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Princess Louise of the United Kingdom; Credit – Wikipedia

March 21, 1795 – Death of Honoré III, Prince of Monaco in Paris, France, his burial place in unknown
Honoré III, Prince of Monaco is the longest-reigning sovereign of Monaco but the French Revolution had dire consequences for his family and caused the Principality of Monaco to be annexed to France from 1793 until the defeat of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French in 1814. He married Maria Caterina Brignole and the couple had two sons including Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco. Honoré III was imprisoned during the French Revolution. He died soon after his release from prison, in Paris on March 21, 1795, at the age of 74, but his burial place is unknown.
Unofficial Royalty: Honoré III, Prince of Monaco

March 21, 1801 – Birth of Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of Sardinia, wife of Carlo Alberto I, King of Sardinia, in Vienna, Austria
Full name: Maria Theresa Franziska Josepha Johanna Benedikta
Maria Theresa was the daughter of Ferdinando III, Grand Duke of Tuscany and his first wife Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily. In 1817, she married the future Carlo Alberto I, King of Sardinia. They had three children including Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Sardinia, later King of Italy, who became the first king of a united Italy. Maria Theresa’s husband became King of Sardinia in 1831. In 1848, Carlo Alberto attempted to rid the Italian peninsula of Austrian-ruled and supported states resulting in the First Italian War of Independence, part of the Italian Unification. After his forces were defeated by the Austrian forces, Carlo Alberto immediately abdicated in favor of his son Vittorio Emanuele and went into exile in Portugal. However, he became seriously ill during the trip and died soon after reaching his destination. After the death of her husband, Maria Theresa no longer appeared in public. However, she was a great influence on her son Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Sardinia. Her son became a driving force behind the Italian unification movement along with Giuseppe Garibaldi, a general and nationalist, and Giuseppe Mazzini, a politician and journalist. However, Maria Theresa did not live long enough to see her son become King of a united Italy. On January 12, 1855, in Turin, Maria Theresa died at the age of 53.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of Sardinia

March 21, 1852 – Death of Marie of Hesse-Kassel, Queen of Denmark, wife of King Frederick VI of Denmark, at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen, Denmark; buried at Roskilde Cathedral in Roskilde, Denmark
Marie was the daughter of Prince Carl of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Louise of Denmark and Norway. Her father was the second son of Friedrich II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Mary of Great Britain, daughter of King George II of Great Britain. Her mother was the youngest child of King Frederik V of Denmark and Norway and his first wife Princess Louisa of Great Britain, daughter of King George II of Great Britain. In 1790, Marie married the future King Frederick VI of Denmark. Frederik and Marie had eight children but unfortunately, six of them, including two boys, died in infancy. Only two daughters survived and both daughters had childless marriages. For the rest of her life, Marie would lament her lack of sons and grandchildren. Injuries from her last childbirth prevented Marie from having any further marital relations and she was forced to accept her husband’s adultery. After her husband’s death in 1839, Marie retired from public life but remained a respected figure, living at Frederiksborg Castle and Amalienborg Palace. She died on March 21, 1852, at the age of 84.
Unofficial Royalty: Marie of Hesse-Kassel, Queen of Denmark

March 21, 1871 – Wedding of Princess Louise of the United Kingdom, daughter of Queen Victoria, and John Campbell, Lord Lorne later 9th Duke of Argyll, at St. George’s Chapel in Windsor, England
Louise broke with tradition and married a non-royal. Several foreign princes were put forward as possible husbands for Louise. However, none of these princes was agreeable to Queen Victoria, and Louise herself wanted nothing to do with marriage to a prince. Instead, she found herself falling in love with John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne and heir to the Dukedom of Argyll. Queen Victoria found this to be a wonderful match, infusing ‘new blood’ into the royal family. Others, including the Prince of Wales, found it appalling that Louise should marry below her class. Despite these misgivings, the couple became engaged on October 3, 1870.  Their marriage was childless. Louise’s husband served the crown as Governor-General of Canada for five years and Louise accompanied him to Canada.
Unofficial Royalty: Wedding of Princess Louise and John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll

March 21, 1924 – Death of Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg, first husband of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, in Antibes, France; buried in the crypt of St. Michael the Archangel Russian Orthodox Church in Cannes, France
Peter was the only child of Duke Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg and Princess Eugenia Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg. Alexander Petrovich’s grandfather had married Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna, daughter of Paul I, Emperor of All Russia, and their children and grandchildren were raised in Russia. Despite his German title, Alexander Petrovich, like his father, had grown up entirely in Russia, served in the Russian military, and was considered part of the Russian Imperial Family. Peter and Olga’s marriage was arranged by their mothers and was a marriage in name only. Two years after their marriage, Olga met Nikolai Kulikovsky, an army officer her own age. Over the years, Olga had continued to ask her brother Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia for permission to marry Nikolai. In 1916, Nicholas II had a change of heart and he officially annulled her marriage to Peter, and Olga and Nikolai were married. After the October Revolution in 1917, Peter along with his father and mother emigrated to France, where he lived in Paris and on a farm near Bayonne, France. In 1922, Peter married Olga Vladimirovna Ratkova-Rognova. Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg died at the age of 55.
Unofficial Royalty: Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg

March 21, 1929 – Wedding of the future King Olav V of Norway and Princess Märtha of Sweden at Oslo Cathedral in Oslo, Norway
As first cousins, Olav and Märtha had known each other since childhood, and in the late 1920s, they began a romantic relationship. They managed to keep the relationship private, with Olav often traveling to Sweden in disguise to see his future bride. While both were in Amsterdam in 1928 for the Summer Olympic Games (in which Olav was competing), they became secretly engaged. The following January, after Olav again traveled to Sweden, traveling under an assumed name, the engagement was officially announced on January 14, 1929. The announcement was met with great support and excitement in both Norway and Sweden. Märtha never became Queen of Norway. She died from cancer before Olav became King of Norway.
Unofficial Royalty: Wedding of King Olav V of Norway and Princess Märtha of Sweden

March 21, 1943 – Birth of Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the pretender to the former ducal throne, and Head of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Full name: Andreas Michael Friedrich Hans Armin Siegfried Hubertus
Andreas is a grandson of Charles Edward, the last reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and is the pretender to the former ducal throne, and head of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Unofficial Royalty: Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

March 21, 1985 – Birth of Princess Claire of Luxembourg, wife of Prince Félix of Luxembourg, born Claire Margareta Lademacher in Filderstadt, Germany
Claire has impressive academic credentials. She received a Bachelors degree in International Communication from the American University of Paris and a Masters degree in bioethics at the Pontifical Athenaeum Regina Apostolorum in Rome. After earning her Masters, remained in Rome to pursue a doctorate in organ donation ethics. As part of this program, she spent several months as a visiting scholar at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics at Georgetown University in the United States.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Claire of Luxembourg

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Tomb of King Henry IV of England and his second wife Joan of Navarre at Canterbury Cathedral; Photo Credit © Susan Flantzer

March 20, 1413 – Death of King Henry IV of England in the Jerusalem Chamber in the home of the abbot at Westminster Abbey in London, England; buried at Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, England
King Henry IV of England, who usurped the throne from his first cousin King Richard II of England, and became the first Lancaster king, was the eldest surviving son of John of Gaunt (third surviving son of King Edward III of England) and his first wife Blanche of Lancaster. In 1380, Henry married heiress Mary de Bohun. Henry and Mary had six children but Mary died giving birth to their last child at the age of 25. In 1403, Henry married Joan of Navarre. They had no children but Joan got along well with her stepchildren. During much of King Henry IV’s 13-year reign, he was occupied with war. While in prayer at the shrine of Edward the Confessor at Westminster Abbey, Henry suffered a fatal attack, possibly a stroke.  He was carried to the Jerusalem Chamber, a room in the house of the abbot, where he died at age 45. Henry was not buried at Westminster Abbey but instead requested that he be buried at Canterbury Cathedral, presumably because of an affinity towards St. Thomas Becket whose shrine was there.
Unofficial Royalty: King Henry IV of England

March 20, 1469 – Birth of Cecily of York, daughter of King Edward IV of England, at the Palace of Westminster in London, England
Cecily was the daughter of Edward IV, the first King of England from the House of York, and Elizabeth Woodville. In 1485, Cecily’s uncle King Richard III arranged for a marriage for Cecily to Ralph Scrope, who was much below her in status to rule out her claim to the throne. When Henry VII, the first Tudor king, came to the throne, Cecily’s marriage to Ralph Scrope was annulled because the marriage was not in the interests of the new Tudor dynasty. Cecily was married to a nobleman loyal to King Henry VII, John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles, the younger half-brother of King Henry VII’s mother Lady Margaret Beaufort. Cecily and John had two daughters who both died in childhood. After the death of her husband and daughters, Cecily returned to the court seeking comfort and protection from her older sister Elizabeth of York who had married King Henry VII. Lady Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII’s mother, also helped Cecily by protecting her rights to her deceased husband’s property that was claimed by his half-sisters. Cecily married Sir Thomas Kyme without the permission of King Henry VII.  Cecily died on August 24, 1507, aged 38, but her place of death and burial site are uncertain.
Unofficial Royalty: Cecily of York, Viscountess Welles

March 20, 1619 – Death of Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, Archduke of Further Austria, King of Hungary and Croatia, in Vienna, Austria; temporarily buried at the Poor Clares Convent of St. Maria, Queen of the Angels in Vienna; reburied on On Easter 1633 at the Capuchin Church in Vienna in what is now called the Founders Vault.
Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (reigned 1612 – 1619) was also King of Bohemia (reigned 1611 – 1617), Archduke of Austria (reigned 1608 – 1619), Archduke of Further Austria, (1608 – 1619), King of Hungary and Croatia (reigned 1608 – 1618). In 1611, Matthias married his first cousin Anna of Tyrol. Although Matthias was 54 years old, he hoped to have children with his 26-year-old wife but their marriage was childless. Although Matthias and his wife Anna did not leave any children, they left the future Habsburgs a burial site. Matthias and Anna founded the Capuchin Church (German: Kapuzinerkirche) in Vienna, Austria, where the Imperial Crypt (German: Kaisergruft), the traditional burial site of the Habsburgs, is located.
Unofficial Royalty: Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, Archduke of Further Austria, King of Hungary and Croatia

March 20, 1739 – Birth of Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria, the second of the two wives of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, in Munich, then in the Electorate of Bavaria, now in the German state of Bavaria
Maria Josepha of Bavaria was the second of the two wives of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor who also was the ruler of the Habsburg hereditary lands. Joseph never loved Maria Josepha, and the marriage was probably never consummated. Joseph avoided sharing a bedroom and even had their shared balcony in Schönbrunn Palace partitioned off so he would not have to see Maria Josepha. A severe smallpox epidemic broke out in 1767, and Maria Josepha came down with the disease. Although Joseph, who had survived smallpox at an earlier time, had nursed his first wife as she was dying from smallpox, he did not visit Maria Josepha while she was ill. Maria Josepha, aged 28, died from smallpox at Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria.
Full name: Maria Josepha Antonia Walburga Felizitas Regula
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Josepha of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empress

March 20, 1811 – Napoleon II, Emperor of the French, son of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French and his second wife Marie-Louise of Austria, at the Tuileries Palace in Paris, France
Full name: Napoléon François Charles Joseph Bonaparte
Napoléon I divorced his childless first wife Joséphine de Beauharnais telling her he needed to find another wife who could provide him a son. He married Marie Louise of Austria and they had one son Napoléon François Charles Joseph Bonaparte. After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, Napoléon I abdicated in favor of his four-year-old son and was then exiled to the island of Saint Helena. Napoléon II “reigned” for two weeks, when King Louis XVIII of France, the elder of the two surviving brothers of the beheaded King Louis XVI of France, returned to France to resume the throne he had vacated earlier that year due to Napoléon I’s return from his first exile. Napoléon II and his mother lived in her homeland of Austria. He had been dealing with lung problems from a very early age and eventually developed tuberculosis. He died on July 22, 1832, at Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria at the age of twenty-one.
Unofficial Royalty: Napoléon François Charles Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon II

March 20, 1816 – Death of Queen Maria I of Portugal at the Carmo Convent in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She was initially interred at the Convent of Ajuda in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In 1821, Maria’s remains were transported to Lisbon where she was buried in the Estrela Basilica, a church she ordered to be built.
The first of the two Queen Regnants of Portugal, Maria was the eldest of the four children and the eldest of the four daughters of José I, King of Portugal. It was inevitable that Maria would become the reigning Queen of Portugal. However, since female succession to the throne of Portugal had never happened before, her father decided that Maria would marry his younger brother Infante Pedro of Portugal, the first male in the line of succession. In 1760, 25-year-old Maria married her 42-year-old paternal uncle Pedro. Maria and Pedro had six children. Maria is considered to have been a good ruler in the period before her mental instability, which was first noticed in 1786 when she had to be carried back to her apartments in a state of delirium. Her mental instability continued to worsen. The deaths of her husband Pedro in 1786, her eldest son and heir José in 1788, and her confessor Inácio de São Caetano, Archbishop of Salonica in 1788 may have caused major depressive disorder. Her second son João, now heir to the throne then served as prince regent. Maria spent the last eight years of her life in Brazil, always in a state of mental instability. On March 20, 1816, Maria I, Queen of Portugal died, aged 81, at the Carmo Convent in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She was initially interred at the Convent of Ajuda in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In 1821, when the Portuguese royal family returned to Portugal, Maria’s remains were transported to Lisbon where she was buried in the Estrela Basilica, a church she ordered to be built.
Unofficial Royalty: Queen Maria I of Portugal

March 20, 1842 – Death of George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster, illegitimate son of King William IV of the United Kingdom and his mistress Dorothea Jordan, by self-inflicted gunshot wound, at his home in Belgravia, London; buried at St. Mary’s Church in Hampton in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames

Unofficial Royalty: George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster

March 20, 1878 – Birth of Heinrich XXIV, 6th Prince Reuss of Greiz in Greiz, Principality of Reuss-Greiz, now in Thuringia, Germany
As a result of a childhood accident, Heinrich XXIV had physical and mental disabilities that prevented him from marrying and ruling the Principality of Reuss-Greiz. Two regents from the House of Reuss-Gera successively ruled the Principality of Reuss-Greiz: Heinrich XIV, 4th Prince Reuss of Gera from 1902 – 1913, and then his son Heinrich XXVII, 5th and last Prince Reuss of Gera from 1913 – 1918, when the German monarchies were abolished in 1918 at the end of World War I.
Unofficial Royalty: Heinrich XXIV, 6th Prince Reuss of Greiz

March 20, 1895 – Death of Woldemar, Prince of Lippe in Detmold, Principality of Lippe now in Germany; buried in the Mausoleum at the Büchenberg in Detmold
In 1858, Woldemar married Princess Sophie of Baden but their marriage was childless. Woldemar succeeded his childless elder brother Leopold III, Prince of Lippe upon his death in 1875. Apart from his grandmother Princess Pauline, who served as Regent for eighteen years for her son Leopold II until he reached his majority, no other Prince of Lippe dealt with government affairs as successfully as Woldemar did. Woldemar and his elder brother Leopold were the only ones of eight siblings who married and neither had any children. Woldemar died in 1895, aged 70. His only surviving brother Alexander suffered from mental illness and had been declared incapacitated and therefore, was incapable of governing. A regency was necessary during the reign of Alexander. This created a succession crisis. After the death of Woldemar’s successor and brother Alexander and the extinction of the Lippe-Detmold line, the throne of the Principality of Lippe went to Count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld who would be the last Prince of Lippe.
Unofficial Royalty: Woldemar, Prince of Lippe

March 20, 1926 – Death of Lovisa of Sweden, Queen of Denmark, wife of King Frederik VIII of Denmark, at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen, Denmark; buried at Roskilde Cathedral in Roskilde, Denmark
Lovisa was the only surviving child of King Carl XV of Sweden and Princess Louise of the Netherlands. She has an interesting royal ancestry. Besides being descended from the Kings of Sweden, Lovisa is also a descendant of Empress Josephine of France via her first marriage, King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, King Willem I of the Netherlands, King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, and King George I of Great Britain. In 1869, she married the future King Frederik VIII of Denmark. They had eight children including King Christian X of Denmark, Prince Carl of Denmark later King Haakon VII of Norway, and Princess Ingeborg of Denmark whose children include Märtha Louise, Crown Princess of Norway and Astrid, Queen of the Belgians. Louise died on March 20, 1926, at the age of 75.
Unofficial Royalty: Lovisa of Sweden, Queen of Denmark

March 20, 1934 – Death of Queen Emma of the Netherlands, born Emma of Waldeck-Pyrmont, wife of King Willem III of the Netherlands, at the Palace Lange Voorhout in The Hague, the Netherlands; buried at Nieuwe Kerk in Delft, the Netherlands
In 1877, Queen Sophie, the first wife of King Willem III of the Netherlands died, and Willem was eager to marry again to ensure the future of the House of Orange. One of his three children (all sons) had died and neither of the other two sons was married. At the suggestion of his only sister, he got in touch with the royal couple of Waldeck and Pyrmont, who had several marriageable daughters. In July 1878, Willem visited the family at their summer home where he met 23-year-old Princess Pauline and 20-year-old Princess Emma. His eyes first fell on Pauline, but soon he chose Emma and proposed to her. Willem was 61 years old, 41 years older than Emma. Emma had lessons in the Dutch language and history before her marriage because she wanted to come to her new country Dutch. The couple was married on January 7, 1879. Emma had a positive influence on Willem and the marriage was extremely happy. Their only child Wilhelmina succeeded her father as Queen of the Netherlands. Emma ably served for eight years as Regent of the Netherlands when her ten-year-old daughter Wilhelmina became Queen of the Netherlands. Emma died on March 20, 1934, at the age of 75 from pneumonia.
Unofficial Royalty: Emma of Waldeck-Pyrmont, Queen of the Netherlands

March 20, 1947 – Birth of Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan in Amman, Jordan
Prince Hassan is the son of King Talal and Queen Zein, and a younger brother of  King Hussein I. In 1965, King Hussein I named his brother Hassan Crown Prince, and he often served as Regent. He remained Crown Prince until just days before King Hussein died in 1999 when the King named his eldest son Abdullah as Crown Prince. In 1968, Hassan married Sarvath Ikramullah and the couple had four children. Prince Hassan and Princess Sarvath often represent the Jordanian royal family at royal events around the world.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Hassan of Jordan

March 20, 2004 – Death of Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, formerly Queen Juliana, at the Soestdijk Palace in Baarn, the Netherlands; buried at the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft, the Netherlands
Juliana was the only child of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and her husband Prince Hendrik of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. In 1936, she married Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld and they had four daughters. After a reign of nearly 58 years, Queen Wilhelmina abdicated in favor of her daughter and Juliana became Queen of the Netherlands. Juliana was a much more relaxed monarch than her mother had been and this lessened the distance between the royal family and the Dutch people. She often appeared in public dressed like any ordinary Dutch woman, and preferred to be addressed as “Mevrouw” (Dutch for “Mrs.”) rather than her formal “Majesty”. Juliana’s love of bicycling for exercise gave rise to the royal family’s nickname, “the cycling family.” In 1980, Juliana abdicated in favor of her eldest daughter Beatrix. After 1995, when Juliana’s general health began to decline, she made fewer public appearances. Her last public appearance was in 1998 at the wedding of her grandson Prince Maurits. Juliana suffered from Alzheimer’s disease for several years. She died in her sleep at the age of 94 due to pneumonia.
Unofficial Royalty: Queen Juliana of the Netherlands

March 20, 2008 – Death of of Prince Ferdinando of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro in in Draguignan, France
Prince Ferdinando of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro, was a claimant to the headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, and the former throne of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, from 1973 until his death in 2008.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Ferdinando of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro

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Friedrich Franz III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; Credit – Wikipedia

March 19, 1330 – Execution of Edmund, 1st Earl of Kent, son of King Edward I of England, for high treason at Winchester Castle in Winchester, England; initially buried at the Franciscan Friary in Winchester, in 1331 his remains were moved to Westminster Abbey
Edmund had been persuaded by an unknown friar that his half-brother, the deposed King Edward II, was still alive and he then set about raising forces to free him and restore him to the throne.  It later emerged that Roger Mortimer who helped overthrow Edward II was responsible for leading Edmund to believe the former king was still alive, in a form of entrapment.  Edmund was executed by beheading for high treason. The execution had to be held up for a day because no one wanted to be responsible for a prince’s death. Eventually, a convicted murderer agreed to be the executioner in return for a pardon.
Unofficial Royalty: Edmund, 1st Earl of Kent

March 19, 1604 – Birth of King João IV of Portugal at the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa, in Vila Viçosa, Portugal
João IV was the first King of Portugal from the Portuguese House of Braganza. The Braganzas came to power after deposing the Spanish Habsburg Philippine dynasty, which had reigned in Portugal since 1580. In 1633, João married Luisa de Guzmán. They had seven children including two kings of Portugal and Catherine of Braganza, the wife of King Charles II of England. In 1646, João IV placed the crown of Portugal on the head of a statue of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception and proclaimed the Virgin Mary to be the queen, the patron saint, and the protector of Portugal. After this, no Portuguese monarch would ever wear the crown. Instead, the crown was always placed on a cushion next to the monarch. João IV, King of Portugal died on November 6, 1656, aged 52, at Ribeira Palace in Lisbon, Portugal.
Unofficial Royalty: King João IV of Portugal

March 19, 1629 – Birth of Alexei I, Tsar of All Russia in Moscow, Russia
Alexei was the son of the first Romanov ruler, Michael I, Tsar of All Russia. Sixteen-year-old Alexei succeeded his father upon his death in 1645. In 1648, Alexei married Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. They had thirteen children including Feodor III, Tsar of All Russia and Ivan V, Tsar of All Russia. In 1669, Alexei’s wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya died due to childbirth complications. Alexei’s only surviving sons were the future Tsars, Feodor III, who was disabled by an unknown disease that left him disfigured and partially paralyzed, and Ivan V, who had serious physical and mental disabilities. Alexei married again to Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, and hoped his second marriage would give him a healthy son, and it did, Peter I the Great, Emperor of All Russia. On February 8, 1676, five years after marrying Natalya Kiillovna, Alexei I, Tsar of All Russia died of a heart attack at the age of 46.
Unofficial Royalty: Alexei I, Tsar of All Russia

March 19, 1749 – Birth of Princess Louisa Anne of Wales, daughter of Frederick, Prince of Wales and sister of King George III of the United Kingdom, at Leicester House in London, England
Louisa Anne’s father Frederick, Prince of Wales predeceased his father King George II and her brother King George III succeeded their grandfather.  died from tuberculosis at the age of 19. In 1764, an agreement had been reached for Louisa Anne to marry Crown Prince Christian of Denmark and Norway, the heir to the Danish and Norwegian thrones. However, because of Louisa Anne’s poor health, it was decided that Louisa Anne’s younger sister Caroline Matilda would marry the future King Christian VII of Denmark and Norway. Later in 1764, Louisa Anne received a marriage proposal from Adolf Friedrich IV, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the brother of Queen Charlotte, the wife of King George III. However, the negotiations were once again broken off because of concerns about Louisa Anne’s health. By the time Caroline Matilda left for Denmark, Louisa Anne’s health was deteriorating due to tuberculosis and she became an invalid. On May 13, 1768, nineteen-year-old Louisa Anne died from tuberculosis.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Louisa Anne of Wales

March 19, 1819 – Birth of Princess Caroline Amalie of Hesse-Homburg, second wife of Heinrich XX, 4th Prince Reuss of Greiz, in Homburg vor der Höhe, Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg, now in Hesse, Germany
Full name: Caroline Amalie Elisabeth Auguste Friederike Ludowike Christiane Josephine Leopoldine George Bernhardine Wilhelmine Woldemare Charlotte
45-year-old Heinrich XX, 4th Prince Reuss of Greiz needed an heir. His first wife had died childless and so he married 20-year-old Caroline Amalie and the couple had five children. Heinrich XX died in 1859, Heinrich XXIII, his thirteen-year-old son, succeeded him as the 5th Prince Reuss of Greiz. Caroline Amalie was Regent of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz from 1859 until 1867. Carolina Amalie survived her husband by thirteen years, dying on January 18, 1872, aged 52.
Unofficial Royalty: Caroline Amalie of Hesse-Homburg, Princess Reuss of Greiz

March 19, 1851 – Birth of Friedrich Franz III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin at Ludwigslust Palace in Ludwigslust, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin now in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
Full name: Friedrich Franz Paul Nikolaus Ernst Heinrich
A rather sickly child, Friedrich Franz suffered from severe bronchial asthma and a weak heart that would plague him his entire life. In 1879, Friedrich Franz married Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia, the daughter of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich of Russia and Princess Cecilie of Baden. The couple had three children and they are ancestors of the Danish royal family through his daughter Alexandrine who married King Christian X of Denmark. Friedrich Franz became Grand Duke upon his father’s death on April 15, 1883. Because of his asthma, it was agreed that he would reside in Schwerin for five months of the year and was free to live elsewhere the rest of the year provided that any further children would be born in Schwerin.
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich Franz III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

March 19, 1871 – Birth of Baroness Mary von Vetsera, mistress of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, in Vienna, Austria
Mary was the younger of the two daughters and the third of the four children of Albin von Vetsera, a diplomat in foreign service at the Austrian court, originally from Bratislava, Slovakia, and his wife Helene Baltazzi, daughter of a wealthy Greek banker. The affair of Crown Prince Rudolf and Mary was short-lived. On October 14, 1888, Emperor Franz Joseph, Crown Prince Rudolf, and The Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, attended the gala opening of the new Burgtheater in Vienna. The Prince of Wales noticed Mary von Vetsera in the audience and pointed her out to Rudolf. A meeting between Rudolf and Mary was later arranged by Countess Marie Larisch, Empress Elisabeth’s niece and Rudolf’s cousin, who had become Mary’s friend. On November 5, 1888, Countess Marie brought Mary to Rudolf’s rooms at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna and formally introduced them. On January 30, 1889, at Mayerling, a hunting lodge in the Vienna Woods that Rudolf had purchased, 30-year-old Rudolf shot his 17-year-old mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera and then shot himself in an apparent suicide plot.
Unofficial Royalty: Baroness Mary von Vetsera, Mistress of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria

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Maria Caterina Brignole, Princess of Monaco. Credit: Wikipedia

March 18, 979 – Assassination of Saint Edward the Martyr, King of England at Corfe Castle in Dorset, England; initially buried at St. Mary’s Church in Wareham, Dorset, England, later buried at Shaftesbury Abbey and finally in at St. Edward the Martyr Orthodox Church in Woking, Surrey, England
In 975, when King Edgar the Peaceful died, he left two surviving sons: Edward around 13 years of age, and Æthelred around 7 years old. Various nobles and clergy formed factions that supported each of the brothers’ succession to the throne. Both boys were too young to have played any significant role in the political maneuvering, and so it was the brothers’ supporters who were responsible for the turmoil that accompanied the choice of a successor to the throne. In the end, Edward’s supporters, mainly Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury and Oswald of Worcester, Archbishop of York, proved more powerful and persuasive, and he was crowned king before the year was out. Ælfthryth, the mother of Edward’s half-brother Æthelred, was not happy that her son, born of a legal marriage, was not king.  Aelfthryth invited her stepson Edward to Corfe Castle and arranged for him to be welcomed with a cup of wine. As Edward drank the wine, he was stabbed in the back while still mounted on his horse. He fell off, but his foot caught in the stirrup and he was dragged to his death.
Unofficial Royalty: Assassination of Saint Edward the Martyr, King of England
Unofficial Royalty: Saint Edward the Martyr, King of England

March 18, 1496 – Birth of Mary Tudor, Queen of France, Duchess of Suffolk, daughter of King Henry VII of England, at Richmond Palace in Surrey, England
The daughter of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, and the sister of King Henry VIII, 18-year-old Mary was first married to 52-year-old twice-married King Louis XII of France who was eager to have a son to succeed him but Louis XII died just three months after the wedding. Through her second marriage to Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, Mary was the grandmother of the ill-fated Lady Jane Grey.  Mary got along well with her brother Henry VIII. However, in the late 1520s, their relationship became strained because Mary opposed Henry’s attempt to obtain an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. Mary had known Catherine for many years and had a great fondness for her, but had developed a strong dislike for Anne Boleyn when she served as one of her maids of honor in France.
Unofficial Royalty: Mary Tudor, Queen of France, Duchess of Suffolk

March 18, 1609 – Birth of King Frederik III of Denmark and Norway at Haderslevhus Castle in Haderslev, Denmark
Frederik had an elder brother so he was not expected to become king. In 1643, he married Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and the couple had eight children. In 1647, Frederik’s 44-year-old childless elder brother Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark and heir apparent to the Norwegian throne, died and his death opened up the possibility for Frederik to be elected heir apparent to the Danish throne. However, when King Christian IV died less than nine months later, Frederik had not yet been elected heir apparent to the Danish throne. After long deliberations between the Danish Estates and the Rigsraadet (royal council), he was finally elected King of Denmark. In 1660, Frederik III used his popularity to end the elective monarchy in favor of a hereditary, absolute monarchy in which the legislature was dissolved and the monarch ruled by decree. This lasted until 1849 when Denmark-Norway became a hereditary, constitutional monarchy. Frederik was an enthusiastic collector of books and his collection became the foundation for the Royal Library in Copenhagen which he founded in 1648. Frederik died at the age of 60, after three days of a painful illness, on February 9, 1670.
Unofficial Royalty: King Frederik III of Denmark

March 18, 1722 – Birth of Heinrich XI, 1st Prince Reuss of Greiz in Greiz, County of Reuss-Obergreiz, now in Thuringia, Germany
Heinrich XI was only eight-months-old when his father died on November 17, 1722. His four-year-old brother Heinrich IX succeeded their father as Count Reuss of Obergreiz but he reigned only four months, dying on March 17, 1723. Heinrich XI became Count Reuss of Obergreiz the day before his first birthday. Heinrich XI was a reigning Count and then a reigning Prince from 1723 until his death in 1800, a total of 77 years.
Unofficial Royalty: Heinrich XI, 1st Prince Reuss of Greiz

March 18, 1813 – Death of Maria Caterina Brignole, Princess of Monaco, wife of Honoré III, Prince of Monaco, at Wimbledon House in Wimbledon, London, England; buried at St. Aloysius Church in London, England
In 1757, Maria Caterina married Honoré III, Prince of Monaco, who was eager to marry to provide Monaco with an heir and to obtain Maria Caterina’s large dowry. The couple had two sons including Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco. Maria Caterina and Honoré III lived mostly in Paris where Maria Caterina spent a lot of time with Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, a great-grandson of Louis XIV, King of France and his mistress Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart, Marquise de Montespan. Louis Joseph used his influence to obtain a legal separation for Maria Caterina from Honoré and the right to manage her own finances. Honoré finally realized his relationship with Maria Caterina was over and eventually accepted Maria Caterina’s relationship with Louis Joseph. There was never a divorce or annulment. Honoré continued with his mistresses and he allowed Maria Caterina to see her two sons.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Caterina Brignole, Princess of Monaco

March 18, 1848 – Birth of Princess Louise of the United Kingdom, daughter of Queen Victoria, at Buckingham Palace in London, England
Full name: Louise Caroline Alberta
Louise developed a strong interest in the arts. Queen Victoria permitted her to enroll at The National Art Training School, to pursue her interests and she became a very skilled painter and sculptress. She sculpted a statue of Queen Victoria that stands on the grounds of Kensington Palace. In 1871, Louise married John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne and heir to the Dukedom of Argyll. Queen Victoria found this a wonderful match, infusing ‘new blood’ into the royal family. Others, including the Prince of Wales, found it appalling that the Princess should marry below her class. Louise and her husband had no children. From 1878 – 1883, Louise’s husband was Governor-General of Canada and the couple resided at Rideau Hall in Ottawa. Louise was widowed in 1914 when her husband passed away after a lengthy illness. Louise would survive him by more than 25 years. During this time, she remained an active member of the royal family, taking part in official events and maintaining contact with many of her patronages and charities. Louise spent her remaining years at Kensington Palace, where she died at the age of 91.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Louise of the United Kingdom

March 18, 1895 – Death of Charlotte Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry, Queen Victoria’s Mistress of the Robes 1841–1846, at Ditton Park in Slough, Buckinghamshire, England; buried in the family crypt at The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, at Dalkeith Palace in Midlothian, Scotland
Born Lady Charlotte Thynne, the daughter of Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath, Charlotte married Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch and 7th Duke of Queensberry, in 1829.
Unofficial Royalty: Charlotte Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry

March 18, 1913 – Assassination of King George I of Greece in Thessaloniki, Greece, buried at the Royal Cemetery at Tatoi, Greece
George was the son of King Christian IX of Denmark and the brother of King Frederik VIII of Denmark, Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom, and Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia. In 1863, he was unanimously elected King by the Greek National Assembly. In 1867, George married Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia. They had eight children including Prince Andreas of Greece, the father of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. George quickly learned Greek and was often seen informally strolling through the streets of Athens. His reign of nearly 50 years was characterized by territorial gains as Greece established its place in pre-World War I Europe. In 1913, while walking in Thessaloniki, Greece, George was killed when an assassin shot him at close range in the back.
Unofficial Royalty: Assassination of George I, King of Greece
Unofficial Royalty: King George I of Greece

March 18, 1914 – Birth of Ernst August (IV), Hereditary Prince of Brunswick, Prince of Hanover in Brunswick in the Duchy of Brunswick now in Lower Saxony, Germany
Full name: Ernst August Georg Wilhelm Christian Ludwig Franz Joseph Nikolaus Oskar
Ernst August (IV) was the eldest son of Ernst August (III), Duke of Brunswick and Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia, the only daughter of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and King of Prussia. He was the senior male-line descendant of King George III of the United Kingdom, which made him the pretender to the former Kingdom of Hanover. He was also a great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria via his mother. In 1951, Ernst August (IV) married Princess Ortrud of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. They had six children including the present Prince Ernst August (V), the husband of Princess Caroline of Monaco. After his first wife’s death, Ernst August (IV) married Countess Monika zu Solms-Laubach. He died in 1987 at the age of 73.
Unofficial Royalty: Ernst August (IV), Hereditary Prince of Brunswick, Prince of Hanover

March 18, 1929 – Death of Princess Elise of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Princess Reuss of Gera, wife of Heinrich XXVII, 5th and the last reigning Prince Reuss of Gera, at Schloss Osterstein in Gera, Germany; buried in the family cemetery in the Park of Schloss Ebersdorf in Saalburg-Ebersdorf in Thuringia, Germany
Elise was christened Elise Victoria Feodora Sophie Adelheid and two of her names reflect that her paternal grandmother was Princess Feodora of Leiningen, the half-sister of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Elise’s two siblings have connections to Queen Victoria’s family through their marriages. In 1884, Elise married Heinrich XXVII, the future 5th Prince Reuss of Gera and the couple had five children. Upon the death of his father in 1913, Elise’s husband became the 5th Prince Reuss of Gera and the Regent of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz. His reign was only five years long. After the German defeat in World War I in 1918, Heinrich XXVII abdicated his position as 5th Prince Reuss of Gera, and as Regent abdicated for the disabled Heinrich XXIV, 6th Prince Reuss of Greiz. The new government of Reuss-Gera made an agreement with Heinrich XXVII that granted him some castles and land. Heinrich XXVII, the 5th and last Prince Reuss of Gera died at the age of 70 on November 21, 1928, at Schloss Osterstein in Gera, Germany. Elise survived her husband by only four months, dying on March 18, 1929, aged 64.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Elise of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Princess Reuss of Gera

March 18, 1983 – Death of Umberto II, the last King of Italy in Geneva, Switzerland; buried at Hautecombe Abbey in France
King Umberto II was the last monarch of Italy, reigning for just 34 days. In 1930, Umberto married Princess Marie-José of Belgium, the daughter of King Albert I of the Belgians and the couple had four children. At the end of World War II, Italy held a referendum to decide on the continuation of the monarchy, Umberto’s father King Vittorio Emanuele III formally abdicated on May 9, 1946, hoping to help ensure a positive result in the vote and Umberto took the throne as King Umberto II. The referendum was held on June 2, 1946, with the majority voting to become a Republic. Umberto had promised to accept and support the result and encouraged the Italian people to support the new government. On June 12, 1946, King Umberto II of Italy was formally deposed and left Italy. He settled in Cascais, Portugal, where he would live for the remainder of his life. His wife Queen Marie-José also left and settled near Geneva, Switzerland. The couple led separate lives but remained married. On March 18, 1983, King Umberto II died in a hospital in Geneva, Switzerland. Despite the nearly 37 years since he sat on the Italian throne, his funeral was attended by members of most of the reigning and non-reigning royal houses of Europe.
Unofficial Royalty: King Umberto II of Italy

March 18, 2011 – Death of Princess Antoinette of Monaco, Baroness de Massy, sister of Prince Rainier III of Monaco, at The Princess Grace Hospital Centre; buried at the Chapelle de la Paix in Monaco
Antoinette was the elder of the two children of Princess Charlotte of Monaco, Duchess of Valentinois and Count Pierre de Polignac.  Antoinette had one younger brother Prince Rainier III of Monaco. Princess Antoinette had a long-term affair with Alexandre-Athenase Noghès, a tennis player. The couple had three illegitimate children who were later legitimized when their parents married in 1951. The couple divorced three years later. Princess Antoinette married Dr. Jean-Charles Rey, President of the Conseil National, Monaco’s legislature, in 1961. Before they married, Antoinette and Rey had a long-term affair. Antoinette and Rey had no children and divorced in 1974. In 1983, Princess Antoinette married a former British ballet dancer John Gilpin. Gilpin died from a heart attack six weeks after marrying Antoinette. Princess Antoinette died at The Princess Grace Hospital Centre on March 18, 2011, at age 90.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Antoinette of Monaco, Baroness de Massy

March 18, 2012 – Death of King George Tupou V of Tonga at Queen Mary Hospital in Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; buried at Malaʻekula Royal Burial Grounds, in Nukuʻalofa, Tonga
King George Tupou V had a short reign from 2006 – 2012. His father had been an absolute monarch. George Tupou is known for introducing democracy to Tonga. During the period between his accession to the throne and his coronation, George Tupou and his advisors put together a framework for sweeping political reforms. Three days before the coronation ceremony, King George Tupou V announced he was ceding most of his executive powers to a democratically elected parliament. On March 18, 2012, King George Tupou V, aged 63, died at Queen Mary Hospital in Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
Unofficial Royalty: King George Tupou V of Tonga

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James IV, King of Scots. Photo credit: Wikipedia

March 17, 1040 – Death of King Harold I (Harefoot) of England at Oxford, England; buried at St. Clement Danes Church in London, England
Harold Harefoot (also known as Harold I) was the son of Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark, Norway and his first wife Ælfgifu of Northampton. Cnut had decreed that any sons of his second marriage should take precedence over the sons of his first marriage. This meant that his son Harthacnut from his second marriage to Emma of Normandy was the legitimate heir to England and Denmark. Harold was elected regent of England following the death of his father in 1035. He initially ruled England in place of his half-brother Harthacnut, who was stuck in Denmark due to a rebellion in Norway. Although Harold had wished to be crowned king the Archbishop of Canterbury refused to do so. It was not until 1037 that Harold was officially proclaimed king.  24-year-old  Harold died after a reign of five years and was buried at St. Peter’s Abbey, the precursor to Westminster Abbey which would start to be built on the site two years later. Harthacnut arrived in England and ascended the English throne unchallenged. He had Harold Harefoot’s body exhumed, decapitated, and thrown into a swamp but then it was retrieved and thrown in the River Thames. Shortly afterward, Harold Harefoot’s body was pulled from the River Thames by a fisherman and was buried at St. Clement Danes Church in London which was originally founded by Danes in the ninth century.
Unofficial Royalty: King Harold I of England

March 17, 1473 – Birth of James IV, King of Scots, at Stirling Castle in Stirling, Scotland
James IV married Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII of England and sister of Henry VIII of England, as part of a treaty between Scotland and England. James IV and Margaret had four sons and two stillborn daughters. Only one of their children, James V, King of Scots, the father of Mary, Queen of Scots survived infancy. Despite the great hopes of peace between England and Scotland as symbolized by the marriage of Margaret and James IV, Margaret’s brother Henry VIII did not have his father’s diplomatic patience and was heading toward a war with France. James IV was committed to his alliance with France and invaded England. Henry VIII was away on campaign in France and Flanders in 1513 and he had made his wife Catherine of Aragon regent in his absence. It was up to Catherine to supervise England’s defense when Scotland invaded. Ultimately, the Scots were defeated at the Battle of Flodden near Branxton, Northumberland, England on September 9, 1513, and 30-year-old King James IV was killed in the battle. Catherine sent Henry VIII the blood-stained coat of his defeated and dead brother-in-law. James IV’s seventeen-month-old son succeeded his father as James V, King of Scots.
Unofficial Royalty: James IV, King of Scots

March 17, 1814 – Birth of Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands in Keauhou Bay, on the island of Hawaiʻi in the Kingdom of Hawaii
Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands reigned from 1825 to 1854. He was the longest-reigning monarch of the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands, reigning ruling for 29 years and 192 days. In 1837, Kamehameha III married Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili, the only child of High Chief Naihekukui, who was commander of the native Hawaiian fleet at Honolulu. The couple had two sons, but they both died in infancy. During his reign, Kamehameha III’s goal was a careful balancing of modernization by adopting Western ways while keeping his nation intact. The Kingdon of the HawaOn December 15, 1854, at the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu, Kamehameha III suddenly died, aged 40, after a brief illness, possibly related to a stroke. iian Islands changed from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.
Unofficial Royalty: Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands

March 17, 1817 – Birth of Kalama, Queen Consort of the Hawaiian Islands, wife of King Kamehameha III, in Kailua, on the island of Oahu, Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands, now in the state of Hawaii
Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili was the only wife of King Kamehameha III of the Hawaiian Islands, the first Hawaiian king not to practice polygamy. Kalama was the only child of Naihe Kukui Kapihe and Chiefess Iʻahuʻula, the younger sister of Charles Kanaʻina, who served on both the Privy Counsel as an advisor to the Kings of the Hawaiian Islands and in the House of Nobles. Kamehameha III and Kalama had two sons, but they both died in infancy. Kalama outlived both her husband Kamehameha III and his nephew Kamehameha IV, and was known as the Queen Dowager. In 1869, during the reign of Kamehameha V, she welcomed Queen Victoria’s son Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh on his visit to the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands. Kamala, aged 53, died during the reign of Kamehameha V, on September 20, 1870, in Honolulu, on the island of Oahu.
Unofficial Royalty: Kalama, Queen Consort of the Hawaiian Islands, wife of King Kamehameha III

March 17, 1849 – Death of King Willem II of the Netherlands in Tilburg, the Netherlands; buried at the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft, the Netherlands
When he was two years old, Willem’s family was forced into exile when the French invaded and occupied the Dutch Republic during the Napoleonic Wars. Willem spent his childhood at the Prussian court where he received military training, served in the Prussian Army, and then attended Oxford University in England. In 1811, he entered the British Army and was an aide-de-camp to Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. Willem’s family returned to the Netherlands in 1813 after the French retreated. In 1816, Willem married Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia and the couple had five children. Willem came to the Dutch throne in 1840 when his father King Willem I abdicated due to constitutional changes he did not agree with, anger over the loss of Belgium, and his desire to make a morganatic second marriage with Henriëtte d’Oultremont after the death of his wife. During Willem II’s reign, the power of many monarchs diminished. The revolutions of 1848 and 1849, in which Louis-Philippe of France was deposed and other European monarchs were forced by violence to make concessions, made him fear for his throne. Willem decided to institute a more liberal government, believing it was better to grant reforms instead of having them imposed on him on less favorable terms later. During the few months of his life, Willem had health issues. He died, aged 57, on March 17, 1849.
Unofficial Royalty: King Willem II of the Netherlands

March 17, 1886 – Birth of Princess Patricia of Connaught, granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, at Buckingham Palace in London, England
Full name: Victoria Patricia Helena Elizabeth
Known as Patsy in the family, she was the daughter of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia.  Upon her marriage to Sir Alexander Ramsay, she voluntarily relinquished the style of Royal Highness and the title of Princess of Great Britain and Ireland and assumed the style of Lady Patricia Ramsay. However, Lady Patricia remained a member of the British Royal Family, remained in the line of succession, and attended all major royal events including weddings, funerals, and coronations.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Patricia of Connaught

March 17, 1904 – Death of Prince George, 2nd Duke of Cambridge, son of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, at his home, Gloucester House in London, England; buried  in a  mausoleum at Kensal Green Cemetery in London, England
George was a male-line grandson of King George III, a first cousin of Queen Victoria, and the maternal uncle of Princess Victoria Mary (May) of Teck, the wife of King George V. Like his father, George had a career in the British army and was eventually Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. In 1847, George married actress Louisa Fairbrother in contravention of the 1772 Royal Marriages Act. The three children born of the marriage were considered illegitimate, and Louisa was not styled and titled as befitted the wife of George. Instead, Louisa was first known as Mrs. Fairbrother and later as Mrs. FitzGeorge, and her existence was ignored by Queen Victoria. In 1850, George’s father died and George became the 2nd Duke of Cambridge. Louisa died in 1890, at the age of 73. On March 17, 1904, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge died at the age of 84. Because George’s sons were illegitimate, his title Duke of Cambridge became extinct. 107 years later, the title Duke of Cambridge was created for Prince William, the great-great-great-great-grandson of George’s father Prince Adolphus, 1st Duke of Cambridge, on the occasion of William’s wedding.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince George, 2nd Duke of Cambridge

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Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchess of Kent; Credit – Wikipedia

March 16, 1485 – Death of Anne Neville, Queen of England, wife of King Richard III of England, at Palace of Westminster in London, England; buried at Westminster Abbey in London, England
Anne was the wife of Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (son of King Henry VI) and the wife of King Richard III. Born Lady Anne Neville, she was the younger of the two daughters of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and Lady Anne Beauchamp. Anne’s father, known as “the Kingmaker,” was one of the major players in the Wars of the Roses, originally on the Yorkist side but later switching to the Lancastrian side. Both Anne’s parents were descendants of King Edward III of England. Anne died of tuberculosis eleven months after the death of her only child, Edward, Prince of Wales. Her husband Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth five months after her death.
Unofficial Royalty: Anne Neville, Queen of England

March 16, 1688 – Birth of Christina Sophia of East Frisia, Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, second of the two wives of Friedrich Anton, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, in Bayreuth, then in the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, now in the German state of Bavaria
Princess Christina Sophia of East Frisia and Friedrich Anton, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt married in 1729, but their marriage was childless. However, Christina Sophia was the stepmother to her husband’s two surviving children from her husband’s first marriage. During Christina Sophia’s marriage to Friedrich Anton, her husband issued letters of protection to Jewish families and allowed them to settle in Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. These families developed into the Jewish community of the Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.
Unofficial Royalty: Christina Sophia of East Frisia, Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt

March 16, 1737 – Death of Erdmuthe of Dietrichstein, Princess of Liechtenstein, wife of her first cousin Hans-Adam I, Prince of Liechtenstein, in Vienna, then in the Duchy of Austria, now in Austria; buried in the Old Crypt at Chuch of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Brno, Moravia, now Vranov, Czech Republic.
In 1681, nineteen-year-old Erdmuthe married her nineteen-year-old first cousin Hans-Adam, heir to the Principality of Liechtenstein. The couple had eleven children but all their sons predeceased Hans-Adam. Hans-Adam died in 1712, at the age of 49. After the death of her husband, Erdmuthe spent most of her time in Vienna and in Judenau-Baumgarten, which was owned by the House of Liechtenstein and where Erdmuthe founded a hospital. She devoted herself to philanthropic activities, including providing shelters for the poor. Erdmuthe survived her husband by twenty-five years, dying on March 16, 1737, in Vienna, Austria at the age of 84.
Unofficial Royalty: Erdmuthe of Dietrichstein, Princess of Liechtenstein

March 16, 1792 – King Gustav III of Sweden shot by Count Jacob Johan Ankarstrom at a masked ball at the Royal Opera House in Stockholm, Sweden; he died two weeks later
King Gustav III of Sweden is best known for being mortally wounded during a masked ball at the Royal Opera House in Stockholm, Sweden, and dying thirteen days later. The incident was the subject of Giuseppe Verdi’s 1859 opera Un Ballo in Maschera (A Masked Ball). Gustav was the eldest son of King Adolf Frederik of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, daughter of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia and Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, daughter of King George I of Great Britain. In 1766, Gustav married Princess Sophia Magdalena of Denmark and the couple had one surviving son. Gustav became King of Sweden upon the death of his father in 1771. In 1772, Gustav arranged for a coup d’état known as the Revolution of 1772 or Coup of Gustav III. The coup d’état reinstated an absolute monarchy and ended parliamentary rule. The Russo-Sweden War and the implementation of the Union and Security Act in 1789, which gave the king more power and abolished many of the privileges of the nobility, contributed to the increasing hatred of Gustav III, which had existed among the nobility since the 1772 coup. In the winter of 1791-1792, a conspiracy was formed within the nobility to kill the king and reform the government. Read more about the assassination in the link below.
Unofficial Royalty: Assassination of Gustav III, King of Sweden
Unofficial Royalty: King Gustav III of Sweden

March 16, 1809 – Birth of Emma Portman, Baroness Portman, Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria
Born Emma Lascelles, daughter of Henry Lascelles, 2nd Earl of Harewood, she married Edward Portman, Baron Portman. Emma first met Queen Victoria in 1835 when the young Princess visited Harewood House, the home of the Lascelles family. Despite their ten-year age difference, the two began a friendship that would last until Emma’s death. So it was very fitting that shortly after her accession, in June 1837, Victoria wrote to Emma asking her to become one of her Ladies in Waiting. She served as Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1851, and then as an Extra Lady between 1851 and 1865.
Unofficial Royalty: Emma Portman, Baroness Portman

March 16, 1856 – Birth of Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperial, the only child of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, in Paris, France
Full name: Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph
Exiled in England after the fall of his father, Louis Napoléon begged to participate in the Anglo-Zulu War in Africa.  When the Anglo-Zulu War started in Africa, Louis wanted to take part. He was only allowed to do so after his mother approved and Queen Victoria intervened to get him a place in the British Army.  On June 1, 1879, Louis participated in a nine-member reconnaissance mission that was surprised by forty Zulu warriors. Louis had not totally mounted his horse at the time of the attack, held on to the saddle as the horse started to run but fell off the horse. With his revolver in his hand, he started to run but the Zulus could run faster. The Zulus overtook him and mortally stabbed the 23-year-year old Louis.
Unofficial Royalty: Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperial

March 16, 1861 – Death of Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchess of Kent, mother of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, at Frogmore House in Windsor, England; buried at the Duchess of Kent’s Mausoleum at Frogmore, Windsor
In November of 1817, the death in childbirth of Princess Charlotte of Wales, the only legitimate grandchild of King George III, necessitated the marriages of the unmarried sons of King George III to provide an heir to the throne.  Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (fourth son of King George III) married the 32-year-old widow Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. At Kensington Palace in London, their only child, the future Queen Victoria, was born on May 24, 1819. Eight months later, Edward died.  In March of 1861, after the Duchess of Kent had surgery on her arm to remove an ulcer, a severe infection developed. On March 15, 1861, Queen Victoria was notified that her mother was not expected to survive for more than a few hours. Victoria, Albert, and their daughter Alice immediately traveled from London to Windsor where the Duchess resided at Frogmore House near Windsor Castle. The Queen found her mother in a semi-coma and breathing with great difficulty. At 9:30 on the morning of March 16, 1861, the Duchess of Kent died at the age of 74 without regaining consciousness. Her mother’s death was the first of the two major deaths Queen Victoria had to endure in 1861.  Her husband Prince Albert died in December.
Unofficial Royalty: Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchess of Kent

March 16, 1890 – Death of Princess Zorka of Montenegro, first wife of the future King Peter I of Serbia, in Cetinje, Montenegro; initially buried at the Cetinje Monastery in Cetinje, Montenegro, later her remains were moved to the Mausoleum of the Serbian Royal Family beneath St. George’s Church in Oplenac, Serbia
Zorka was the daughter of King Nicholas I of Montenegro and the sister of Milicia and Anastasia, who married Russian Grand Dukes and are best known for having introduced Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, wife of Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia, to Grigori Rasputin in 1905. In 1883, Zorka married Peter Karađorđević, son and heir of the former Prince of Serbia, Alexander, who abdicated in 1858. Zorka and Peter had five children including the future King Alexander I of Yugoslavia. On March 16, 1890, 25-year-old Princess Zorka died while giving birth to her youngest child who also died. Thirteen years after her death, her husband would return the Karađorđević dynasty to the Serbian throne as King Peter I.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Zorka of Montenegro

March 16, 1912 – Death of Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry, Queen Victoria’s Mistress of the Robes 1885–1886, 1885–1886, 1895–1901 and Queen Alexandra’s Mistress of the Robes 1901-1912, at Dalkeith Palace in Midlothian, Scotland; buried in the family crypt at The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, at Dalkeith Palace
Born Lady Louisa Hamilton, she was the daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn and married William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch and 8th Duke of Queensberry. They are the grandparents of Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester and the great-great-grandparents of Sarah, Duchess of York. The Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry died at Dalkeith Palace in Midlothian, Scotland on March 16, 1912, aged 76.
Unofficial Royalty: Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry

March 16, 1963 – Death of Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria, Princess of Windisch-Graetz, the only child of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, at Villa Habsburg in Vienna, Austria, buried at the Hütteldorfer Cemetery in Vienna, Austria
Elisabeth was the only child of Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria and Stéphanie of Belgium. She was only six-year-old when her father was found shot to death with his mistress Baroness Mary von Vetsera in an apparent suicide pact. Imperial dislike of Elisabeth’s mother Stéphanie had been high, and as a result, her paternal grandfather, Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria took Elisabeth into his care. Following her mother’s remarriage to a Hungarian count in 1900, Elisabeth broke off all contact with her mother. In 1902, Elisabeth married Prince Otto of Windisch-Grätz. The couple had four children but the marriage had many problems. Elisabeth and Otto separated officially following World War I, and a battle over custody of their children followed. The two, however, did not legally divorce for nearly 30 years. After her separation, Elisabeth joined the Austrian Social Democratic Party and began a relationship with Leopold Petznak, a socialist leader. Her association with the Social Democratic Party and her devotion to Leopold earned Elisabeth the nickname of “the Red Archduchess.” Leopold and Elisabeth married in 1948 and remained together until his death in 1956. Elisabeth’s relationship with her two surviving children was poor, and she left them few possessions upon her death, choosing instead to leave the majority to the Austrian state.
Unofficial Royalty: Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria, Princess of Windisch-Graetz

March 16, 1983 – Death of Freda Dudley Ward, mistress of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, in London, England
Freda Dudley Ward was the mistress of the future King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom from 1918 – 1934 while he was Prince of Wales.
Unofficial Royalty: Freda Dudley Ward, mistress of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom 

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Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Queen of Denmark and Norway; Credit – Wikipedia

March 15, 1275 – Birth of Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant, daughter of King Edward I of England, at Windsor Castle in Windsor, England
On July 8, 1290, at Westminster Abbey, Margaret married Jean II, Duke of Brabant. Margaret was unhappy at the Brabant court and unhappy in her marriage. She was forced to accept her husband’s mistresses and their illegitimate children who were raised at court along with Margaret’s only child, the future Jean III, Duke of Brabant. Margaret’s husband died in 1312.  Margaret saw the birth of all her grandchildren, including Jeanne, Duchess of Brabant, who succeeded her father Jean III, Duke of Brabant in 1355 due to the deaths of all her brothers. Margaret’s exact death date is unknown. She died most likely in the Duchy of Brabant, sometime after March 11, 1333.
Unofficial Royalty: Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant

March 15, 1721 – Death of Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Queen of Denmark and Norway, first wife of King Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway, at Charlottenborg Palace in Copenhagen, Denmark; buried at Roskilde Cathedral in Roskilde, Denmark
Louise grew up at her father’s modest court at Güstrow Castle. Her parents were adherents to Pietism, a movement that originated in the Lutheran Church in the 17th century that stressed personal piety over religious formality and orthodoxy. In 1695, Louise married the future Frederik IV, King of Denmark and Norway. Louise and Frederik had four sons and one daughter. Sadly, three sons died in infancy. Louise found it difficult to endure her husband’s infidelities and even worse, his two bigamous marriages. At times, Louise reproached her husband which often led to embarrassing situations at the court. It is suspected that Louise’s deep religiousness was also an escape from her disappointing marriage. Louise took part in the official court life and fulfilled her ceremonial duties. Otherwise, she led a withdrawn and quiet life. Queen Louise died on March 15, 1721, aged 53, at Charlottenborg Palace in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Unofficial Royalty: Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Queen of Denmark and Norway

March 15, 1729 – Death of Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen, second wife of Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, in Meiningen, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen now in Thuringia, Germany; buried in the castle church at Elisabethenburg Palace in Meiningen
In 1675, Elisabeth Eleonore married Johann Georg of Mecklenburg-Mirow. The marriage was short-lived as Johann Georg died just five months later. In 1681, Elisabeth Eleonore married Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, who had been widowed the previous year. Elisabeth Eleonore and Bernhard had five children. The Elisabethenburg Palace in Meiningen was completed in 1692 and named for Elisabeth Eleonore who lived there with her husband, and their children for the duration of Bernhard’s reign. Following her husband’s death in 1706, Elisabeth Eleonore was drawn into the family battles over who would reign over the duchy. The in-fighting within the family took its toll on Elisabeth Eleonore, causing her to retire from public life. She died on March 15, 1729, at the age of 70.
Unofficial Royalty: Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen

March 15, 1779 – Birth of William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (Lord Melbourne), Queen Victoria’s first Prime Minister, in London England
In June 1837, King William IV died and he was succeeded by his 18-year-old niece Queen Victoria. Victoria never knew her father Prince Edward, Duke of Kent as he died when she was eight months old. Melbourne was her first Prime Minister. In Queen Victoria, Melbourne had the child, the companion, and the affection he craved. In Melbourne, Queen Victoria had the father figure she never had. Their close relationship was founded in Melbourne’s responsibility for tutoring the young queen about the world of politics and instructing her in her role but the relationship was much deeper. Queen Victoria came to regard Lord Melbourne as a mentor and personal friend and he was given a private apartment at Windsor Castle. He resigned as Prime Minister in August 1841 after a series of parliamentary defeats. Melbourne and Queen Victoria said a private goodbye on the terrace at Windsor Castle. Victoria cried and Melbourne told her, “For four years I have seen you daily and liked it better each day.”
Unofficial Royalty: William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne

March 15, 1804 – Birth of Sir Charles Grey, Private Secretary to Queen Victoria, at Howick Hall in Howick, Northumberland, England
General The Hon. Sir Charles Grey was Private Secretary to Queen Victoria from 1861 until 1870. He was the son of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey and The Hon. Mary Ponsonby. His father would later serve as Prime Minister from 1830-1834, and is the person for whom ‘Earl Grey Tea’ is named. In 1836, Charles married Caroline Eliza Farquhar, the daughter of Sir Thomas Farquhar, 2nd Baronet. Caroline would later serve as an Extra Woman of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria from 1870-1890, after her husband’s death. The couple had six children. In 1849, Charles was appointed Private Secretary to Prince Albert. He was given apartments at St. James’s Palace and lived in the Norman Tower at Windsor Castle, and at Osborne Cottage at Osborne House, and his children grew up as playmates of some of Victoria and Albert’s children. Over the next twelve years, he became an influential member of the royal household and a close confidante and advisor to Prince Albert. After Albert’s death in 1861, Charles seamlessly moved into the position of Private Secretary to The Queen – a role which had largely been filled by Prince Albert since he and Victoria married in 1840.
Unofficial Royalty: Sir Charles Grey

March 15, 1972 – Birth of Prince Constantin of Liechtenstein, son of Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein, in St. Gallen, Switzerland
Full name: Constantin Ferdinand Maria
Prince Constantin was the third of the three sons and the third of the four children of Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein and the late Princess Marie, born Countess Marie Aglaë of Wchinitz and Tettau. He received a law degree from the University of Salzburg in Austria and has worked primarily in the financial field, holding positions at investment firms both in the United States and in Europe. Constantin married Countess Marie Gabriele Franziska Kálnoky de Kőröspatak and the couple had three children. Prince Constantin died on December 5, 2023, at the age of 51. A statement released by the Princely House of Liechtenstein said: “The Princely House regrets to announce that H.S.H. Prince Constantin von und zu Liechtenstein passed away unexpectedly on 5 December 2023.” A private family funeral and burial took place at the Cathedral of St. Florin in Vaduz, Liechtenstein on December 10, 2023.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Constantin of Liechtenstein

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Josephine of Leuchtenberg, Queen of Sweden wearing the Cameo Tiara she brought into the Swedish royal family; Credit – Wikipedia

March 14, 1647 – Death of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange in The Hague, Holland, Dutch Republic, now in the Netherlands; buried in the royal vault at the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft, the Netherlands
Frederik Hendrik was the only child of Willem I (the Silent), Prince of Orange and his fourth wife, French Huguenot Louise de Coligny. Louise’s father, Gaspard II de Coligny, was a French nobleman and admiral but is best remembered as a leader of the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants). He was killed during the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572 when thousands of Huguenots were murdered. In 1625, Frederik Hendrik became Prince of Orange upon the death of his elder half-brother Maurits, Prince of Orange. That same year Frederik Hendrik married Princess Amalia of Solms-Braunfels. They had nine children including Willem II, Prince of Orange who married Mary, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of King Charles I of England. Their one child was Willem III, Prince of Orange, later King William III of England. Frederik Hendrik ruled the Dutch Republic for 22 years. His reign is included in the era known as the Dutch Golden Age in which Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. For many years before his death, Frederik Hendrik suffered from gout. In the summer of 1646, he had a stroke that temporarily prevented him from speaking. After that, Frederik Hendrik was physically weak, difficult to cope with, and sometimes mentally unstable. He died on March 14, 1647, in The Hague, Holland, Dutch Republic at the age of 63.
Unofficial Royalty: Frederik Hendrik Prince of Orange

March 14, 1743 – Death of Catherine Darnley, illegitimate daughter of King James II of England, in London, England; buried in the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey in London, England

Unofficial Royalty: Catherine Darnley, Illegitimate Daughter of King James II of England (article coming soon)

March 14, 1807 – Birth of Jospéhine of Leuchtenberg, Queen Josefina of Sweden, wife of King Oscar I of Sweden and Norway, in Milan, Italy
Full Name: Joséphine Maximiliane Eugénie Napoléonne, known as Josefina after her marriage
Queen Josefina was the daughter of Eugène de Beauharnais, the son of Empress Joséphine (Napoleon Bonaparte‘s first wife) from her first marriage to Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais, who had been guillotined during the French Revolution. Her mother was Princess Augusta of Bavaria, daughter of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. When she married the future King Oscar I of Sweden and Norway,  she brought to Sweden jewelry that had belonged to her grandmother Empress Josephine which is still worn by members of the Swedish and Norwegian royal families. The Cameo Tiara that was originally made for her grandmother Joséphine, Empress of the French, was worn by her descendant Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden at her wedding in 2010. There are photos of both women wearing the Cameo Tiara in the article linked below. Josefina survived her husband for 17 years and died in Stockholm on June 7, 1876, at age 69. She remained Roman Catholic, was given a Catholic funeral, and was buried with her husband at Riddarholmen Church.
Unofficial Royalty: Joséphine of Leuchtenberg, Queen Josefina of Sweden

March 14, 1820 – Birth of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia and Italy at the Palazzo Carignano in Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia now in Italy
Full name: Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso
Vittoria Emanuele was the eldest son of Carlo Alberto, 7th Prince of Carignano, the future King of Sardinia. In 1842, he married Archduchess Adelheid of Austria and the couple had eight children. Vittorio Emanuele also had a longtime relationship with Rose Vercellana with whom he had two children. Vittorio Emanuele and Rosa eventually married. Following a massive defeat by the Austrian forces, Vittorio Emanuele’s father abdicated in 1849, and he became King of Sardinia as Vittorio Emanuele II. He became a driving force behind the Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement. In 1861, Vittorio Emanuele was proclaimed the first King of the new, united Kingdom of Italy. He focused on building up the new kingdom, both financially and culturally, further cementing his legacy as Father of the Fatherland (Padre Della Patria), a title given to him by the Italian people. He died at the age of 57.
Unofficial Royalty: Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy

March 14, 1824 – Death of Antoinette of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchess of Württemberg in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire; buried at Castle Friedenstein in the Prince’s Crypt at the castle church in Gotha, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, now in Thuringia, Germany
Antoinette was the sister of Leopold I, the first King of the Belgians and an aunt to both Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In 1798, Antoinette married Duke Alexander of Württemberg whose brother Friedrich would become the first King of Württemberg. Antoinette and her husband had five children including Marie who would become the second wife of her maternal uncle Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.  Antoinette died from erysipelas, a bacterial infection of the superficial layer of the skin, at the age of 44 on March 14, 1824, in St. Petersburg, Russia.
Unofficial Royalty: Antoinette of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchess of Württemberg

March 14, 1844 – Birth of King Umberto I of Italy in Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia now in Italy
Full name: Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio
Umberto was the eldest son of the future King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy and Archduchess Adelheid of Austria.  In 1868, Umberto married his first cousin, Princess Margherita of Savoy and they had one son King Vittorio Emanuele III of Italy. Umberto became King of Italy upon his father’s death in 1878. Largely unpopular with the Italian people, Umberto was soon the target of two unsuccessful assassination attempts. However, on July 29, 1900, the third try was successful. On July 29, 1900, while visiting Monza, Italy, King Umberto I was shot and killed by Gaetano Bresci, an Italian anarchist claiming to avenge the deaths of people in Milan during the riots of May 1898.
Unofficial Royalty: Umberto I, King of Italy

March 14, 1864 – Birth of Princess Marie Anna of Saxe-Altenburg, wife of Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, in Altenburg, then in the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, now in the German state of Thuringia
In 1882, Maria Anna married the future Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe and the couple had nine children. Upon the death of his father in 1893, Maria Anna’s husband Georg became the reigning Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe. As Princess of Schaumburg-Lippe, Maria Anna supported churches and schools. Maria Anna’s husband died in 1911, and Marie Anna survived her husband by seven years, dying on May 3, 1918, at age 54.
Unofficial Royalty: Marie Anna of Saxe-Altenburg, Princess of Schaumberg-Lippe

March 14, 1917 – Death of Louise Margaret of Prussia, Duchess of Connaught, wife of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, at Clarence House in London, England; buried at  the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore in Windsor, England
Louise Margaret was a granddaughter of King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia. In 1879, she married Queen Victoria’s son, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught. They had one son and two daughters including Margaret who married Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden. Margaret died before her husband became King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden but she is an ancestor of the Danish and Swedish Royal Families. Louise Margaret spent the first twenty years of her marriage accompanying her husband on his various military assignments. In 1911, Arthur was appointed the first Governor-General of Canada who was a member of the Royal Family. Louise Margaret and her youngest child Patricia accompanied Arthur to Canada. Louise Margaret died from bronchial pneumonia at the age of 56. She became the first member of the British Royal Family to be cremated, which was done at Golders Green Crematorium. Burying ashes in an urn was still unfamiliar at the time, and her urn was placed in a coffin during the funeral, which was held at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle.
Unofficial Royalty: Louise Margaret of Prussia, Duchess of Connaught

March 14, 1958 – Birth of Prince Albert II of Monaco at the Prince’s Palace in Monaco
Full name: Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre
Albert is the only son and the second of three children of Rainier III, Sovereign Prince of Monaco and American actress and Academy Award winner Grace Kelly. He represented Monaco in Two-Man Bobsled and Four-Man Bobsled in five Winter Olympics (1988/Calgary, 1992/Albertville, 1994/Lillehammer, 1998/Nagano, 2002/Salt Lake City). Prince Albert has been a member of the International Olympic Committee since 1985 and is President of the Monegasque Olympic Committee. Prince Rainier III died on April 6, 2005, and Albert became the Sovereign Prince of Monaco. Albert is the father of two illegitimate children. The paternity of both children was confirmed by DNA tests and neither child has a claim on the throne of Monaco. In June 2001 at the Marenostrum International Swimming Meet in Monaco which Prince Albert presided over, he met Charlene Wittstock (born 1978), a South African swimmer, who had represented her country in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Albert and Charlene were married in 2011. They have two children, boy and girl twins. Even though their daughter was born first, their son is the heir apparent because Monaco’s succession is male-preference cognatic primogeniture.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Albert II of Monaco

March 14, 1989 – Death of Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria, wife of Karl I, last Emperor of Austria, in Zizers, Switzerland; buried at the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, Austria; her heart is with Emperor Karl’s heart in the Monastery of Muri, Switzerland
Zita was the daughter of the deposed Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife Maria Antonia of Portugal. She had eleven siblings and twelve half-siblings from her father’s first marriage. In 1911, she married Archduke Karl of Austria who would be the last Emperor of Austria and the couple had eight children. Karl died in 1922 at the age of 34. Zita never married again and wore black for the 67 years of her widowhood. Zita had large family birthday celebrations for her 90th and 95th birthdays. Her health had been failing since her 90th birthday and the former Empress Zita died on March 14, 1989, at her home in Zizers, Switzerland at the age of 96. The government of Austria allowed Zita’s funeral to take place in Austria provided that the Habsburg family paid the cost. The funeral mass was held at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna. At least 200,000 people had filed past her coffin during the two days it lay in state at the cathedral. Over 200 Habsburg and Bourbon-Parma family members along with 8,000 other guests attended the funeral.
Unofficial Royalty: Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria

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Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine; Credit – Wikipedia

March 13, 1669 – Death of Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, Tsaritsa of All Russia, first wife of Alexei I, Tsar of All Russia; first buried at the Ascension Convent, a Russian Orthodox nunnery in the Moscow Kremlin, in 1929 moved to the crypt of the Archangel Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin
In 1648, Maria Ilyinichna married Alexei I, Tsar of All Russia. They had thirteen children including two Tsars of All Russia, Fyodor III and Ivan V, and Sophia Alexeevna, who served as Regent for her brother Ivan V and half-brother Peter I (the Great). During this period, the life of Russian noblewomen, including the Tsaritsa of All Russia, was not a public one. They were expected to live in seclusion with little contact with men. Maria Ilyinichna was mainly involved in charitable and religious activities such as donating to facilities for the poor, sick, and disabled. On March 13, 1669, 45-year-old Maria Ilyinichna died of puerperal fever (childbed fever) five days after her most difficult childbirth. Her thirteenth child Yevdokia Alexeevna lived for only two days.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, Tsaritsa of All Russia

March 13, 1741 – Birth of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor at Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria
Full name: Joseph Benedict August Johannes Anton Michel Adam
Joseph II reigned from 1765 to 1790 as Holy Roman Emperor after being elected Holy Roman Emperor following the death of his father Franz I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1765. He was co-ruler with his mother Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, the only woman to be ruler of the Habsburg hereditary lands in her own right, from 1765 – 1780 of Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, Austria, and several other Habsburg hereditary lands, and was the sole ruler from 1780 to 1790, following the death in 1780 of his mother. Joseph married three times. His three wives and his three daughters all predeceased him.
Unofficial Royalty: Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary and Croatia, Archduke of Austria

March 13, 1767 – Death of Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France, the second wife of Louis, Dauphin of France, at the Palace of Versailles in Versailles, France; buried at the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Sens, France
Maria Josepha was the daughter of Augustus III, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania and Maria Josepha of Austria. In 1747, fifteen-year-old Maria Josepha married seventeen-year-old Louis, Dauphin of France, the son and heir apparent of his father Louis XV, King of France. They had eight children including three Kings of France. Maria Josepha’s husband Louis never succeeded to the throne, dying of tuberculosis in 1765 at the age of 36. Maria Josepha, who had cared for Louis during his last illness, also contracted tuberculosis. She died at the Palace of Versailles, on March 13, 1767 at the age of 35, and was buried with her husband.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France

March 13, 1808 – Death of King Christian VII of Denmark and Norway in Rendsborg, then in Denmark, now in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; buried at Roskilde Cathedral in Roskilde, Denmark
Christian VII was the only surviving son of King Frederik V of Denmark and Norway and his first wife Princess Louisa of Great Britain, and a grandson of King George II of Great Britain. In 1766, Christian succeeded to the Danish and Norwegian thrones after the early death of his father at age 42. That same year he married his first cousin Princess Caroline Matilda of Wales, daughter of Christian’s deceased maternal uncle Frederick, Prince of Wales. The couple had two children, but it is probable that Christian was not the father of Louise Auguste. Because of Carolina Matilda’s affair with Christian’s physician Johann Friedrich Struensee, Struensee was beheaded and 20-year-old Caroline Matilda lost her title of Queen and was forcibly separated from her children whom she never saw again. She was sent to Celle in her brother’s Kingdom of Hanover and lived the rest of her life at Celle Castle. Christian VII’s reign was marked by mental illness and for most of his reign, he was only nominally king. His half-brother Hereditary Prince Frederik was regent of Denmark in 1772-1784. From 1784 until Christian VII’s death, Christian’s son, later Frederik VI, acted as regent. On March 13, 1808, King Christian VII died from a stroke at the age of 59.
Unofficial Royalty: King Christian VII of Denmark

March 13, 1879 – Wedding of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, son of Queen Victoria, and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle
In 1878, Arthur met Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia on a visit to his eldest sister Victoria, German Crown Princess and Crown Princess of Prussia. Louise Margaret was friendly with the Crown Princess and her eldest daughter Charlotte. Queen Victoria considered Louise Margaret to be a less than satisfactory possible bride for her son. She was plain-looking and had bad teeth. Her parents were unpleasant, had an unhappy marriage, and lived apart from each other. Queen Victoria wanted to avoid associating her family with a possible scandal. However, because Arthur was so happy at the prospect of marrying Louise Margaret, Queen Victoria remained open-minded. When Queen Victoria met Louise Margaret, she became more positive and the engagement was announced.
Unofficial Royalty: Wedding of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia

March 13, 1881 – Assassination of Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia when a bomb is thrown at him near the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia; buried at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg
Of the twenty Romanov monarchs, five died violent deaths (Ivan VI, Peter III, Paul I, Alexander II, and Nicholas II). Alexander II was riding in a bomb-proof carriage, a gift from Emperor Napoleon III of France. As the carriage turned onto the Catherine Canal Embankment, a bomb was thrown. The carriage was damaged and several onlookers were wounded, but the emperor was unharmed. Next, Alexander II made a mistake that cost him his life. Unaware that another conspirator was leaning against a railing about six feet away, he left the carriage to inspect the damage and check on the wounded people, and a bomb was thrown directly between the emperor’s legs. The noise from the bomb was deafening, smoke filled the air, wounded people were screaming, and the snow was drenched with blood. When the smoke cleared, Alexander II lay mortally wounded, his legs crushed and torn from the blast of the bomb. Alexander asked to be taken to the Winter Palace so he could die there. Just the day before he died, Alexander II had completed plans to create an elected parliament and he intended to release these plans within a few days. Perhaps if Alexander II had lived Russia would have become a constitutional monarchy and not been led down the path the country ultimately took. Alexander II’s son and successor Alexander III was very conservative and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father. One of the first things he did as emperor was to tear up his father’s plans for an elected parliament and cancel the order his father had signed the day he died.
Unofficial Royalty: Assassination of Alexander II, Emperor of All  Russia
Unofficial Royalty: Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia

March 13, 1892 – Death of Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine at Neues Palais in Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine, now in Hesse, Germany; buried in the New Mausoleum, Rosenhöhe Park in Darmstadt
Ludwig was married to Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, daughter of Queen Victoria. They had seven children including Alix, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, wife of Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia. Ludwig and Alice were the great-grandparents of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Ludwig succeeded his childless uncle as Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine in 1877. At the end of 1878, Ludwig’s family, with the exception of his wife Alice and his daughter Ella, all came down with diphtheria. Alice nursed her family back to health, and all survived except for their youngest daughter May. Sadly, Alice eventually also became ill and was unable to fight off the illness, and died on December 14, 1878. Ludwig survived his wife by fourteen years, dying of a heart attack, on March 13, 1892, at the age of 54.
Unofficial Royalty: Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine

March 13, 1900 – Birth of Queen Sālote Tupou III of Tonga at the Royal Palace in Nukuʻalofa, Tonga
Famed for her stature (6 feet 3 inches, 270 pounds) and her appearance at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Queen Sālote Tupou III of Tonga was the first Queen Regnant of the Kingdom of Tonga and its longest-reigning monarch.
Unofficial Royalty: Queen Sālote Tupou III of Tonga

March 13, 1948 – Death of Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, granddaughter of Queen Victoria, at Fitzmaurice Place, Berkeley Square in London, England; buried at Frogmore Burial Ground in Windsor, England
Helena Victoria, known as Thora, was the daughter of Princess Helena, Queen Victoria’s daughter, and Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. Thora never married and remained at home until her mother’s death in 1923. Following her mother’s example, Thora was involved in many charities and organizations. These included the YMCA, YWCA, and Princess Christian’s Nursing Home in Windsor (established by her mother). She was also, with her sister Marie Louise, an avid supporter of the arts, and often held small concerts and performances at their various homes. Thora’s last years were spent rather quietly. In 1941, she was named godmother to Prince William of Gloucester, elder son of the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, to whom she was quite close. In November 1947, she made her last major public appearance at the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten. Princess Helena Victoria died four months later, on March 13, 1948, at the age of 77.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein

March 13, 1957 – Death of Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia, Princess Nicholas of Greece, daughter of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and wife of Prince Nicholas of Greece, in Athens, Greece; buried at the Royal Cemetery, Tatoi Palace, Greece
Elena was the only daughter of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Through her father, she was the granddaughter of Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia, niece of Alexander III, Emperor of All Russia, and first cousin of Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia. In 1902, Elena married her second cousin Prince Nicholas of Greece, the son of King George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia. The couple had three daughters including Princess Marina of Greece who married Prince George, Duke of Kent. Because of the political situation in Greece, members of the Greek royal family, including Elena and her husband, were often in exile. The Greek monarchy was restored in 1935, and the following year, Elena and Nicholas returned to Greece. Having suffered from declining health for several years, Prince Nicholas died in 1938. Elena remained in Greece throughout World War II. Along with her sister-in-law, Princess Andreas of Greece (the former Princess Alice of Battenberg), Elena worked with the Red Cross during World War II to organize shelters and nurses in the poor neighborhoods of Athens. Elena lived out the rest of her life in Greece, enjoying a close relationship with King Paul and Queen Friederike, and a particularly close bond with the future King Constantine II. She died at her home in Athens on March 13, 1957.
Unofficial Royalty: Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia, Princess Nicholas of Greece

March 13, 1981 – Birth of Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia in Madrid, Spain, the only child of Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia, a disputed pretender to Headship of the Russian Imperial Family and the throne of Russia since 1992
Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia, also known as Prince George of Prussia through his father Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, a great-grandson of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and King of Prussia), is the heir to his mother Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia, a disputed pretender to the Headship of the Russian Imperial Family and the throne of Russia since 1992. The Headship of the Russian Imperial Family and succession to the former Russian throne has been in dispute, mainly due to disagreements over whether marriages in the Romanov family were equal marriages – a marriage between a Romanov dynast and a member of a royal or sovereign house. In 2021, George married Rebecca Virginia Bettarini, Director of the Russian Imperial Foundation in a civil ceremony in Moscow, Russia, on September 24, 2021, followed by a religious wedding on October 1, 2021, at Saint Isaac’s Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Russia. It was the first Romanov wedding held in Russia since the Russian Revolution.
Unofficial Royalty: Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia in Madrid

March 13, 2017 – Death of Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, husband of Princess Benedikte of Denmark, at his home, Berleburg Castle in Bad Berleburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; buried at Forest Cemetery Sengelsberg in Berleburg
Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg was the husband of Princess Benedikte of Denmark. In 1919, Germany stopped recognizing the various titles of the nobility and royalty. However, in Germany today former hereditary titles are allowed only as part of the surname. Richard and Benedikte were married in 1968 and they had three children. Richard was active in several conservation programs including a project to reintroduce European bison on his 30,000-acre estate. Richard died at his home, Berleburg Castle, on March 13, 2017, at the age of 82.
Unofficial Royalty: Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg

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Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York; Credit – Wikipedia

March 12, 1637 – Birth of Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, first wife of James, Duke of York (later King James II of England), at Cranbourne Lodge in Windsor, England
Anne was the daughter of Edward Hyde, later created 1st Earl of Clarendon, an adviser to Charles II,  the king in exile in the Netherlands after the English Civil War, and soon became his chief adviser. Charles appointed Hyde Lord Chancellor in 1658. In 1654, while in the Netherlands, Anne Hyde was appointed a maid of honor to Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, the eldest daughter of King Charles I of England, the widow of Willem II, Prince of Orange, and the mother of the young Willem III, Prince of Orange who would marry Anne’s daughter Mary. Anne was very attractive and stylish and attracted many men, including James, Duke of York, the future King James II of England. On November 24, 1659, Anne and James made a secret marriage in front of witnesses. James and Anne had eight children, but only two survived childhood, and both were Queens Regnant: Queen Mary II and Queen Anne. Anne Hyde never became Queen Consort as she died before her husband became king.
Unofficial Royalty: Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York

March 12, 1673 – Death of Margarita Teresa of Spain, Holy Roman Empress, the first of the three wives of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, then in the Archduchy of Austria; buried in the Imperial Crypt at the Capuchin Church in Vienna
Margarita Teresa was both first cousin and niece of her husband Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. Margarita Teresa and Leopold had four children but only one survived to adulthood. Weakened from six pregnancies in six years (four living childbirths and two miscarriages), and four months into her seventh pregnancy, Margarita Teresa died on March 12, 1673, at the age of 21, and was buried in the Imperial Crypt at the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
Unofficial Royalty: Margarita Teresa of Spain, Holy Roman Empress

March 12, 1723 – Death of Anna Christine of Palatine Sulzbach, Princess of Piedmont, first wife of Carlo Emanuele III, King of Sardinia, due to childbirth complications, at the Royal Palace of Turin in Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia, now in Italy; first buried at Turin Cathedral and was moved to the Basilica of Superga in Turin in 1786
Anna Christine was the first of the three wives of Carlo Emanuele of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont, the heir apparent to the Kingdom of Sardina, and, after Anna Christine’s death, Carlo Emanuele III, King of Sardinia. They married in 1722 and had one son who died in early childhood. On March 12, 1723, a few days after giving birth to her son, Anna Christine, aged nineteen, died of childbirth complications.
Unofficial Royalty: Anna Christine of Palatine Sulzbach, Princess of Piedmont

March 12, 1781 – Birth of Frederica of Baden, Queen of Sweden, wife of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, at Karlsruhe Palace in Karlsruhe, Margraviate of Baden now in the German state of Baden-Württemberg
Full name: Friederike Dorothea Wilhelmina
In 1797, Frederica married King Gustav IV Adolph of Sweden and had five children. After a 17-year reign, Frederica’s husband was deposed in 1809, and the couple and their family went to Frederica’s homeland, the Grand Duchy of Baden. However, the couple became incompatible and divorced in 1812. In the divorce settlement, Gustav Adolf renounced all his assets in favor of his mother and his children. He also renounced the custody and guardianship of his children. Two years later, Frederica placed her children under the guardianship of her brother-in-law, Alexander I, Emperor of Russia. Frederica acquired several residences and spent much time at her brother’s court in Karlsruhe, but she also traveled around Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, using the name Countess Itterburg after a ruin in Hesse she had acquired. During her final years, Frederica was often ill and she died from heart disease at the age of only 45.
Unofficial Royalty: Frederica of Baden, Queen of Sweden

March 12, 1821 – Birth of Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria at the Würzburg Residence in Würzburg, Kingdom of Bavaria now in Bavaria, Germany
Full name: Luitpold Karl Joseph Wilhelm Ludwig
Luitpold was the regent and the real ruler of Bavaria from 1886 to 1912, due to the mental incompetency of his nephews, King Ludwig II and King Otto. He was the third son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria and Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. In 1844, Luitpold married Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria and they had four children including Ludwig III, the last King of Bavaria. On June 10, 1886, Luitpold became Prince Regent after his nephew King Ludwig II was declared mentally incompetent. Ludwig II died three days later under mysterious circumstances, and the throne passed to Ludwig’s brother Otto. However, by this time, Otto had also been declared mentally ill, and Luitpold continued as Prince Regent. Luitpold died at the age of 91, after having developed bronchitis. He was succeeded as Regent by his eldest son, who became King Ludwig III the following year, after deposing his cousin King Otto.
Unofficial Royalty: Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria

March 12, 1958 – Death of Ingeborg of Denmark, Princess of Sweden, daughter of King Frederik VIII of Denmark, in Stockholm, Sweden;  buried in the royal cemetery in Haga Park, Solna, Sweden
Ingeborg married Prince Carl of Sweden, son of King Oscar II of Sweden, and they were the parents of Queen Astrid of Belgium and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway. Belgian Kings Baudouin and Albert II, Norwegian King Harald V, and the late Grand Duchess Josephine-Charlotte of Luxembourg, the wife of the late Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg are all grandchildren of Carl and Ingeborg. The royal families of Belgium, Luxembourg, and Norway descend from Carl and Ingeborg. Both Carl and Ingeborg lived long lives. Carl died in 1951 at the age of 90. Ingeborg survived him by seven years, dying on March 12, 1958, at age 79.
Unofficial Royalty: Ingeborg of Denmark, Princess of Sweden

March 12, 1972 – Death of Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, second wife of Wilhelm Ernst, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; buried in Bad Krozingen, Germany
Feodora was the great-granddaughter of Princess Feodora of Leiningen, the half-sister of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. In 1910, she married Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and they had four children. Her marriage was unhappy, and Feodora struggled to cope with the strict etiquette and protocol of the Weimar court. She soon began to throw herself into charity work, working with organizations that helped the poor. After World War I, her husband abdicated in November 1918 and the family went into exile in Heinrichau, Silesia (now Henryków, Poland), where her husband died several years later. When the area fell under Soviet occupation in World War II, the family was again forced to flee, losing their estates and many of their assets. As a means of negotiating with the authorities, Feodora agreed to sign over the Goethe and Schiller Archive, on the condition that it would be converted into a private foundation, and the family’s assets would be returned. Despite the written agreement, the government did not return many of the family’s assets, and the dispute continues to this day. Feodora settled in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, where she died on March 12, 1972, at the age of 82.
Unofficial Royalty: Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

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