netherlands and Italy, was inherited by Felipe. Felipe married four times (one of his wives was Queen Mary I of England), was a widower four times, and had children with three of his wives. Toward the end of his life, Felipe’s health suffered. In 1595, gout was causing him severe pain, making him nearly immobile, and a special wheelchair was made for him. He also suffered from recurring episodes of malaria. During the last three months of his life, Felipe was bedridden and in great agony. He died at the age of 71 in his chambers at the El Escorial.
Unofficial Royalty: King Felipe II of Spain

September 13, 1612 – Death of Karin Månsdotter, Queen of Sweden, mistress and then wife of King Eric XIV of Sweden, in Finland; buried at the Cathedral of Turku, Finland
Karin Månsdotter was one of several mistresses of Erik XIV, King of Sweden, and then briefly his Queen Consort. Erik suffered from mental health issues and from 1563 onwards these issues worsened. His decisions became more illogical and he exhibited violent behavior. Starting early in her relationship with Erik, courtiers used Karin to intercede with Erik. Due to Erik’s behavior and his morganatic marriage to Karin, his younger half-brothers led a revolt against Erik with the support of many nobles that ended in his removal as King of Sweden in 1568. Erik and Karin were imprisoned but their children were initially placed in the care of Queen Dowager Katherina Stenbock, the third wife and widow of Erik’s father. In 1570, the children were returned to their parents. Karin gave birth to two children in captivity, both of whom died young. In 1573, Karin and her children were separated from Erik to prevent the birth of any more children. They were taken to Turku Castle in Finland where they remained under house arrest. After Erik died in 1577, Karin was released. King Johan III of Sweden granted Karin the royal estate Liuksiala Manor in Kangasala, Finland, where she lived comfortably for the rest of her life.
Unofficial Royalty: Karin Månsdotter, Queen of Sweden

September 13, 1820 – Death of Adelheid of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, first wife of the future Grand Duke August I, in Oldenburg, Duchy of Oldenburg, now in Lower Saxony, Germany; buried in the Ducal Mausoleum at Saint Gertrude’s Cemetery in Oldenburg
In 1817, Adelheid married the then-Duke August of Oldenburg. The couple had two daughters including Amalia who married Prince Otto of Bavaria, later King of Greece. Adelheid died suddenly at the age of 20. Five years after her death, her husband married her youngest sister Ida.
Unofficial Royalty: Adelheid of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, Duchess of Oldenburg

 September 13, 1848 – Death of Maria Isabella of Spain, Queen of the Two Sicilies, 2nd wife of Francesco I, King of the Two Sicilies, at the Palace of Portici in Portici, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, now in Italy; buried at the Basilica of Santa Chiara in Naples.
The daughter of Carlos IV, King of Spain, 13-year-old Maria Isabella married her 25-year-old cousin Francesco I, King of the Two Sicilies. Maria Isabella had a four-year-old stepdaughter from her husband’s first marriage. As a 15-year-old, Maria Isabella gave birth to her first child,  followed by eleven more children over the next twenty-three years. Unusual for the time, all twelve survived childhood.  Maria Isabella was only 41-year-old when her husband died in 1830 and despite being overweight, she was still attractive and had relationships with younger handsome servants. Maria Isabella wanted to marry again and her son Ferdinando II provided her with a list of acceptable young nobles as potential husbands. In 1839, 50-year-old Maria Isabella married 34-year-old Count Francesco del Balzo but he was not allowed to be at court with Maria Isabella. The couple withdrew from court and moved to the Royal Palace of Capodimonte in Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, now in Italy.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Isabella of Spain, Queen of the Two Sicilies

September 13, 1863 – Birth of Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg in Langenburg, Principality of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Full name: Ernst Wilhelm Friedrich Carl Maximilian
In 1896, Ernst married Princess Alexandra, the daughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Ernst and Alexandra had five children including Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg who married Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark, a sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. In 1900, Ernst’s father-in-law Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha died, and the ducal throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha passed to Alexandra’s cousin, Charles Edward, Duke of Albany. Because Charles Edward was just sixteen, Ernst was appointed Regent until the new Duke reached his majority in 1905.
Unofficial Royalty: Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

September 13, 1877 – Death of Maria Anna of Bavaria, Queen of Saxony, 2nd wife of King Friedrich August II of Saxony, in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony, now in Saxony, Germany; buried in the Wettin Crypt at Dresden Cathedral
In 1833, Maria Anna, a daughter of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, married Crown Prince Friedrich August of Saxony but they had no children. Three years later, she became Queen of Saxony upon her husband’s accession to the throne. Maria Anna founded a women’s association to help combat the famines plaguing parts of Saxony. This association continued to exist until the early 1930s.  In 1854, King Friedrich August II was killed in an accident while traveling in Tyrol, Austria. Queen Maria Anna had a chapel built on the site. She survived her husband by 23 years, dying at the age of 72.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Anna of Bavaria, Queen of Saxony

September 13, 1892 – Birth of Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia, Princess of Hanover, Duchess of Brunswick, daughter of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and King of Prussia, at Marmorpalais in Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia, now in Brandenburg, Germany
Full name: Viktoria Luise Adelheid Mathilde Charlotte
Viktoria Luise was the youngest child of the seven children and the only daughter of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and King of Prussia. Through her father, she was a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria. In 1913, Viktoria Luise married Ernst August III, Duke of Brunswick. Their wedding was one of the largest gatherings of royalty in Germany since the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. It would also be one of the last large social events before World War I, attended by 1,200 guests, including the British King and Queen and the Russian Emperor and Empress.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia, Princess of Hanover, Duchess of Brunswick

September 13, 1918 – Death of Eduard, Duke of Anhalt in Berchtesgaden, Kingdom of Bavaria, now in Bavaria, Germany; buried in the Dessau Mausoleum in Dessau, Duchy of Anhalt, now in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. In 1958, the remains of members of the House of Anhalt were removed from the Ducal Mausoleum secretly by night for political reasons (Dessau was then in Communist East Germany) and reburied in the Ziebigker Cemetery in Dessau in a common grave, marked only by a simple wooden cross. In 2019, Eduard’s remains were moved a second time and reinterred in the Marienkirche in Dessau, the traditional burial site of the Dukes of Anhalt-Dessau dating back to the 15th century. The Marienkirche was destroyed during World War II and has since been rebuilt.
Eduard, Duke of Anhalt ruled for less than five months, just before the end of World War I and the end of the German Empire. Eduard became Duke of Anhalt upon the death of his older brother, Friedrich II, on April 21, 1918. Less than five months later, on September 13, 1918, Eduard died in Berchtesgaden, Kingdom of Bavaria, now in the German state of Bavaria. He was succeeded by his son Joachim Ernst. As Joachim Ernst was not yet of age, Eduard’s brother Aribert served as Regent. At the end of World War I, Aribert abdicated on Joachim Ernst’s behalf on November 12, 1918.
Unofficial Royalty: Eduard, Duke of Anhalt

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King François I of France; Credit – Wikipedia

September 12, 1368 – Death of Blanche of Lancaster, Duchess of Lancaster, from the plague, first wife of John of Gaunt, mother of King Henry IV of England, at Bolingbroke Castle in Lindsey, England; buried at Old St Paul’s Cathedral in London, England
The Duchy of Lancaster is one of the two royal duchies in England and is held in trust for the Sovereign to provide income for the use of the British monarch. So how did the Duchy of Lancaster get into the hands of the British Sovereign?  The connection is Blanche of Lancaster, the first wife of John of Gaunt, son of King Edward III. Blanche’s father was Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, a great-grandson of King Henry III. Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster died of the plague in 1361. Since Blanche’s father did not have any sons, Blanche and her sister Maud became his co-heiresses. Maud’s portion of her inheritance passed to Blanche and her husband upon her death. Blanche died at age 23, possibly of the plague, on September 12, 1368. When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his nephew King Richard II confiscated the holdings of the Duchy of Lancaster and banished John of Gaunt’s son Henry Bolingbroke for life. Henry returned to England to claim his inheritance. Supported by leading families, Henry regained control of the Lancastrian strongholds and captured Richard II. Richard abdicated and was imprisoned in Pontefract Castle where he later died. Henry Bolingbroke was crowned King Henry IV in 1399. The first act of King Henry IV was to declare that the Duchy of Lancaster would be held separately from the other possessions of the Crown, and should descend to his male heirs. This separation was confirmed in 1461 by King Edward IV when he stipulated that the Duchy would be held separate from other inheritances by him and his heirs, the Kings of England. Ever since, the Duchy of Lancaster has effectively passed to each reigning monarch.
Unofficial Royalty: Blanche of Lancaster, Duchess of Lancaster

September 12, 1494 – Birth of King François I of France at the Château de Cognac in Cognac, France
A contemporary of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King Henry VIII of England, François succeeded his first cousin once removed and father-in-law King Louis XII of France, who died without a son. The magnificent art collection of the French kings began during his reign. It can still be seen at the Musée du Louvre, which occupies most of the former Louvre Palace. François focused on both new construction and renovations. Among his projects was the renovation of the Louvre Palace from a medieval fortress into a Renaissance palace and the building of a new City Hall (the Hôtel de Ville) for Paris. In 1524, François financed the expedition of Giovanni da Verrazzano to North America. On this expedition, Verrazzano was the first documented European to visit the present site of New York City (where the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge is named after him) and claimed Newfoundland in present-day Canada for the French crown. In 1534, François sent Jacques Cartier to explore the St. Lawrence River in the present-day Canadian province of Quebec.
Unofficial Royalty: King François I of France

September 12, 1683 – Death of King Afonso VI of Portugal at Royal Palace of Sintra in Sintra, Portugal; buried at Monastery of São Vicente de Fora in Lisbon, Portugal
13-year-old Afonso succeeded his father João IV, King of Portugal died in 1656. Afonso’s sister Catherine of Braganza was the wife of King Charles II of England. Afonso was debilitated mentally and physically due to the effects of a disease he contracted in childhood, controlled by a favorite early in his reign, relieved of his sovereign power by his brother who married his wife after their marriage was annulled, and confined under guard for the last fifteen years of his life,
Unofficial Royalty: King Afonso VI of Portugal

September 12, 1804 – Birth of Karl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen in Amorbach, Principality of Leiningen, now in Bavaria, Germany
Full name: Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Emich
 Karl was the half-brother of Queen Victoria. At the age of ten, Karl became Prince of Leiningen upon his father’s death in 1814. However, in 1806, the Principality of Leiningen had been mediatized – annexed to another state(s), while allowing certain rights to its former sovereign. The Principality of Leiningen ceased to exist and was divided between the Grand Duchy of Baden, the Kingdom of Bavaria, and the Grand Duchy of Hesse. The family retained Amorbach Abbey in Amorbach, which remains the family seat of the Princes of Leiningen.
Unofficial Royalty: Karl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen

September 12, 1837 – Birth of Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, husband of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, in Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine, now in Hesse, Germany
Full name: Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Karl
On July 1, 1862, Ludwig married Princess Alice of the United Kingdon at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, England. The wedding was a rather subdued affair, as Alice’s father had died seven months earlier, and the family was still in official mourning. At the time of the wedding, Queen Victoria issued Letters Patent giving Ludwig the style Royal Highness. This would only be valid in the United Kingdom. Elsewhere, he was still a Grand Ducal Highness. In 1877, Ludwig succeeded his childless uncle as Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. The following year, the family, with the exception of Alice and their daughter Ella, all came down with diphtheria. Princess Alice nursed her family back to health, and all survived except for their youngest daughter May. Sadly, Princess Alice eventually also became ill and was unable to fight off the illness, and died on December 14, 1878. The couple’s eldest daughter, Victoria, took on the role of raising her younger siblings and often served as hostess at official events.
Unofficial Royalty: Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine

September 12, 1917 – Death of Tsaritsa Eleonore of Bulgaria at Euxinograd Palace, near Varna, Bulgaria; born Eleonore of Reuss-Köstritz, second wife of Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria, buried in the cemetery at Boyana Church near Sofia, Bulgaria
Following a bit of match-making by Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, Eleonore became engaged to Ferdinand of Bulgaria (born Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry)  in December 1907.  Ferdinand’s first wife, Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma, died in 1899, after the birth of the youngest of their four children. Eleonore and Ferdinand did not have any children however, Eleonore was instrumental in raising her four stepchildren. During the Balkan Wars and World War I, Eleonore worked tirelessly as a nurse on the front lines. After a serious illness, she died at the age of 57, and as per her wishes, she was buried in a very modest grave next to the medieval Boyana Church which she had helped save.
Unofficial Royalty: Eleonore of Reuss-Köstritz, Tsaritsa of Bulgaria

September 12, 1938 – Death of Prince Arthur of Connaught, son of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and grandson of Queen Victoria, at 41 Belgrave Square in London, England; buried at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore in Windsor, England
Like his father, Arthur had a military career. He was on active duty during the Second Boer War. During World War I, Prince Arthur served as aide-de-camp to General Sir John French and General Sir Douglas Haig. He was Governor-General of South Africa from 1920 – 1923. Prince Arthur married his first cousin once removed Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife, the elder daughter of Princess Louise, Princess Royal and Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife and a grandchild of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. The couple had two daughters. In 1938, Prince Arthur died of stomach cancer at the age of 55. As Prince Arthur predeceased his father The Duke of Connaught, Arthur’s son Alastair became heir to the dukedom.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Arthur of Connaught

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Olga Nikolaevna of Russia, Queen of Württemberg; Credit – Wikipedia

September 11, 1380 – Death of King Haakon VI of Norway in Oslo, Norway; buried at St. Mary’s Church in Oslo
Haakon VI was King of Norway from 1343 to 1380 and King of Sweden from 1362 to 1364, and the husband of Margrethe I, the reigning Queen of Denmark (1387 – 1412), Norway (1388 – 1412), and Sweden (1389 – 1412) after his death. He was the second of the two sons of Magnus Eriksson, King of Sweden and King of Norway and Blanche of Namur. After Haakon’s death, his ten-year-old son Olaf, King of Denmark was now also King of Norway, and his mother Margrethe, Regent of Denmark, was also Regent of Norway. With Olaf’s accession to the throne of Norway, 434 years of a Danish-Norwegian union began.
Unofficial Royalty: Haakon VI, King of Norway, King of Sweden

September 11, 1699 – Birth of  Anna Maria of Liechtenstein, Princess of Liechtenstein, wife of her first cousin Josef Wenzel I, Prince of Liechtenstein, in Vienna, then in the Archduchy of Austria, now in Austria
The daughter of Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein, in 1717 Anna Maria first married her cousin Count Johann Ernst of Thun-Hohenstein, from her mother’s family but he died six months later, on March 20, 1717, at the age of twenty-three. In 1718, Anna Maria married her first cousin Josef Wenzel I, Prince of Liechtenstein. The couple had five children who all died in childhood. Anna Maria predeceased her husband dying on January 20, 1753, in Vienna, Austria, aged 53.
Unofficial Royalty: Anna Maria of Liechtenstein, Princess of Liechtenstein

September 11, 1822 – Birth of Queen Olga of Württemberg, wife of King Karl I of Württemberg, born Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia at the Anichkov Palace  in St. Petersburg, Russia
The daughter of Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia, Olga Olga met her future husband, Crown Prince Karl of Württemberg, while both were in Palermo, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, now in Italy.  They were married in a lavish ceremony at the Peterhof Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia, on July 13, 1846. They had no children of their own, but in 1863, took in Olga’s niece, Grand Duchess Vera Konstantinovna, the daughter of Olga’s brother Konstantin.  From the time she arrived in Württemberg, Olga threw herself into charity work, focusing on the education of girls, and helping wounded soldiers and handicapped people. After becoming Queen in 1864, she continued to support these, and many other causes, earning her the utmost respect and devotion of the people of Württemberg.
Unofficial Royalty: Olga Nikolaevna of Russia, Queen of Württemberg

September 11, 1853 – Birth of Katharine Schratt, confidante of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, in Baden bei Wien, Austria
In December 1873, Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria and his wife Empress Elisabeth attended a gala performance of Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew at the Stadttheater in Vienna, Austria. No one could have foreseen that Katharina Schratt, the actress playing the female lead role, whom Franz Joseph saw for the first time that evening, would become an important person in his life. Katharina had a long-standing private relationship with Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, but their relationship’s exact nature is unclear. Some believe that Katharina and Franz Joseph were lovers while others believe that their relationship was platonic and that Franz Joseph, whose wife was emotionally distant from him and fled from him as well as her duties at court by frequent traveling, needed someone to support him emotionally. Franz Joseph also had to deal with the violent deaths of relatives. Certainly, Katharina’s emotional support helped Franz Joseph deal with all these tragedies. Katharina always maintained the strictest discretion regarding her relationship with Franz Joseph.
Unofficial Royalty: Katharina Schratt

September 11, 1921 – Death of Prince Louis of Battenberg, Marquess of Milford Haven, at the Naval & Military Club in London, England; buried in the grounds of St Mildred’s Church in Whippingham, Isle of Wight, England
Louis married Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. They were the maternal grandparents of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Despite his German roots, Louis became a naturalized British subject at the age of 16 when he joined the British Royal Navy, where he would spend his entire career. He reached the rank of Admiral and was made First Sea Lord. On September 11, 1921, while staying at the Naval & Military Club in London, England, Louis fell ill. While his wife was out at a pharmacy picking up prescriptions for him, Louis suffered a heart attack and died at the age of 67.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Louis of Battenberg, Marquess of Milford Haven

September 11, 1937 – Birth of Queen Paola of Belgium, wife of former King Albert II of Belgium born Paola Ruffo di Calabria in Forte dei Marmi, Tuscany, Italy
In 1958, Paola met her future husband Albert, Prince of Liège, the future King Albert II, at the installation of Pope John XXIII in Rome. Both Paola and Albert attended a reception at the Belgian Embassy where they were introduced. The following year, their engagement was announced and the couple married on July 2, 1959, at St. Michael and St. Gulda Cathedral in Brussels, Belgium. They had three children. On July 21, 2013, after nearly 30 years on the throne, King Albert II abdicated in favor of their eldest son Philippe. The couple resides at Chateau Belvedere, located within the Royal Park at Laeken, Brussels, Belgium.
Unofficial Royalty Queen Paola of Belgium

September 11, 1947 – Death of Alice Keppel, mistress of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, in Bellosguardo, Italy; buried at the Cimitero Evangelico agli Allori in Florence, Italy
Alice Keppel was the mistress of King Edward VII from 1898 until he died in 1910. Through her daughter Sonia, she is the great-grandmother of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. Throughout Edward VII’s reign, Alice remained one of his closest and most valued companions and advisors and maintained the utmost level of discretion and privacy. Alice even gained the favor – albeit minimally – of Alexandra, the Princess of Wales who had long ago accepted her husband’s indiscretions and appreciated Alice’s discretion. When her husband was on his deathbed, Alexandra sent for Alice Keppel and arranged for her to see the king during one of his periods of consciousness.
Unofficial Royalty: Alice Keppel, mistress of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom

September 11, 1966 – Birth of Crown Princess Akishino of Japan, wife of Crown Prince Akishino of Japan, born Kiko Kawashima at Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital in Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
Kiko met Prince Akishino, the second son of Emperor Akihito, while they were both undergraduate students at Gakushuin University in Tokyo. He first proposed to her in 1986. Their engagement was announced in 1989 and the couple married in 1990. Kiko was only the second commoner to marry into the Japanese Imperial Family. Her mother-in-law Empress Michiko was the first. Upon the abdication of his father Emperor Akihito and the accession of his Emperor Naruhito, Kiko’s husband became Crown Prince. The couple had two daughters and one son, Prince Hisahito, who will likely become Emperor of Japan sometime in the future.
Unofficial Royalty: Crown Princess Akishino of Japan

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Tomb of Empress Elisabeth of Austria; Credit – Susan Flantzer

September 10, 1167 – Death of Empress Matilda, Lady of the English, daughter of King Henry I of England, mother of King Henry II of England, at the Abbey of Notre Dame des Prés in Rouen, Duchy of Normandy, now in France; first buried at Bec Abbey in Bec-Hellouin, Duchy of Normandy, now in France, reburied in Rouen Cathedral in Rouen
Empress Matilda lived long enough to see her son Henry II firmly established on the English throne. She spent the rest of her life in the Duchy of Normandy, often acting as Henry’s representative and presiding over the government of the Duchy of Normandy. Matilda, aged about 65, died on September 10, 1167, in Rouen, Duchy of Normandy, now in France. She was buried before the high altar of the church at Bec Abbey in Bec-Hellouin. Her epitaph read: “Great by birth, greater by marriage, greatest in her offspring: here lies Matilda, the daughter, wife, and mother of Henry”. Her tomb was damaged in a fire in 1263 and later restored in 1282, before being destroyed in 1421 by English mercenaries during the Hundred Years War between England and France. In 1684, some of her remains were found and reburied in a new coffin. Matilda’s remains were lost again after the destruction of the abbey church by Napoleon’s army but were found once more in 1846, and then reburied at Rouen Cathedral in Normandy, France.
Unofficial Royalty: Empress Matilda, Lady of the English

September 10, 1649 – Birth of Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen in Gotha, Duchy of Saxe-Gotha, now in Thuringia, Germany
When Bernhard’s father died in 1675, instead of passing everything to his eldest son, he chose to divide his territory among his living sons. Each received part of the duchy and was expected to rule jointly – but under the authority – of the eldest son. Bernhard received Meiningen and the surrounding area. By 1680, the brothers had formally divided their lands, each becoming the ruler of the newly established duchies. Bernhard became the first reigning Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. Having moved to Meiningen and taking up residence at the Meiningen Castle, Bernhard soon made plans to build a new official residence in the city. The Elisabethenburg Palace was built between 1682 1692 and was named for his second wife. In addition to the new palace, Bernhard also established a court orchestra in 1690, and the Schlosspark in 1692. Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen died in Meiningen, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, now in Thuringia, Germany, on April 27, 1706. He is buried in the Castle Church at Elisabethenburg Palace in Meiningen.
Unofficial Royalty: Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

September 10, 1638 – Birth of Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of France, wife of King Louis XIV of France, at the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial near Madrid, Spain
Maria Theresa was the daughter of King Felipe IV of Spain and his first wife Elisabeth of France, daughter of King Henri IV of France. As the Spanish monarchs at the time were part of the House of Habsburg, she was styled as Archduchess of Austria, as well as Infanta of Spain and Portugal. In 1660, Maria Theresa married King Louis XIV of France. Maria Theresa and Louis were first cousins twice over – his father and her mother were siblings, and his mother and her father were siblings. They had six children but only one son survived childhood.  Intensely private and devout, Maria Theresa was humiliated by her husband’s numerous and very public affairs and his seemingly countless illegitimate children.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of France

September 10, 1669 – Death of Henrietta Maria of France, Queen of England, wife of King Charles I of England, at Château de Colombes in Colombes, France; buried at St. Denis Basilica near Paris, France
After her husband King Charles I was executed in 1649 and the monarchy was abolished, Henrietta Maria spent the years of the Commonwealth of England with her surviving children at the court of her nephew King Louis XIV.  In 1660, when the English monarchy was restored and her son King Charles II took the throne, Henrietta Maria returned to England, where she was known as the Queen Mother. Eventually, Henrietta Maria found life in England disagreeable and the climate damaging to her health, so she returned to France where she lived in Paris at the Hôtel de la Bazinière, the present Hôtel de Chimay. She later lived at the Château de Colombes near Paris. It was there that Henrietta Maria died at the age of 59 from an overdose of opiates taken for pain on the advice of King Louis XIV’s doctor.
Unofficial Royalty: Henrietta Maria of France, Queen of England

September 10, 1864 – Birth of Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe, Queen of Württemberg, second wife of King Wilhelm II of Württemberg, born at Schloss Ratiborschitz in Bohemia, now in the Czech Republic
Full name: Charlotte Marie Luise Ida Hermine Mathilde
22-years-old Charlotte married the then-Crown Prince Wilhelm of Württemberg in 1886. Wilhelm had been widowed four years earlier and had a young daughter. Despite hoping that this new marriage might produce a male heir, Charlotte and Wilhelm had no children. In October 1891, Charlotte became Queen of Württemberg when her husband succeeded to the throne. Her husband would be the last King of Württemberg. When the monarchy came to an end in 1918, King Wilhelm II negotiated with the new German state to ensure that he and his wife would receive an annual income, as well as a residence for life – Schloss Bebenhausen.
Unofficial Royalty: Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe, Queen of Württemberg

September 10, 1898 – Stabbing death of Empress Elisabeth of Austria, born Elisabeth of Bavaria, wife of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria, in Geneva, Switzerland; buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, Austria
On September 10, 1898, while walking to a ferry landing on Lake Geneva in Geneva, Switzerland with her lady-in-waiting, sixty-year-old Empress Elisabeth of Austria was stabbed in the heart by twenty-five-year-old Luigi Lucheni. The puncture wound was so small that it was initially not noticed and it was thought that Elisabeth had just been punched in the chest. Elisabeth thanked all the people who had rushed to help and conversed with her lady-in-waiting about the incident. Only when onboard the ferry did Elisabeth finally collapse and then the severity of Elisabeth’s injury was realized. The ferry captain ordered the ferry back to Geneva and the empress was taken back to the hotel on an improvised stretcher. A doctor and a priest were summoned. The doctor confirmed that there was no hope and a priest administered the Last Rites. Empress Elisabeth of Austria died without regaining consciousness.
Unofficial Royalty: Assassination of Empress Elisabeth of Austria
Unofficial Royalty: Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress of Austria

September 10, 1948 – Death of former Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria in exile in Coburg, Germany; buried at St. Augustin’s Roman Catholic Church in Coburg, Germany
Born Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry, he was elected Knyaz (Prince) of Bulgaria in 1887. In 1908, Ferdinand elevated Bulgaria to a kingdom and became Tsar Ferdinand I. The Balkan War and World War I consumed much of the next ten years.  On October 3, 1918, taking full responsibility for Bulgaria’s loss in World War I, Ferdinand abdicated in favor of his son Boris. Ferdinand settled in Coburg, where he devoted his time to his favorite pastimes, art, gardening, travel, and history. In 1943, his son Tsar Boris III died, and then in 1945, Ferdinand’s other son Kyril was executed. His young grandson Simeon was deposed in 1946, and the Bulgarian monarchy was abolished. Heartbroken at the loss of his family and his kingdom, Ferdinand died in Coburg. Unable to be buried in Bulgaria at the time, his remains were temporarily placed in the crypt of St. Augustine’s Church in Coburg next to his parents. They remain there to this day.
Unofficial Royalty: Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria

September 10, 2006 – Death of King Taufa’ahau Tupou IV of Tonga at Mercy Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand; buried at Mala’e Kula, the royal cemetery, in Nuku’alofa, Tonga
In his youth, Tāufaʻāhau Tupou began competing in the pole vault, and by the age of fourteen, he held the Tonga pole vault record, a record that stood for many years. Upon graduating from university in Australia where he received both a bachelor’s degree and a law degree, Tāufaʻāhau Tupou returned to Tonga and began a career in government. His mother Queen Sālote appointed him Minister of Education in 1943, and Minister of Health in 1944, and in 1949, he was appointed Prime Minister of Tonga, a position he held until he succeeded his mother and became King of Tonga in 1965.  88-year-old King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV of Tonga died at Mercy Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand. His funeral, which blended Christian and ancient Polynesian burial rites, was held on September 19, 2006, in the Tongan capital, Nukuʻalofa. Thousands of Tongans attended the funeral along with many foreign dignitaries.
Unofficial Royalty: King Taufa’ahau Tupou IV of Tonga

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James IV, King of Scots; Credit – Wikipedia

September 9, 1087 – Death of King William I of England (the Conqueror) at Hermentrube in Rouen, Duchy of Normandy, now in France; buried at St. Stephen Abbey in Caen, Duchy of Normandy, now in France
The House of Normandy began its rule in England in 1066 when William, Duke of Normandy invaded England and defeated the last king of the House of Wessex, Harold II Godwinson, at the Battle of Hastings. In 1087, the French garrison at Mantes made a raid into Normandy. William retaliated by sacking the town. While he was urging on his soldiers. William’s horse stumbled and he was violently flung against his saddle pommel. He received serious internal injuries, most likely a ruptured bladder. William was taken to the Priory of St. Gervais in Rouen where peritonitis developed. As he knew he was dying, William wrote a letter to Lefranc, Archbishop of Canterbury stating that Normandy should go to his eldest son Robert, England should go to his second son William Rufus, and his youngest son Henry should receive money. The youngest son later became King Henry I of England.
Unofficial Royalty: King William I of England (the Conqueror)

September 9, 1513 – Death of James IV, King of Scots at the Battle of Flodden Field; a body, thought to be his, was supposedly buried in Sheen Abbey in Surrey, England, and was lost during the Reformation
James IV married Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII of England and sister of Henry VIII of England, as part of a treaty between Scotland and England. James IV and Margaret had four sons and two stillborn daughters. Only one of their children, James V, King of Scots, the father of Mary, Queen of Scots survived infancy. Despite the great hopes of peace between England and Scotland as symbolized by the marriage of Margaret and James IV, Margaret’s brother Henry VIII did not have his father’s diplomatic patience and was heading toward a war with France. James IV was committed to his alliance with France and invaded England. Henry VIII was away on campaign in France and Flanders in 1513 and he had made his wife Catherine of Aragon regent in his absence. It was up to Catherine to supervise England’s defense when Scotland invaded. Ultimately, the Scots were defeated at the Battle of Flodden near Branxton, Northumberland, England on September 9, 1513, and 30-year-old King James IV was killed in the battle. Catherine sent Henry VIII the blood-stained coat of his defeated and dead brother-in-law. James IV’s seventeen-month-old son succeeded his father as James V, King of Scots.
Unofficial Royalty: James IV, King of Scots

September 9, 1730 – Death of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland, an illegitimate son of King Charles II of England and his mistress Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland; buried at Westminster Abbey in London, England
In 1679, Charles married Mary Wood, the only child and the heiress of Sir Henry Wood, 1st Baronet. A year later, sixteen-year-old Mary died of smallpox. After many legal maneuvers, Mary’s fortune passed to her widower 18-year-old Charles Fitzroy who remained unmarried for fourteen years. In 1694, Charles married Anne Pulteney, daughter of Sir William Pulteney, a Member of Parliament, and the couple had six children. When Charles’ mother Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland died in 1709, he became 2nd Duke of Cleveland. On September 9, 1730, 68-year-old Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland died in London, England. He was succeeded by his eldest son William FitzRoy. However, William was childless and when he died in 1774, all his titles became extinct.
Unofficial Royalty: Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland

September 9, 1813 – Death of Georg I, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont in Rhoden, Kingdom of Prussia, now in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany; buried in the Princely Mausoleum at Schloss Rhoden (link in German) in Rhoden, Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont, now in the German state of Hesse
Georg had a short reign, from September 24, 1812  to September 9, 1813.  The Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont was heavily in debt during the reign of Friedrich Karl August, Prince of Waldeck-Pyrmont, Georg’s unmarried elder brother. In 1805, Friedrich Karl August unsuccessfully attempted to sell the Pyrmont as a cost-cutting measure. Instead, he decided to divide the Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont, giving his brother Georg Pyrmont, while he kept Waldeck. In 1812, after the death of his childless elder brother, 65-year-old Georg succeeded him, and Waldeck and Pyrmont were reunited. Because of his age and perhaps illness, Georg knew that he would not be able to reign for long so he decided to stay in Pyrmont where he died.
Unofficial Royalty: Georg I, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

September 9, 1826 – Birth of Grand Duke Friedrich I of Baden in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Full name: Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig
Friedrich’s father died in 1852 and was succeeded by Friedrich’s elder brother, Ludwig II. However, Ludwig was deemed mentally ill, and Friedrich was appointed Regent during his reign. When Ludwig died in 1858, Friedrich succeeded him as Grand Duke Friedrich II. Friedrich sided with Prussia in the wars against Austria and France and represented Baden at the Palace of Versailles when his father-in-law King Wilhelm I of Prussia was created German Emperor in 1871. Friedrich was a strong supporter of constitutional monarchy and was often at odds with his Prussian in-laws. His reign saw the adoption of civil marriage and free elections to the Baden parliament.
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich I, Grand Duke of Baden

September 9, 1870 – Death of Baroness Louise Lehzen, governess, adviser, and companion to Queen Victoria, in Bückeburg, Principality of Schaumberg-Lippe, now in Lower Saxony, Germany; buried in the Jetenburger Cemetery in Bückeburg where Queen Victoria had a memorial to her erected
From 1824 – 1842, Baroness Louise Lehzen was the governess and then adviser and companion to Queen Victoria who called her Lehzen.
Unofficial Royalty: Baroness Louise Lehzen

September 9, 1882 – Birth of Henry Charles Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood, husband of Mary, Princess Royal, in London, England
Henry married Princess Mary, the only daughter of King George V of the United Kingdom at Westminster Abbey in London, England on February 28, 1922. Despite their fifteen-year age difference and despite rumors that the marriage was not happy, their elder son George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood said the marriage was a happy one. He wrote in his memoirs that they “got on well together and had a lot of friends and interests in common.” Henry and his wife enjoyed country pursuits. They both regularly rode with the Bramham Moor Hunt where Henry was Master of the Hunt. Henry was a Freemason and served as Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England from 1942-1947.
Unofficial Royalty: Henry Charles Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood

September 9, 2015 – Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom becomes the longest-reigning British monarch, breaking the record of her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria
Unofficial Royalty: Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Unofficial Royalty: Longest Reigning British Monarchs

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Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom; Credit – The Royal Family Facebook page

September 8, 1157 – Birth of King Richard I of England at Beaumont Palace in Oxford, England
Richard succeeded his father King Henry II in 1189. He spent very little time in England, perhaps as little as six months, during his ten-year reign. Rather than regarding the Kingdom of England as a responsibility requiring his presence as the king, Richard saw England as a source of revenue to support his armies. Most of his reign was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending his lands in France.
Unofficial Royalty: King Richard I of England

September 8, 1397 – Death (murder?) of Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England, at the Prince’s Inn in the Pale of Calais, now in France; buried at the Collegiate Church of the Holy Trinity in Pleshy, England, later reburied at Westminster Abbey in London, England
Thomas’ nephew King Richard II was having issues with the authority of the nobility. Thomas and other nobles wanted to depose Richard, but he was betrayed, arrested for treason, and imprisoned. He was probably murdered by a group of men led by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and Sir Nicholas Colfox, presumably on the orders of King Richard II. After Thomas’ death, his confession was read to Parliament and he was declared guilty of treason. He was attainted as a traitor and his title Duke of Gloucester, goods, and estates were forfeited to the crown. Thomas’ probable murder caused an outcry among the English nobility and added to Richard II’s unpopularity. In 1399, Richard’s first cousin Henry of Bolingbroke, the eldest son of John of Gaunt, deposed Richard and succeeded to the throne as King Henry IV, the first King of the House of Lancaster.
Unofficial Royalty: Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester

September 8, 1650 – Death of Elizabeth Stuart, Princess of England, daughter of King Charles I of England, at Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight, England; buried in a small crypt under the altar at Saints Thomas Church in Newport, on the Isle of Wight, England
After the arrest of their father King Charles I of England, Elizabeth and her brother Prince Henry of England, Duke of Gloucester were unable to flee with their mother Henrietta Maria of France because they were not with her at that time. They remained in England and were placed under the care of the Parliamentarians. Elizabeth and Henry were moved from one residence to another due to the plague. After their father’s beheading, Parliament decided that they needed to be in a more secure place, far away from London. Elizabeth and Henry were moved to Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight, England. On August 23, 1650, less than a week after arriving at Carisbrooke Castle, Elizabeth began to feel ill. On September 1, she went to bed and then could no longer get up. She died on September 8, 1650, aged fourteen, probably from pneumonia.
Unofficial Royalty: Elizabeth Stuart, Princess of England

September 8, 1675 – Death of Amalia of Solms-Braunfels, Princess of Orange, wife of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange, in The Hague, the Netherlands; buried at the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft, the Netherlands
Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange and Amalia were the parents of Willem II, Prince of Orange who married Mary, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of King Charles I of England. They had one son Willem III, Prince of Orange, later King William III of England. Amalia had influence in politics, initially as Frederik Hendrik’s adviser, and then, after 1640, when her husband became ill, she became openly involved in political life and received foreign diplomats and envoys.
Unofficial Royalty: Amalia of Solms-Braunfels, Princess of Orange

September 8, 1749 – Birth of Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe, favorite of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, born Maria Teresa Luisa of Savoy-Carignano at the Palazzo Carignano in Turin, Duchy of Savoy, now in Italy
Marie Thérèse was presented to the new Dauphine, the future Queen Marie Antoinette, upon her arrival in France in 1770. Marie Antoinette was charmed by the Princess of Lamballe, and soon the two became very close. Over the next few years, Marie Thérèse was rarely separated from Marie Antoinette and became one of her closest friends and confidantes.  In 1792, during the French Revolution, Marie Thérèse went before a tribunal that insisted she swear “hatred to the King and the Queen and to the monarchy”. Refusing to do so, she was released to the streets where an angry mob quickly killed her.
Unofficial Royalty: Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe, favorite of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France

September 8, 1749 – Birth of Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchesse de Polignac, favorite of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, born Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron in Paris, France
In 1775, Gabrielle and her husband were invited to visit Versailles by her sister-in-law, Diane de Polignac, who was a lady-in-waiting to Princess Elizabeth of France, the younger sister of King Louis XVI. Gabrielle was formally presented to Queen Marie Antoinette who instantly took a liking to her, and soon asked her to move permanently to Versailles. Heavily in debt, this was not a move that Gabrielle and her husband could afford. Despite their aristocratic background, there was little money for extravagance. They lived on Jules’s military salary of just 4,000 livres and were heavily in debt. Becoming aware of this, Marie Antoinette quickly arranged to settle their debts and find a better position for Jules within the royal household. In 1782, Gabrielle was appointed Governess to the children of France. Following the storming of the Bastille in July 1789, Gabrielle and her family fled France, traveling throughout Europe before eventually settling in Vienna, Austria. During this time, she remained in close contact with Marie Antoinette for the next several years.
Unofficial Royalty: Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchesse de Polignac, favorite of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France

September 8, 1800 – Death of Ernst Friedrich, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, in Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, now in Bavaria, Germany; buried in the ducal crypt at Stadtkirche St. Moriz in Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, now in Bavaria, Germany
Ernst Friedrich was the great-grandfather of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert. In 1764, Ernst Friedrich succeeded his father as Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and transferred the official residence of the duchy from Saalfeld to Coburg. Because the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was heavily in debt, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II appointed a debit commission headed by Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen and then Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, to prevent the bankruptcy of the duchy. The work of the debt commission lasted over thirty years and during that time period, Ernst Friedrich was given a strict annual allowance.
Unofficial Royalty: Ernst Friedrich, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

September 8, 1814 – Death of Maria Carolina of Austria, Queen of Naples and Sicily, wife of Ferdinando I, King of the Two Sicilies, at Hetzendorf Palace in Vienna, Austria; buried at the Imperial Crypt in the Capuchin Church in Vienna, Austria
Maria Carolina was the first wife of King Ferdinando IV of Naples and III Sicily, after her death, Ferdinando I, King of the Two Sicilies. She was the daughter of the powerful Empress Maria Theresa, who was in her own right Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary, Queen of Croatia, and Queen of Bohemia. Maria Carolina had been well educated and carefully prepared for her role as a future queen but her husband Ferdinando had never received a comprehensive education and spent his time hunting, playing pranks, and eating excessively. In 1775, after her first son was born, Maria Carolina took her place on the council of state. From then on, Maria Carolina was the de facto ruler of the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily.  Maria Carolina, aged 62, died from a stroke without seeing the final defeat of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna’s restoration of her husband’s rights to the thrones of Naples and Sicily.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Carolina of Austria, Queen of Naples and Sicily

September 8, 2022 – Death of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland; interred in the crypt of the King George VI Memorial Chapel in St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle. At the same time, the coffin of her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who died in 2021, was moved from its temporary place in the Royal Vault beneath St. George’s Chapel and interred in the crypt of the King George VI Memorial Chapel. 
Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom died at the age of 96, at Balmoral Castle, her home in Balmoral, Scotland, on September 8, 2022, at 3:10 PM, more than three hours before the public was informed. The death certificate, released by the National Records of Scotland cites that she died of “old age”. Queen Elizabeth II is the longest-reigning British monarch having surpassed her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria on September 9, 2015. In May 2022, Queen Elizabeth II surpassed Prince Johann II of Liechtenstein (reigned from November 12, 1858 to February 11, 1929, for 25,658 days or 70 years, 91 days), and then in June 2022, she surpassed King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand (reigned June 9, 1946 to October 13, 2016, for 25,694 days or 70 years, 126 days) to become the second longest-reigning monarch. Only King Louis XIV of France, (reigned May 14, 1643 to September 1, 1715, for 26,407 days or 72 years, 110 days) has reigned longer. (Note: Lengths of reign are from a list of monarchs of states that were internationally sovereign for most or all of their reigns and have verifiable reigns by an exact date.)
Unofficial Royalty: Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Unofficial Royalty: The Death and Funeral of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Unofficial Royalty: The Funeral of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom

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Elisabeth of Anhalt, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Credit – Wikipedia

September 7, 1151 – Death of Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou in Château-du-Loir, Duchy of Brittany, now in France; buried at Le Mans Cathedral in Le Mans, County of Maine, now in France
Geoffrey was the second husband of Empress Matilda, Lady of the English, daughter of King Henry I of England, and the ancestor of the Plantagenet kings of England. He was the father of King Henry II of England. Matilda was quite unhappy about her marriage to Geoffrey. This would be her second marriage. When she was twelve years old, Matilda married 28-year-old Heinrich V, Holy Roman Emperor. Matilda returned to England when she was widowed eleven years later. She was eleven years older than Geoffrey and marriage to a mere future Count would diminish her status as the widow of an Emperor.  After the death of King Henry I and the seizing of power by his nephew Stephen of Blois, Matilda did not give up her claim to England and Normandy, leading to the long civil war known as The Anarchy between 1135 and 1153. During The Anarchy, Geoffrey concentrated on conquering the Duchy of Normandy in northwest France. He died suddenly on September 7, 1151, aged 38.
Unofficial Royalty: Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou

September 7, 1362 – Death of Joan of the Tower, Queen of Scots, daughter of King Edward II and wife of David II, King of Scots, at Hertford Castle in Hertford, England, buried at Greyfriars Church in Newgate, London, England
As a result of a treaty between England and Scotland, six-year-old Joan, daughter of King Edward I of England, married the heir of Robert I the Bruce, King of Scots, four-year-old David. Although the couple was married for 34 years, they had no children. Joan, aged 41, died of the plague at Hertford Castle in England and was buried at Christ Church Greyfriars in London. The church suffered much damage during King Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries, and many tombs were destroyed. The medieval church was completely destroyed during the Great Fire of London in 1666.
Unofficial Royalty: Joan of the Tower, Queen of Scots

September 7, 1450 – Death of Katarina Karlsdotter, Queen of Sweden and Norway, second wife of Karl Knutsson Bonde, who reigned as King Karl VIII of Sweden and King Karl I of Norway, in Stockholm, Sweden; buried at Vadstena Abbey in Vadnesta, Sweden
32-year-old Queen Katarina was one of the many people who died of the bubonic plague in 1450, the first time the plague appeared in Stockholm.
Unofficial Royalty: Katarina Karlsdotter, Queen of Sweden and Norway

September 7, 1533 – Birth of Queen Elizabeth I of England at Greenwich Palace in London, England
The last monarch of the House of Tudor, Queen Elizabeth I is number six on the list of the top ten longest-reigning British monarchs. She became queen at the age of 25 on November 17, 1558, and reigned for 44 years, 127 days until her death at age 69 on March 24, 1603. During Elizabeth’s reign, called the Elizabethan Age, the Church of England took its final form, a middle path between Catholicism and Reform Protestantism, William Shakespeare created numerous works, modern science had its birth based upon Francis Bacon‘s inductive method for scientific inquiry, Francis Drake sailed around the world, and the first colony in America was founded and named Virginia in honor of Elizabeth the Virgin Queen.
Unofficial Royalty: Queen Elizabeth I of England

September 7, 1683 – Birth of Maria Anna of Austria, Queen of Portugal, wife of King João V of Portugal, in Linz, Austria
Full name: Maria Anna Josepha Antonia Regina
The daughter of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, Maria Anna was the wife and first cousin of João V, King of Portugal. The couple married in 1708 and had six children including two Kings of Portugal and a Queen Consort of Spain. In 1742, King  João V had a stroke and became partially paralyzed. He recovered somewhat but was left diminished and much less energetic. Maria Anna served as regent until her husband died in 1750. Maria Anna died, aged 70, on August 14, 1754.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Anna of Austria, Queen of Portugal

September 7, 1731- Death of Eudoxia Lopukhina, Tsaritsa of All Russia, first wife of Peter I (the Great), Emperor of All Russia, at Novodevichy Convent in Moscow, Russia; buried at Smolensk Cathedral at the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow
Eudoxia was the last ethnic Russian and non-foreign wife of a Russian tsar or emperor. She was the mother of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and the paternal grandmother of Peter II, Emperor of All Russia. She was chosen as a bride for Peter I by his mother Natalia Naryshkina hoping that the 17-year-old Peter would settle down and turn from an adolescent into a man. Peter could not stand her conservative relatives and soon abandoned her for a Dutch beauty, Anna Mons. Their relationship lasted twelve years until Peter met Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya, first his mistress, then his second wife, and finally his successor on the Russian throne as Catherine I, Empress of All Russia. In September 1698, Eudoxia was finally banished to a convent and their marriage was over.
Unofficial Royalty: Eudoxia Lopukhina, Tsaritsa of All Russia

September 7, 1801 – Death of Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen, wife of Anton Ulrich, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, in Meiningen, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, now in Thuringia, Germany; buried in the Ducal Crypt Chapel in the Meiningen municipal cemetery, in 1977 her remains were removed from the chapel, cremated and buried elsewhere in the cemetery grounds
In 1750, Charlotte Amalie married Anton Ulrich, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, who was 43 years older. He had previously contracted a morganatic marriage and had ten children, but they were not eligible to succeed to the ducal throne. This marriage was solely intended to provide an heir for Saxe-Meiningen. The couple had eight children. Following her husband’s death in 1763, Charlotte Amalie was appointed the sole guardian of their sons and served as Regent of Saxe-Meiningen. When she died at the age of 71, as per her wishes, she was not buried in the Castle Church at Elisabethenburg Palace, the traditional burial site of the Dukes of Saxe-Meiningen. Instead, she was interred in the Ducal Crypt Chapel in the Meiningen municipal cemetery.
Unofficial Royalty: Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen

September 7, 1817 – Birth of Louise of Hesse-Kassel, Queen of Denmark, wife of King Christian IX of Denmark, in Kassel, Electorate of Hesse-Kassel, now in Hesse, Germany
Full name: Luise Wilhelmine Friederike Caroline Auguste Julie
Louise was as much the “Grandmother of Europe” as Queen Victoria was. Louise had 39 grandchildren and her grandsons included Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia, King Constantine I of Greece, King George V of the United Kingdom, King Christian X of Denmark, and King Haakon VII of Norway. Louise is the ancestor of six of the ten current European monarchs (King Philippe of Belgium, King Frederik X of Denmark, Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg, King Harald V of Norway, King Felipe VI of Spain, King Charles III of the United Kingdom) and two former monarchs (the late King Michael of Romania and the late King Constantine II of Greece).  Like her daughter Alexandra, Louise suffered from hereditary otosclerosis, abnormal growth of bone near the middle ear that can result in hearing loss. Louise’s deafness worsened during her last years and she was cared for by two deaconesses from the Deaconess Foundation she had started. Queen Louise, aged 81, died surrounded by a large part of her family, who had come to Denmark to be at her side.
Unofficial Royalty: Louise of Hesse-Kassel, Queen of Denmark
Unofficial Royalty: Children, Grandchildren, Great-Grandchildren and Notable Descendants of King Christian IX of Denmark

September 7, 1857 – Birth of Elisabeth of Anhalt, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, in Wörlitz, Duchy of Anhalt, now in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
Full name: Elisabeth Marie Friederike Amalie Agnes
Elisabeth married the future Grand Duke Adolf Friedrich V of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. She used her public profile to bring attention to causes that were important to her, including nature and flowers. Following her husband’s death in 1914, she remained the first lady of Mecklenburg-Strelitz during the reign of her unmarried son and became very active with the Red Cross during World War I. Following the abolition of the monarchy in 1918, Elisabeth remained in Neustrelitz, taking up residence in the Park House she had inherited earlier that year after her son died. The government took over Neustrelitz Palace but Elisabeth continued to fight for compensation for the loss of the family’s property. Remaining active right up until her death, Elisabeth remained in Neustrelitz, often hosting visits from her daughters and grandchildren, and staying in close contact with relatives throughout Europe.
Unofficial Royalty: Elisabeth of Anhalt, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

September 7, 1930 – Birth of King Baudouin of the Belgians at Stuyvenberg Castle in Laeken, Brussels, Belgium
Full name: Baudouin Albert Charles Léopold Axel Marie Gustave
King Baudouin of the Belgians reigned from July 1951 until July 1993, making him the longest-reigning Belgian monarch. He became king upon the abdication of his father King Leopold III. In 1960, Baudouin married Fabiola de Mora y Aragón, from a Spanish aristocratic family. Despite several pregnancies, the couple never had any children, which greatly affected them. Fortunately, they maintained very close relationships with his brother’s children, particularly the future King Philippe, a frequent visitor to their homes. Although Baudouin’s heir was his brother Albert, he saw Philippe as his true successor and spent much time grooming him for his future role. Although King Baudouin had heart surgery in March 1992 this death from heart failure in 1993 still came unexpectedly, and sent much of Belgium into a period of deep mourning.
Unofficial Royalty: Baudouin, King of the Belgians

September 7, 1986 – Death of Omar Ali Saifuddien III, Sultan of Brunei in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei; buried in the Royal Mausoleum in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
Omar’s brother, Ahmad Tajuddin, Sultan of Brunei died in 1950. Because his brother had no male heirs, Omar succeeded to the throne of Brunei. In 1959, a constitution went into effect that gave Brunei self-government with the power to rule the domestic affairs of the country in the hands of the Sultan of Brunei, an important step toward complete independence from the United Kingdom, which would come in 1984. In 1967, Omar voluntarily abdicated in favor of his eldest son Hassanal Bolkiah but he still wielded most of the power in Brunei for several years. Omar became his son’s personal adviser and guided him in carrying out the duties as the Sultan in preparation for the time Brunei would eventually become an independent and sovereign country. Omar Ali Saifuddien III, the former Sultan of Brunei died two weeks before his 72nd birthday. A state funeral was held, attended by many world leaders.
Unofficial Royalty: Omar Ali Saifuddien III, Sultan of Brunei

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King Peter II of Yugoslavia; Credit – Wikipedia

September 6, 1666 – Birth of Ivan V, Tsar of All Russia in Moscow, Russia
After their father’s death, Ivan and his younger half-brother Peter I (the Great) were co-rulers of Russia. From childhood, Ivan had serious physical and mental disabilities which may have been caused by Down’s Syndrome or a consequence of a disease. In 1689, 17-year-old Peter overthrew his elder half-sister Sophia Alexeievna who was ruling as Regent. Peter I and Ivan V continued as co-rulers. With Ivan being both incapable and disinterested, Peter functioned as though he were the only Tsar and eventually Ivan became a non-entity in the Russian court. For the last decade of his life, Ivan spent his days with his wife fasting and praying and was completely overshadowed by Peter.
Unofficial Royalty: Ivan V of Russia, Tsar of All Russia

September 6, 1804 – Birth of Marie Friederike of Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen, wife of Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, in Kassel, Electorate of Hesse, now in Hesse, Germany
Full name: Marie Frederica Wilhelmina
Marie Friederike was Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen from her marriage until her husband was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, in 1866 following the defeat of Austria, who he supported, in the Austro-Prussian War. The couple took up residence at the Great Palace in Meiningen, where they would live for the rest of their lives.
Unofficial Royalty: Marie Friederike of Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen

September 6, 1854 – Death of Maria Antonovna Naryshkina, mistress of Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia, in Starnberg, Kingdom of Bavaria, now in the German state of Bavaria; buried in the Alter Südfriedhof (Old South Cemetery) in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, now in the German state of Bavaria
Maria, her mother, and her siblings were brought to Russia by Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia after Maria’s father was hanged by an angry mob in Poland for his support of Russia. Maria was made a maid of honor at the Russian court and Catherine the Great arranged a marriage for her. Maria was known for her dazzling beauty and she attracted the attention of Tsesarevich Alexander Pavlovich, the future Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia. Maria and Alexander’s affair lasted for nearly nineteen years. In 1815, Maria accompanied Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia to the Congress of Vienna, which caused a scandal. Eventually, Maria began to worry about her position and the gossip surrounding her and Alexander began to have pangs of guilt about the long-term affair. In 1818, the affair ended and Alexander went back to his wife but he continued to talk about Maria as his family.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Antonovna Naryshkina, mistress of Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia

September 6, 1860 – Death of Georg, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in Neustrelitz, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, now in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany; buried in the New Crypt at the Johanniterkirche in Mirow, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, now in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
Georg became Grand Duke in 1816, upon his father’s death and a long reign of nearly 54 years. Georg found Mecklenburg-Strelitz in great debt and in need of much rebuilding. To eliminate much of the debt, he sold several towns to Prussia that had been given to the Grand Duchy at the Congress of Vienna. He abolished serfdom and throughout his reign, he worked to raise the standards of education, building schools and instituting compulsory education. He made vast improvements to the infrastructure which would help to energize the grand duchy’s economy.
Unofficial Royalty: Georg, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

September 6, 1920 – Death of Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, wife of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, born Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, at her villa (now the Hotel La Souveraine) in Contrexéville, France; buried in Chapel of St. Vladimir and St. Mary Magdalene in Contrexéville, France
Maria was one of the Romanovs who escaped Russia after the Russian Revolution. However, she was hesitant to leave because she still hoped that her eldest son Kirill would one day be Emperor of All Russia. On February 13, 1920, Maria Pavlovna, her son Andrei, his mistress the famous ballerina Matilde Kschessinska, and her son Vladimir boarded an Italian ship in the direction of Venice, Italy. They made their way from Venice to Switzerland and then to France, where Maria Pavlovna’s health failed and she died six months later. Maria Pavlovna had a passion for jewelry and her collection was renowned. She was one of the few members of the Romanov family who managed to get her jewelry out of Russia. British art dealer and diplomatic courier Albert Stopford, a family friend, rescued the jewelry from her Vladimir Palace safe and smuggled the jewels out of Russia to England. After Maria Pavlovna’s death, the jewelry was sold by her children to support their lives in exile. Queen Mary of the United Kingdom purchased some of the jewelry including the Vladimir Tiara.
Unofficial Royalty: Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia

September 6, 1923 – Birth of Peter II, the last King of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, now in Serbia
After the assassination of his father King Alexander I in 1934,  11-year-old Peter ascended the throne of Yugoslavia. In 1941, Yugoslavia was occupied by Nazi forces, and the government was forced to surrender. King Peter went into exile with the government. After settling in London, Peter married Princess Alexandra of Greece, the daughter of King Alexander I of Greece, and the couple had one son.  In 1944, a Communist government was established in Yugoslavia. The following year, the monarchy was officially abolished. After World War II, Peter and Alexandra left London, living in France and Switzerland before settling in the United States in 1949. The marriage suffered from the strain of Peter’s numerous affairs and the constant struggle to find sources of income. Eventually, they went their separate ways. Peter settled permanently in the United States while Alexandra took her son and moved to Venice with her mother.
Unofficial Royalty: King Peter II of Yugoslavia

September 6, 1924 – Death of Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria, daughter of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, at Schloss Wallsee in Sindelburg, Austria; buried  in the Habsburg crypt behind the high altar at the parish church in Sindelburg, Austria
Valerie was the youngest of the four children of Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria and his wife Elisabeth of Bavaria (Sisi). In 1890, she married Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria-Tuscany and the couple had ten children. Valerie’s father Emperor Franz Joseph died in 1916, in the middle of World War I. As he had no son to succeed him (his only son Rudolf died in a suicide pact with his mistress), his great-nephew succeeded him as Emperor Karl I of Austria but only reigned for two years as the monarchy was abolished at the end of World War I. Valerie officially recognized the end of the Habsburg monarchy and signed documents renouncing all rights for herself and her descendants. This allowed her to remain in Austria and keep her home and possessions. In 1924, Valerie was diagnosed with lymphoma. Surrounded by her family, Valerie died at her home Schloss Wallsee at the age of 56.
Unofficial Royalty: Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria, Princess of Tuscany

September 6, 1926 – Birth of Claus von Amsberg, Prince Claus of the Netherlands, husband of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, at the family estate, Haus Dötzingen, near Hitzacker, Germany
Full name: Claus-Georg Wilhelm Otto Friedrich Gerd
On New Year’s Eve in 1962, Claus met Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, the heir to the Dutch throne, at a party with friends in Bad Driburg, Germany. The couple met again at the wedding eve party of Princess Tatjana of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse, in June 1964. Prince Richard of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg acted as a go-between for the couple and did much to strengthen their relationship. The fact that he was a German national, had been a member of the Hitler Youth and had served in the German army, caused great controversy among the Dutch people. Only after historian Loe de Jong had established that Claus was not to blame for any war crimes, was the marriage approved. Claus and Beatrix were married on March 10, 1966, at the Westerkerk, a large church In Amsterdam, the Netherlands, just down the street from the building where Dutch Jewish teenager Anne Frank hid during World War II. The ride to and from the church was disrupted by riots with smoke bombs and firecrackers. According to some newspapers, about a thousand rioters were chanting “revolution” and “Claus get out”. Claus was granted the style and titles His Royal Highness Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Jonkheer van Amsberg. Over the years, Claus became accepted by the Dutch public, and during the last part of his life, he was considered the most popular member of the Dutch Royal Family.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

September 6, 2006 – Birth of Prince Hisahito of Japan, son of Crown Prince Akishino of Japan, at Aiiku Hospital in Tokyo, Japan
Prince Hisahito is second in the line of succession after his father. After the birth of his cousin Princess Aiko in 2001, the only child of Emperor Naruhito, there was much discussion about changing the laws to absolute primogeniture, whereby the oldest surviving child without regard to gender inherits the throne. Currently, there is male-line, male-only succession in Japan. In 2005, the Prime Minister vowed to submit a bill to the government to change The Imperial Household Law, based on recommendations from an independent, government-appointed panel. However, the birth of Prince Hisahito seems to have ended the efforts, and the proposal was dropped. In November 2020, it was recommended that the discussion regarding succession be shelved until Prince Hisahito becomes an adult and has children. It is highly probable that there will not be another person in the line of succession until Prince Hisahito marries and has a son.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Hisahito of Japan
Unofficial Royalty: Japanese Succession Crisis

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