During its history, Luxembourg has been a part of a number of countries. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Luxembourg was made a Grand Duchy and united with The Netherlands. In 1839, following the Belgian Revolution, the Treaty of London partitioned territories and created the new Kingdom of Belgium and the new Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was still united with the Netherlands and King William I of the Netherlands was still Grand Duke of Luxembourg. This rule continued until the death of King William III of the Netherlands in 1890. His successor was his daughter Wilhelmina, who could not inherit the throne of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg due to the Salic Law which prevented female succession. The new Grand Duke of Luxembourg was Adolphe who had been Duke of Nassau until it was annexed to Prussia in 1866.

For more information see Grand Dukes of Luxembourg

House of Orange-Nassau

• Willem I, son of Willem V, Prince of Orange: reigned 1815-1840
• Willem II, son of Willem I: reigned 1840-1849
• Willem III, son of Willem II: reigned 1849-1890

House of Nassau-Weilberg

• Adolphe, son of Wilhelm, Duke of Nassau: reigned 1890-1905
• Guillaume IV, son of Adolphe: reigned 1905-1912
• Marie-Adélaïde, daughter of Guillaume IV: reigned 1912-1919; abdicated due to political reasons in 1919; entered a convent and died in 1924
• Charlotte, daughter of Guillaume IV: reigned 1919-1964; abdicated in favor of her son in 1964; died in 1985
• Jean, son of Charlotte: reigned 1964-2000; abdicated in favor of his son in 2000; died in 2019
• Henri, son of Jean: reigned 2000 – present