by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2018

• Unofficial Royalty: House of Hanover Index

Because the House of Stuart was unable to provide a Protestant heir to the British throne, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701 which secured the Protestant succession to the throne after the deaths of King William III and his successor Queen Anne. The senior Protestant descendant was Sophia, Electress of Hanover. Born Sophia of the Palatine, she was the youngest daughter of Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of King James I of England, and Friedrich V, Elector of the Palatine of the Rhine. The Act of Settlement put Sophia of Hanover and her Protestant heirs in the line of succession after Queen Anne. Electress Sophia of Hanover, the heir to the throne according to the Act of Settlement, died on June 8, 1714, just six weeks before the death of Queen Anne, and so Sophia’s son became King George I and started the Hanover dynasty.

During the 187-year reign of the House of Hanover (which includes Queen Victoria but she will be covered in a separate article), weddings were still a private affair and a few of them were held at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace in London, England. There were several dynastic marriages but most of the spouses, including all the spouses of the Hanoverian monarchs, came from the kingdoms, grand duchies, duchies, and principalities of Germany. Two royal wives were divorced and shut away. Parliament passed the Royal Marriages Act 1772 at the request of King George III who was less than happy with the spouses of his two surviving brothers. By 1817, twelve of the fifteen children of King George III who survived to adulthood either failed to have children or failed to get married resulting in a succession crisis. The one child who both married and had a child had one of the worst ever royal marriages.

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Anne, Princess Royal, Princess of Orange

The first two British monarchs from the House of Hanover were both married in Germany before King George I became King of Great Britain in 1714. The first Hanoverian marriage in Great Britain was that of Anne, Princess Royal, the eldest daughter of King George II. In fact, it was the first royal wedding in Great Britain in fifty years, since Queen Anne’s wedding in 1683. A proposed marriage with King Louis XV of France fell through because the French insisted that Anne convert to Roman Catholicism and Anne’s family refused. Bored with life at her father’s court, Anne did not want to be a spinster and was anxious to marry. However, Anne had been disfigured by smallpox and was not considered attractive. Among the few Protestant possibilities, was Willem IV, Prince of Orange. Willem had a spinal deformity, which affected his appearance but Anne was so anxious to marry that said she would marry him even “if he were a baboon.” Anne and Willem were betrothed in 1733.

Willem IV, Prince of Orange arrived in London in November 1733, anxious to marry Anne. However, he became ill and developed pneumonia. For days, his survival was in question. After Willem recovered, he went off to Bath where the waters of the ancient Roman bath aided in his complete recovery. On March 25, 1734, Anne and Willem were married at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace in London, England. After a honeymoon at the Dutch House at Kew, the newlyweds stayed in London for a short period before returning to the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, Anne and Willem took up residence at the Stadhouderlijk Hof in Leeuwarden, the provincial capital and seat of the States of Friesland (now in the Netherlands). After enduring two miscarriages and two stillbirths, Anne and Willem had three children, but only two survived to adulthood. Through their son Willem V, Prince of Orange, they are ancestors of the Dutch Royal Family.

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Chapel Royal at St. James’ Palace

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Located in St. James’ Palace, a Tudor palace in London next to Clarence House and nearby Buckingham Palace, the Chapel Royal was built around 1540 and has had alterations over the years. Although St. James’ Palace is no longer used as one of the monarch’s residences, it is used for offices and receptions, and several minor members of the British Royal Family have apartments there.

The Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace was the venue for several Hanover weddings. It was also the venue for the weddings of Queen Victoria and her grandson King George V. It is still used by the British Royal Family for events to the present day. The children of Queen Elizabeth II’s cousin, Prince Michael of Kent, Lord Frederick and Lady Gabriella Windsor, were christened in the Chapel Royal as was The Queen’s granddaughter Princess Beatrice of York. In 1997, the coffin of Diana, Princess of Wales rested in the Chapel Royal before her funeral. Her grandsons Prince George of Cambridge and Prince Louis of Cambridge were christened there. In March 2018, Meghan Markle, the future wife of Prince Harry of Wales, was baptized and confirmed into the Church of England at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace.

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Dynastic Marriages with Denmark

The House of Hanover made two dynastic weddings with Denmark. The first occurred in 1743 when 19-year-old Princess Louisa, daughter of King George II, married Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark and Norway, the son and heir of King Christian VI of Denmark and Norway. A proxy ceremony was held on November 10, 1743 in Hanover with the bride’s brother, Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, standing in for the groom. Louisa then traveled to Altona, Holstein where she met her groom. Frederik and Louisa traveled together to Copenhagen, where they officially entered the capital and had a second wedding ceremony.

King Christian VI hoped that this marriage would cause the British government to support his or his son’s claim to the Swedish throne. Furthermore, the Danish government hoped (incorrectly) that marriage would put a damper on Crown Prince Frederik’s affairs and drunkenness. The couple got along reasonably well and although Frederik continued his affairs, Louisa pretended not to notice them. The couple had five children including the future King Christian VII of Denmark. Three years after the marriage, Louisa’s husband succeeded his father as King Frederik V. Sadly, five years later, while pregnant with her sixth child, 27-year-old Queen Louisa died after undergoing painful surgery for a strangulated umbilical hernia.

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Caroline Matilda of Wales, Queen of Denmark – A Queen Imprisoned

The second wedding with Denmark was that of Princess Caroline Matilda of Wales, the youngest sibling of King George III. Frederick, Prince of Wales, the father of Caroline Matilda, died four months before her birth. It is also the first of the two Hanoverian weddings that ended in imprisonment for the wives.

In 1766, Caroline Matilda’s 17-year-old first cousin succeeded to the Danish throne as King Christian VII after the early death of his father. King Christian VII was the son of Caroline Matilda’s aunt Louisa (above). Since there was a connection between the British and Danish royal families and both families were Protestant, it was natural that a British bride should be sought for Christian. Even before the death of King Frederik V, negotiations for such a marriage were started. The preferred choice for a bride was initially Caroline Matilda’s sister Princess Louisa, but when the Danish representative in London heard of her ill health, Caroline Matilda became the prospective bride. The betrothal was announced on January 10, 1765.

On October 1, 1766, a proxy marriage was held at St. James’s Palace in London, with Caroline Matilda’s brother King George III standing in for King Christian VII. Fifteen-year-old Caroline Matilda soon left England for Denmark with a large contingent of attendants and servants. When she crossed the Danish border, Danish envoys sent her English attendants and servants back and replaced them with Danish ones. Caroline Matilda arrived in Copenhagen on November 8, 1766, and married Christian in person later that day in the Christiansborg Palace Chapel but it was not a happy marriage.

Caroline Matilda soon discovered that her husband was mentally ill. Christian VII was personable and intelligent as a child but he was poorly educated and terrorized by a brutal governor. It is unknown if Christian’s mental illness was caused by the brutal treatment of his governor, possible porphyria inherited from his Hanover mother, or schizophrenia. Christian’s behavior wandered into excesses, especially sexual promiscuity. His symptoms included paranoia, self-mutilation, and hallucinations.

Johann Friedrich Struensee, Christian VII’s new personal physician, was the first person who understood that Christian was seriously ill. Struensee could handle Christian’s instability, which was a great relief to the king’s advisers, and Christian developed a confidence in him. Struensee also became the lover of the ill-treated Caroline Matilda, whose marriage was less than satisfactory. When Caroline Matilda gave birth to her daughter Louise Auguste, no one doubted that Struensee was the father of the princess.

Christian VII’s stepmother Queen Dowager Juliana Maria maneuvered a coup that would bring about the fall of Struensee and discredit Caroline Matilda. Christian VII was forced to sign orders for the arrest of Struensee and Caroline Matilda. Caroline Matilda was immediately taken to Kronberg Castle in Helsingør, Denmark. She was allowed to keep her daughter with her but the four-year-old Crown Prince Frederik stayed with his father. Upon hearing of Caroline Matilda’s arrest, Struensee confessed to his relationship with her and eventually, Caroline Matilda also confessed. Struensee was condemned to death and suffered a brutal execution. In the presence of thousands of people, his right hand was severed first, then his body was broken on the wheel, and finally, he was beheaded.

Caroline Matilda and Christian’s marriage was dissolved in 1772. She lost her title of Queen and was forcibly separated from her children whom she never saw again. Caroline Matilda was not quite 20 years old. Originally, it was decided that Caroline Matilda was to be held in custody for life at Aalborghus Castle in Aalborg, Denmark, but her brother King George III intervened. King George III sent Sir Robert Murray Keith, a British diplomat, to negotiate her release from Danish imprisonment. Caroline Matilda was sent to Celle in her brother’s Kingdom of Hanover and lived the rest of her life at Celle Castle. Her imprisonment was not to last long. Caroline Matilda died of “a putrid fever and sore throat,” probably scarlet fever, on May 10, 1775, at the age of 23. She was buried at the Stadtkirche St. Marien in Celle next to his great-grandmother Sophie Dorothea of Celle who suffered a similar fate.

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The Unfortunate Sophia Dorothea of Celle

Caroline Matilda’s great-grandmother, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, had married Georg Ludwig, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (the future King George I), the eldest son of Ernst August, Elector of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Sophia of the Palatinate (commonly referred to as Electress Sophia of Hanover). The marriage was happy at first, but soon both George and Sophia Dorothea found affection elsewhere. George fell in love with one of his mother’s ladies-in-waiting, Melusine von der Schulenburg. Sophia Dorothea fell in love with a Swedish Count, Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, an officer in the Hanoverian army.

Despite warnings, from her mother and friends, Sophia Dorothea and her lover wrote letters to each other, met secretly, and planned to escape Hanover together. On the morning of July 2, 1694, after a meeting with Sophia Dorothea, von Königsmarck disappeared from Leineschloss Castle in Hanover and was never seen again. It was widely believed that George ordered von Königsmarck’s death. On December 28, 1694, a tribunal of judges and Lutheran Church officials declared the marriage of George and Sophia Dorothea dissolved on the grounds of Sophia Dorothea’s desertion.

Sophia Dorothea was imprisoned for the rest of her life, 32 years, in the Castle of Ahlden in Celle. She never again saw her two children, the future King George II and his sister Sophia Dorothea, the future Queen Consort of Prussia. In 1714, upon the death of Queen Anne, Sophia Dorothea’s former husband became King George I of Great Britain.

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George III’s Brothers and the Royal Marriages Act 1772

King George III’s brothers were a constant headache for him but he was especially annoyed with Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland. In 1771, Prince Henry had married a commoner Anne Horton, the daughter of Simon Luttrell and the widow of Christopher Horton. George III considered Anne Horton inappropriate as a royal bride because she was from a lower social class and German law barred any children of the couple from the Hanoverian succession. George insisted on a new law that would forbid members of the royal family from legally marrying without the consent of the monarch. Although it was unpopular with both George III’s ministers and members of Parliament, the Royal Marriages Act 1772 was passed.

The Royal Marriages Act stipulated that no descendant of King George II, male or female, other than the issue of princesses who had married into foreign royal families, could marry without the consent of the monarch. Any member of the royal family over the age of 25 who had been refused the monarch’s consent could marry one year after giving notice to the Privy Council of their intention to marry unless both houses of Parliament expressly declared their disapproval. Any marriage in contravention of the Act was void. Royal family members who made such a marriage did not lose their place in the line of succession but their children would be made illegitimate by the voiding of the marriage and therefore lose their succession rights.

Unbeknownst to King George III, his brother Prince William, Duke of Gloucester had secretly married Maria Waldegrave, Dowager Countess Waldegrave in 1766. For six years, George believed that William was a bachelor and that Maria was his mistress. Not only was she not a royal but she was illegitimate as her parents had not married. Maria was, however, the granddaughter of Robert Walpole who is considered to be the first Prime Minister.

In September 1772, five months after the Royal Marriages Act was passed, William found out Maria was pregnant and confessed to his brother that he was married. George III was quite upset not only by the marriage but also by William’s deception. Because the provisions of the Royal Marriages Act could not be applied retroactively, William and Maria’s marriage was considered valid. However, Maria was never received at court.

In 2011, it was proposed that the provisions of the Royal Marriages Act be limited to only the first six people in the line of succession to the British throne. The Royal Marriages Act 1772 was repealed in its entirety and was replaced by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 which stipulates that the first six people in the line of succession must obtain the monarch’s consent before marrying in order to remain eligible. Marriage without the monarch’s consent would disqualify the person and the person’s descendants from the marriage from being in the line of succession but the marriage would still be legally valid.

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The Worst Royal Marriage?

King George III also had marriage issues with his children. His eldest and heir, George, Prince of Wales (the future King George IV) made a marriage in contravention to the Royal Marriages Act. In 1784, George fell in love Maria Fitzherbert, a twice-widowed Catholic Irish woman. A marriage with a Catholic would mean that George would lose his place in the succession as stipulated by the Act of Settlement 1701. In addition, under the Royal Marriages Act 1772, prohibited the marriage without the consent of the King, which would never have been granted. Nevertheless, the couple went through with a legally void marriage at Maria Fitzherbert’s home on December 21, 1785. Maria Fitzherbert was convinced she was the lawful wife of the Prince of Wales as she viewed church law to be superior to the law of the state. For political reasons, the marriage remained secret, although there were rumors spreading all over London, and Maria Fitzherbert had promised to not let anything about it be announced in public.

By 1794, George, who had been in debt ten years earlier, was again severely in debt. If he married, Parliament would settle his debts and his allowance would be increased by £100,000. On June 23, 1794, Maria Fitzherbert was informed by letter that her relationship with the Prince of Wales was over. Caroline of Brunswick, his first cousin, was selected the bride. Her father Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, was a favorite nephew of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia and had distinguished himself as a commander in the Seven Years’ War. Britain was at war with revolutionary France and eager to obtain allies on the European mainland. Caroline’s mother Augusta was a sister of George III. Caroline and George were married on April 8, 1795 at the Chapel Royal, St. James’ Palace, in London.

This marriage is one of the worst ever royal marriages. Upon first seeing Caroline, George said to his valet, “Harris, I am not well; pray get me a glass of brandy.” Caroline said George was fat and not as handsome as his portrait. It is doubtful that the couple spent more than a few nights together as husband and wife. Their only child, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was born nine months later. They both found each other equally unattractive and never lived together nor appeared in public together. To make matters worse, George’s mistress, Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey, was appointed Caroline’s Lady of the Bedchamber. Caroline was ignored at the court and lived basically under house arrest, and after two and a half years, she left the court and lived for ten years in a Montagu House in Blackheath, London. She was denied any part in the raising of her daughter Charlotte and was allowed to see her only occasionally. Caroline eventually went to live abroad where she ran up debts and had lovers.

When King George III died in January of 1820, Caroline was determined to return to England and assert her rights as queen. On her way back to England, she received a proposal from King George IV offering her £50,000 per year if she would continue to live outside of England. Caroline rejected the proposal and received a royal salute of 21 guns from Dover Castle when she set foot again in England. George IV was determined to be rid of Caroline and his government introduced a bill in Parliament, the Pains and Penalties Bill 1820, to strip Caroline of the title of queen consort and dissolve her marriage. The reading of the bill in Parliament was effectively a trial of Caroline. On November 10, 1820, a final reading of the bill took place, and the bill passed by 108–99. Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool then declared that since the vote was so close, and public tensions so high, the government was withdrawing the bill.

King George IV’s coronation was set for July 19, 1821, but no plans had been made for Caroline to participate. On the day of the coronation, Caroline went to Westminster Abbey, was barred at every entrance and finally left. Three weeks later on August 7, 1821, Caroline died at the age of 53, most likely from a bowel obstruction or cancer. Prior to her death, Caroline had requested that she be buried in her native Brunswick. The official route of Caroline’s cortege through London was to avoid major streets. However, members of the public blocked those streets and forced a new route through the major streets. Caroline was buried at Brunswick Cathedral in Germany alongside her father. Her casket bears the inscription, “Here lies Caroline, the Injured Queen of England.”

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Where are the Grandchildren?

King George III and his wife Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz had fifteen children, all survived childbirth, and only two died in childhood. One would think that George and Charlotte would have had lots of grandchildren but that was not the case. In 1816, Princess Charlotte of Wales married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Charlotte of Wales was the daughter of George, Prince of Wales and unbelievably, the only legitimate grandchild of King George III. Charlotte of Wales was second in the line of succession and she would have succeeded her father, the future George IV, as queen but on November 6, 1817, a great tragedy struck the British Royal Family. After a labor of over 50 hours, Charlotte delivered a stillborn son. Several hours later, twenty-one-year-old Princess Charlotte, the only child of George, Prince of Wales and King George III’s only legitimate grandchild, died of postpartum hemorrhage. Charlotte was mourned by the British people in a manner similar to the mourning of Diana, Princess of Wales. Charlotte’s pregnancy and delivery were grossly mismanaged and the doctor in charge, Sir Richard Croft, later committed suicide.

King George III’s six daughters had very sheltered upbringings and they spent most of their time with their parents and each other. The living conditions of King George III’s daughters came to be known as “the Nunnery.” None of the daughters was allowed to marry at the age when most princesses would marry, and only three of the six daughters ever married. At the time of Charlotte of Wales’s death, only two of her six aunts had married but their marriages were childless: Charlotte, Princess Royal and Princess Mary. Perhaps this over-protection of King George III’s daughters was due to what happened to his sister Caroline Matilda when she married King Christian VII of Denmark.

When Charlotte of Wales died, only two of her six living uncles were married and neither had children: Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Ernest, Duke of Cumberland (the future King of Hanover). Prince Augustus, Duke of Sussex had married in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act in 1793 and the marriage was annulled the next year. Augustus would make another marriage in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act in 1831. Prince William, Duke of Clarence (the future King William IV) had ten children with his long-time mistress the actress Dorothea Jordan. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent had had several mistresses. The youngest surviving son, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge seemed to be too busy with his army career to marry.

Since the death of Princess Charlotte of Wales left no legitimate heir in the second generation, it prompted the aging sons of King George III to begin a frantic search for brides to provide for the succession. King George III’s eldest son (Charlotte’s father) and his second son Frederick, Duke of York, were in loveless marriages, and their wives, both in their late forties, were not expected to produce heirs. The third son William, Duke of Clarence, age 53, married 26-year-old Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. 50-year-old Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son, married 32-year-old widow Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld. Victoire was the sister of Leopold, Princess Charlotte’s widower. 21-year-old Augusta of Hesse-Cassel was married to 44-year-old Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, the seventh son. It was then the scramble to produce an heir began.

Within a short time, the three new Duchesses, along with Frederica, wife of the fifth son Ernest, Duke of Cumberland, became pregnant. Augusta, Duchess of Cambridge gave birth to a son on March 26, 1819; Adelaide, Duchess of Clarence had a daughter the following day. Victoria, Duchess of Kent produced a daughter on May 24, 1819, and three days later Frederica, Duchess of Cumberland had a boy. Adelaide’s daughter would have been the heir but the little princess died in infancy. The child of the next Royal Duke in seniority stood to inherit the throne. This was Alexandrina Victoria, daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent and Victoire of Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld. The baby stood fifth in line to the throne after her uncles George, Frederick and William, and her father.

The baby’s father Edward, Duke of Kent died on January 23, 1820, eight months after her birth. Six days later, King George III’s death brought his eldest son to the throne as King George IV. Frederick, Duke of York, died in 1827, bringing the young princess a step closer to the throne. King George IV died in 1830 and his brother William (IV) succeeded him. During King William IV’s reign, little Drina, as she was called, was the heiress presumptive. There was always the possibility that King William IV and Queen Adelaide would still produce an heir. But it was not to be. William died on June 20, 1837 and left the throne to his 18-year-old niece, who is known to history as Queen Victoria.

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Weddings of Hanover Monarchs and Their Children

Wedding venues that have official websites or Wikipedia articles will be linked below. Sometimes the city where the wedding took place is known but the actual wedding venue is unknown. Only married monarchs and their married children are listed. Links are to Unofficial Royalty articles for the monarchs, their children, and their spouses. Note that not all children and spouses have Unofficial Royalty articles.

George I, King of Great Britain (great-grandson of James I) married (1682) Sophia Dorothea of Celle in the mother of the bride’s apartments at Celle Castle in Celle now in Germany

• Sophia Dorothea of Hanover married (1706) Friedrich Wilhelm, Margrave of Brandenburg (later King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia) in Cölln on the Spree now part of Berlin, Germany

George II, King of Great Britain (son of George I) married (1705) Caroline of Ansbach at the chapel at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hanover now in Germany

• Anne, Princess Royal married (1734) Willem IV, Prince of Orange at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace in London, England
• Mary of Great Britain married (1770) Friedrich II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in Hesse-Kassel
• Louisa of Great Britain married (1743) Frederik V, King of Denmark and Norway in Copenhagen, Denmark

Frederick, Prince of Wales (son of George II, predeceased his father) married (1736) Augusta of Saxe-Gotha at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace in London, England

• Augusta of Wales married (1764) Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace in London, England
• William Henry, Duke of Gloucester married (1766) Maria, Countess Waldegrave secretly at his home on the Pall Mall in London, England
• Henry, Duke of Cumberland married (1771) Anne Luttrell at Hertford Street in Mayfair, London, England
• Caroline Matilda of Wales married (1766) Christian VII, King of Denmark and Norway at the Royal Chapel at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen, Denmark

George III, King of the United Kingdom (son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and grandson of George II) married (1761) Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace in London, England

• Frederick, Duke of York married (1791) Frederica of Prussia at Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin, Prussia now in Germany
• Charlotte, Princess Royal married (1797) Friedrich I, King of Württemberg at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace in London, England
• Edward, Duke of Kent married (1818) Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld at the Schloss Ehrenburg in Coburg in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (now in Germany)
• Elizabeth married (1818) Friedrich, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg in the private chapel at the Queen’s House (now Buckingham Palace) in London, England
• Ernest Augustus I, King of Hanover, Duke of Cumberland married (1815) Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz at the Palace of Neustrelitz in Neustrelitz in the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (now in Germany)
• Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex married twice, both in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act of 1772; (1) married (1793) Lady Augusta Murray at St. George’s Church, Hanover Square, in London, England (2) married (1831) Lady Cecilia Buggin at Great Cumberland Place in London, England
• Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge married (1818) Augusta of Hesse-Kassel in Hesse-Kassel

George IV, King of the United Kingdom (son of George III) married (1795) Caroline of Brunswick at the Chapel Royal in St. James’ Palace in London, England

• Charlotte of Wales married (1816) Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (future King Leopold I of the Belgians) in the Crimson Drawing Room at Carlton House in London, England (Charlotte, along with her baby, died a year later due to childbirth complications)

William IV, King of the United Kingdom (son of George III) married (1818) Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen at Kew Palace in London, England

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Works Cited

• Ashdown, D. (1981). Royal Weddings. London: Robert Hale Limited.
• Fraser, F. (2004). Princesses: The Six Daughters of George III. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
• Genealogics.org. (2018). [online] Available at: http://www.genealogics.org [Accessed 2 Apr. 2018].
• Hibbert, C. (1998). George III. New York: Basic Books.
• Unofficial Royalty. (2018). Unofficial Royalty. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com [Accessed 2 Apr. 2018]. (Hanover articles)
• Van Der Kiste, J. (1992). George III’s Children. Trowbridge: Sutton Publishing.
• Van Der Kiste, J. (2000). The Georgian Princesses. Sparkford: Sutton Publishing.
• Wikipedia. (2018). Main Page. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/ [Accessed 2 Apr. 2018].  (for wedding venue and genealogy information)