Adolphus FitzClarence, Illegitimate Son of King William IV of the United Kingdom

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

Adolphus FitzClarence as a young Royal Navy officer; Credit – Wikipedia

Adolphus FitzClarence was born on February 18, 1802, at Bushy House in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. He was the fifth of the ten children and the third of the five sons of the future King William IV of the United Kingdom and his mistress Dorothea Jordan. Adolphus’ paternal grandparents were King George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Francis Bland, a stagehand, and his mistress Grace Phillips, an actress, were his maternal grandparents.

From 1790 until 1811, before he became king, King William IV of the United Kingdom had a long-term relationship with actress Dorothea Jordan. Their relationship resulted in ten children who were given the surname FitzClarence. The surname comes from the Anglo-Norman word  Fitz, meaning “son of” and Clarence, from King William IV’s title before he became king, Duke of Clarence.

Dorothea Jordan was born Dorothea Bland was born in County Waterford, Ireland, the daughter of Francis Bland, a stagehand, and his mistress Grace Phillips, an actress. Her mother encouraged Dorothea to enter the theater, and within a few years, she began to draw large crowds for her performances. She left Ireland in 1782 and moved to Leeds, England. It was at this point that she took the name Jordan. She performed for three years with the York Company, before being lured away in 1785 to move to the Royal Theatre, Drury Lane in London. By then, Dorothea was becoming a very popular performer and could be counted on to bring large crowds every night. It was at Drury Lane that her life would come to the attention of The Duke of Clarence several years later.


Adolphus’ parents The Duke of Clarence (later King William IV) and Dorothea Jordan; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1790, Dorothea was first noticed by The Duke of Clarence (later King William IV) while performing at Drury Lane. They quickly began an affair that would last for the next 21 years. Dorothea moved in with the Duke at his home, Clarence Lodge in Roehampton, London, England and later they moved to Bushy House in Bushy Park in Richmond upon Thames, London, England.

Bushy House, Adolphus’ birthplace; By Stephen Williams, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12574949

In 1797, King George III of the United Kingdom appointed his third son William, then Duke of Clarence, the ranger of Bushy Park. The position came with the residence Bushy House in Bushy Park. William and Dorothea lived there with their ten children until their relationship ended in 1811. William continued living there with his children and later with his wife Adelaide Saxe-Meinigen after they married in 1818.

The children of King William IV and Dorothea Jordan had an elder half-brother, William Henry Courtney, born around 1788 to an unknown mother, and named after his father whose given names were William Henry. Dorothea Jordan cared for William Henry, and she was fond of him and he was fond of her. William Henry served in the Royal Navy from 1803 until 1807 when his ship HMS Blenheim was lost in a gale off Madagascar. Despite an extensive search, no trace of the ship was ever found. 590 men were lost aboard HMS Blenheim, including King William IV’s eldest illegitimate son nineteen-year-old William Henry Courtney.

Nine of the ten children of King William IV and Dorothea Jordan were named after nine of William’s fourteen siblings. That one child was named Henry, William IV’s middle name.

Adolphus’ nine siblings:

William and Dorothea’s children married into the British aristocracy and their many descendants include some notable people including sisters Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife and Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk (granddaughters of King Edward VII and daughters of Princess Louise, Princess Royal and Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife, a descendant of Dorothea Jordan and King William IV), Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich (British diplomat, Cabinet member, author), John Crichton-Stuart, 7th Marquess of Bute (also known as Johnny Dumfries, racing driver), and David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

By 1811, William was pressured by his family to find a suitable wife. At the time he was fourth in line for the throne following his elder brother The Prince of Wales, the future King George IV, George’s only child Princess Charlotte of Wales, and George’s next oldest brother who was childless Prince Frederick, Duke of York. William gave in to the pressure and ended his relationship with Dorothea but ensured she was well provided for. William became closer to the throne when his niece Princess Charlotte died in 1817 giving birth to a stillborn son. When King George IV died in 1830, William succeeded to the throne. Although William had ten children with Dorothea Jordan, his marriage with Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen produced no surviving children. King William IV was succeeded by his niece Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria had relationships with her first cousins, King William IV’s illegitimate children. They are mentioned in Queen Victoria’s diaries when visiting Windsor Castle.

Adolphus and his siblings had little contact with their mother Dorothea Jordan after 1811 when their father ended his relationship with her. After losing much of her savings when her daughter Augusta and her husband ran up large debts in her name, Dorothea’s health quickly began to decline. Virtually penniless, Dorothea Jordan died in Saint-Cloud, France on July 5, 1816, at the age of 54. She is buried in the local cemetery in Saint-Cloud.

After attending a boarding school in Sunbury-on-Thames, England, in 1812, twelve-year-old Adolphus joined the Royal Navy, where he had a career and attained the rank of Rear Admiral. He first served on the HMS Impregnable, the flagship of his father, then The Duke of Clarence, who also had a naval career. The HMS Impregnable was involved in the Napoleonic Wars (1803 – 1815). Adolphus then served as a Midshipman aboard the HMS Newcastle which participated in the War of 1812. The HMS Newcastle captured an American privateer en route to the United States and participated in the blockade of the 44-gun frigate USS Constitution in Boston harbor. In April 1821, Adolphus was commissioned as a Lieutenant and transferred to the HMS Euryalus. After being promoted to Commander in 1823, Adolphus served aboard the HMS Brisk and HMS Redwing in the North Sea. In December 1824, Adolphus was promoted to Captain. He received his first command in 1826, becoming Captain of HMS Ariadne. In 1827, he commanded HMS Challenger, and in 1828, HMS Pallas.

When his father King William IV acceded to the throne in 1830, Adolphus was given command of the Royal Yacht HMY Royal George. The same year, his father appointed him Groom of the Robes and in 1833, he was appointed Lord of the Bedchamber. In 1837, his father died and his Adolphus’ first cousin Queen Victoria came to the throne. Victoria allowed Adolphus to keep the command of the Royal Yacht. In her diary, Queen Victoria recorded that upon hearing he would keep the command, Adolphus burst into tears and said that this was unexpected and that he had not hoped for it. He held the command of the Royal Yacht until his promotion to Rear-Admiral of the Blue in 1853. In 1848, Adolphus became Naval Aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria.

Posthumous portrait of Adolphus wearing an admiral’s hat by Rosa Koberwein; Credit – Wikipedia

Fifty-four-year-old Adolphus FitzClarence suffered a paralytic seizure on or a few days before May 17, 1856, and died unmarried on May 18, 1856, at Newburgh Priory in Coxwold, North Yorkshire, England, the home of Sir George Orby Wombwell, 4th Baronet. He was buried in a vault under the chancel of St. Michael’s Church in Coxwold, North Yorkshire, England. Adolphus’ assets were not enough to pay his debts and funeral expenses. Queen Victoria wrote in her diary on May 19, 1856, “Poor Ld Adolphus FitzClarence of whose paralytic seizure we heard on the 17th, died yesterday evening. We are truly sorry as he was very good natured & kind hearted, but he positively killed himself by living too well. He was only 54, although he looked quite 10 or 12 years older.”

Memorial to Adolphus erected by “a few sincere friends and relatives at St. Michael’s Church in Coxwold, North Yorkshire, England; Credit – www.findagrave.com

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