by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2019

King Henry VIII of England (1491 – 1547)

(All photos credits – Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)

King Henry VIII was the third child and the second son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. His paternal grandparents were Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond and Lady Margaret Beaufort. His maternal grandparents were King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville. Henry and his siblings represented the merging of the Lancasters and the Yorks who fought for power during the Wars of the Roses. By 1483, Henry VIII’s father, Henry Tudor, was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining. Henry VIII’s mother, Elizabeth of York, was the eldest daughter of the Yorkist King Edward IV.

Upon the death of his elder brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, eleven-year-old Henry became the heir to the throne. He succeeded to the throne at the age of 17 upon the death of his father. Henry is renowned for having six wives: Catherine of Aragon (divorced, mother of Queen Mary I), Anne Boleyn (beheaded, mother of Queen Elizabeth I), Jane Seymour (died due to childbirth complications, mother of King Edward VI), Anne of Cleves (divorced), Catherine Howard (beheaded), and Catherine Parr (survived).

Perhaps the most consequential event of Henry VIII’s reign was his break with the Roman Catholic Church which was to lead to the Protestant Reformation in England and the establishment of the Church of England.

Henry VIII has no paternal aunts and uncles because his father King Henry VII had no siblings. Therefore, King Henry VIII had no paternal first cousins. Henry shared his cousins with his siblings Arthur, Prince of Wales; Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots; Mary Tudor, Queen of France, Duchess of Suffolk and Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset; and Katherine Tudor who both died in infancy.

• Unofficial Royalty: King Henry VIII of England

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Maternal Aunts and Uncles of King Henry VIII: Children of King Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville

• Elizabeth of York (1466 – 1503), married King Henry VII of England, had issue
• Mary of York (1467 – 1482), unmarried
• Cecily of York (1469 – 1507); married (1) Ralph Scrope of Upsall, no issue, marriage annulled; (2) John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles, had issue, died young; (3) Sir Thomas Kyme, possible issue
• King Edward V of England (1470 – c. 1483); briefly succeeded his father, as King Edward V of England, was the elder of the Princes in the Tower
• Margaret of York (born and died 1472)
• Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York (1473 – c. 1483), was the younger of the Princes in the Tower
• Anne of York (1475 – 1511); married Thomas Howard (later 3rd Duke of Norfolk and uncle of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, King Henry VIII’s beheaded wives), had no surviving issue
• George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Bedford (1477 – 1479)
• Catherine of York (1479 – 1527); married William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon, had issue
• Bridget of York (1480 – 1517); became a nun

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Maternal First Cousins of King Henry VIII: Children of Cecily of York, Viscountess Welles and John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles

• Elizabeth Welles (circa 1489 – 1498), died in childhood
• Anne Welles (circa 1491 – circa 1499), died in childhood

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Maternal First Cousins of King Henry VIII: Children of Anne of York and Thomas Howard (later 3rd Duke of Norfolk)

• Thomas Howard (circa 1496 – 1508), died in childhood

Anne of York and Thomas Howard probably had four children but their only child known for certain was Thomas. Thomas Howard was childless upon Anne’s death so it is surmised all their children had died.

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Maternal First Cousins of King Henry VIII: Children of Catherine of York, Countess of Devon and William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon

Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter, 2nd Earl of Devon (circa 1498 – 1539)

When Henry VIII became king, his cousin Henry Courtenay became part of the circle of his personal friends and favorites. Henry became a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber which gave him unrestricted access to King Henry VIII. He was made a member of the Privy Council, a Knight of the Order of the Garter, the Constable of Windsor, and granted the title of Marquess of Exeter.

Henry first married Elizabeth Grey, Viscountess Lisle, the only child and sole heiress of John Grey, 2nd Viscount Lisle and Muriel Howard, daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. Elizabeth died soon after the marriage. Henry’s second marriage was to Gertrude Blount, daughter of William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy. The couple had two sons.

After the Reformation, Henry’s second wife Gertrude remained Catholic and Henry had Catholic leanings. In 1538, there was a supposed attempt to overthrow Henry VIII and replace him with Henry Courtenay. Thomas Cromwell, Henry VIII’s chief minister and Courtenay’s political rival, convinced Henry VIII that Courtenay was a part of it. There are strong suggestions that Cromwell exaggerated the conspiracy for political purposes. There is no evidence to suggest that Courtenay had the means to or intended to rebel against King Henry VIII. The charges brought against him were based on the correspondence he had with Cardinal Reginald Pole, a Yorkist claimant to the English throne, and the testimony of Reginald’s brother Geoffrey Pole, who was then pardoned of all wrong-doing. Reginald and Geoffrey’s mother was Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence and niece of King Edward IV and King Richard III

Henry Courtenay and his son Edward were both arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Henry was found guilty and executed by sword on Tower Hill. His titles and lands were forfeit. His son remained imprisoned for fifteen years until the accession of Queen Mary I when she ordered his release. 67-year-old Margaret Pole, a maternal first cousin once removed of King Henry VIII, was brutally executed for conducting supposed treasonable correspondence with her son Cardinal Pole after being imprisoned in the Tower of London for nearly three years.

• Wikipedia: Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter, 2nd Earl of Devon

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Edward Courtenay (circa 1497 – 1502), died in childhood

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Margaret Courtenay, Baroness Herbert (circa 1499 – before 1526)

Margaret married Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester, son of Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester and Elizabeth Herbert, 3rd Baroness Herbert but the marriage was childless. There is evidence that Margaret was in attendance to her four-year-old first cousin once removed Mary, the future Queen Mary I, in 1520. Margaret appears to have died in the 1520s but there is no specific date.

• Wikipedia: Margaret Courtenay, Baroness Herbert

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This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

• • Lundy, D. (2019). Main Page. [online] Thepeerage.com. Available at: http://www.thepeerage.com/. (for genealogy information)
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2019). Unofficial Royalty. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com. (for biographical and genealogy information)
  • Wikipedia. (2019). Main Page. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/.  (for biographical and genealogy information)

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2019

King Edward VI of England (1537 – 1553)

(All photos credits – Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)

King Henry VIII finally got his long-awaited male heir, the future King Edward VI, via his third wife Jane Seymour who died twelve days after her son’s birth, most likely from puerperal fever or childbed fever, a bacterial infection. Edward VI’s paternal grandparents were King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, the eldest child of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville. His maternal grandparents were Sir John Seymour of Wolf Hall and Margery Wentworth.

Edward was well educated by tutors who were among the greatest scholars in England. These tutors not only gave Edward a strong education, but they also imparted to him the tenets of the Protestant Reformation that had swept through Germany and the Netherlands. Nine-year-old Edward succeeded his father upon his death in 1547. Edward VI’s maternal uncle Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset was made Lord Protector of the Realm and Governor of the King’s Person. With this new position, Edward Seymour had almost regal power.

Edward Seymour’s younger brother Thomas Seymour, who had married Henry VIII’s widow Catherine Parr (who died after childbirth in 1548), was embittered over the power his older brother had and demanded a share of the power. In March 1549, Thomas was arrested on various charges and beheaded for treason.

Seven months later, Edward Seymour became aware that his rule as Lord Protector was being threatened. Seymour took possession of his nephew, and then went to the safety of the fortified Windsor Castle, where Edward VI wrote, “Me thinks I am in prison.” Seymour was arrested and eventually executed. John Dudley, Earl of Warwick (later 1st Duke of Northumberland and Lady Jane Grey‘s father-in-law (who would lose his head due to his involvement in Lady Jane’s succession to the throne) became the leader of the Regency Council and Lord Protector.

During the reign of King Edward VI, the English Protestant Reformation advanced with the approval and encouragement of Edward VI. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (who was to be burned for heresy under the reign of Queen Mary I) wrote and compiled the first two editions of the Book of Common Prayer, a complete liturgy for the English Church which is still used. Cranmer also revised canon law and prepared a doctrinal statement, the Thirty-Nine Articles, to clarify the practice of the reformed religion.

In January 1553, King Edward became ill with a fever and cough that gradually worsened. It is probable that he had tuberculosis. By May 1553, the royal doctors had no hope that the king would recover and John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland and Lord Protector, became to scheme for a succession that would benefit him. The powerful Duke of Northumberland thought marrying one of his sons to Lady Jane Grey would be a good idea and Lord Guildford Dudley, the fifth surviving son of the Duke of Northumberland married Lady Jane Grey.

King Edward VI’s death and the succession of his Catholic half-sister Mary would spell trouble for the English Reformation. What exact role the Duke of Northumberland had in what followed is still debated, but surely he played a big part in the unfolding of what happened. King Edward composed a document “My devise for the succession” in which he passed over his half-sisters and the Duchess of Suffolk (Frances Brandon, the elder surviving daughter of Mary Tudor, the younger surviving daughter of King Henry VII). Edward meant for the throne to go to the Duchess’ daughters and their male heirs.

After great suffering, fifteen-year-old King Edward VI died. Lady Jane Grey was told that she was Queen, and reluctantly accepted the fact. However, the Privy Council switched their allegiance from Jane to Edward’s sister Mary and proclaimed her Queen. Mary arrived triumphantly into London accompanied by her half-sister Elizabeth and a procession of over 800 nobles and gentlemen. Ultimately, Lady Jane Grey, her husband, her father and her father-in-law would all lose their heads.

Edward shared his paternal first cousins with his half-sisters Queen Mary I of England and Queen Elizabeth I of England.

• Unofficial Royalty: King Edward VI of England

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Paternal Aunts and Uncles of Edward VI of England: Children of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York

• Arthur, Prince of Wales (1486 – 1502), married Catherine of Aragon, no children
• Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots (1489 – 1541), married (1) James IV, King of Scotland, had four sons but the only surviving one was King James V of Scotland; (2) Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, had one daughter; (3) Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven, no surviving children
• Elizabeth Tudor (1492 – 1495), died in childhood
• Mary Tudor, Queen of France, Duchess of Suffolk (1496 – 1533), married (1) Louis XII, King of France, no children; (2) Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, had two sons and two daughters
• Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset (1499 – 1500), died in infancy
• Katherine Tudor (born and died February 1503), her mother Elizabeth of York died as a result of Katherine’s birth

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Maternal Aunts and Uncles of King Edward VI of England: Children of Sir John Seymour and Margery Wentworth

• Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector (circa 1500 – 1552), married (1) Catherine Fillol, had two sons (2) Anne Stanhope, had four sons and six daughters
• Sir Henry Seymour (1503 – 1578) married Barbara Morgan, had three sons and seven daughters
• John Seymour (1504 – 1510), died in childhood
• Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley (circa 1508 – 1549) married Catherine Parr, sixth wife and widow of King Henry VIII, had one daughter Mary; Catherine died due to childbirth complications, and there is no mention of Mary after her second birthday
• Anthony Seymour (died circa 1528)
• Elizabeth Seymour (circa 1518 – 1568), married (1) Sir Anthony Ughtred, had two sons (2) Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell of Oakham, son of Thomas Cromwell, chief minister of King Henry VIII, had three sons and two daughters (3) John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester, no children
• Margery Seymour (died circa 1528)
• Dorothy Seymour (born circa 1519) married (1) Sir Clement Smith, had four daughters and three sons (2) Thomas Leventhorpe of Shingle Hall, no children

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PATERNAL FIRST COUSINS

Paternal First Cousins of Edward VI of England: Children of Margaret Tudor and James IV, King of Scotland

James, Duke of Rothesay (1507 – 1508)

James was born at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was styled Duke of Rothesay, the title held by the eldest son of the King of Scots who is also the heir apparent. James died at Stirling Castle in Stirling, Scotland six days after his first birthday.

• Wikipedia: James, Duke of Rothesay

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Arthur, Duke of Rothesay (1509 – 1510)

Arthur was born at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland. As his elder brother had died, he was the eldest son of the King of Scots and the heir apparent, so he was styled Duke of Rothesay. He died when he was eight months old at Edinburgh Castle in Edinburgh, Scotland.

• Wikipedia: Arthur, Duke of Rothesay

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James V, King of Scots (1512 – 1542)

Born at Linlithgow Palace in Linlithgowshire, Scotland, at his birth, James became Duke of Rothesay, the traditional title of the eldest son of the King of Scots as his two elder brothers James and Arthur had died in infancy. His 30-year-old father James IV was killed at the Battle of Flodden and 17-month-old James succeeded his father as James V, King of Scots.

James married 16-year-old Madeleine of Valois, daughter of King François I of France. Madeleine, who was sickly since her birth, had developed tuberculosis. Six months after the wedding and just two months after arriving in Scotland, Madeleine died. Less than a year after the death of his first wife, James V married again to Marie of Guise, the eldest daughter of Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, head of the House of Guise. James V and Marie had two sons and one daughter, but their sons died in infancy.

After a disastrous defeat of the Scots army by the English army at the Battle of Solway Moss, James V fled to Falkland Palace in Fife, Scotland where he became ill and took to his bed. Overcome with grief and shame about the Battle of Solway Moss, James V lost the will to live. The news that Marie of Guise had given birth to a daughter did nothing to raise his spirits. 30-year-old James V, King of Scots died and was succeeded by his only surviving, legitimate child, six-day-old Mary, Queen of Scots.

• Unofficial Royalty: James V, King of Scots

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Alexander, Duke of Ross (1514 – 1515)

Alexander was born at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland, seven months after the death of his father King James IV at the Battle of Flodden. He died four months short of his second birthday at Stirling Castle in Stirling, Scotland.

• Wikipedia: Alexander, Duke of Ross

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Paternal First Cousins of Edward VI of England: Child of Margaret Tudor and her second husband Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus

Lady Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox (1515 – 1578)

Margaret was the only child of Margaret Tudor and the second of her three husbands, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus.  Prior to her birth, Margaret’s parents left Scotland for England because of difficulties her father was having in Scotland, and so, Margaret was born in England. She was brought up in England with her cousin Mary, the future Queen Mary I. The two cousins remained close to each other their whole lives.  Margaret married a Scottish exile, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox. The couple had several children but only two sons survived childhood. Their elder son Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley was the second of the three husbands of his first cousin Mary, Queen of Scots. Their only child was James VI, King of Scots who succeeded Queen Elizabeth I of England as James I, King of England. Through her grandson King James I, Margaret is an ancestor of the British royal family and many other European royal families. When Margaret died, she was given a grand funeral by her cousin Queen Elizabeth I and was buried at Westminster Abbey where a beautiful tomb was erected, most likely by her grandson King James I, in the same chapel where James later erected a tomb for his mother Mary, Queen of Scots.

• Wikipedia: Lady Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox

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Paternal First Cousins of Edward VI of England: Children of Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk

Henry Brandon (1516 – 1522), died in childhood

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Lady Frances Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk (1517 – 1559)

Although Frances and her siblings were only the children of a duke, they had their mother’s royal blood. They were the grandchildren of King Henry VII of England and the nieces and nephews of King Henry VIII of England, and therefore had claims to the English throne. Frances married Henry Grey, 3rd Marquess of Dorset, later Duke of Suffolk. They had a son and a daughter who both died young and then had three daughters including Lady Jane Grey. As the niece of King Henry VIII, Frances was one of the highest-ranking women at court and often took on ceremonial duties. When Henry VIII died, his only son and Frances’ first cousin, succeeded him as King Edward VI.

Edward VI was sickly and probably had tuberculosis. His reign would only last six years. Edward VI’s death and the succession of his Catholic half-sister Mary would spell trouble for the English Reformation. Edward opposed his half-sister Mary’s succession not only for religious reasons but also because he believed her to be illegitimate and his belief in male succession. He also opposed the succession of his half-sister Elizabeth for reasons of illegitimacy and belief in male succession. King Edward VI composed a document “My devise for the succession” in which he passed over his half-sisters and Frances. Edward meant for the throne to go to the Frances’ daughters and their male heirs. After great suffering, fifteen-year-old King Edward VI died and Frances’ eldest daughter Lady Jane Grey was told that she was queen, and reluctantly accepted the fact. Jane’s reign lasted only nine days. Henry VIII’s elder daughter and Jane’s first cousin Mary gathered an army and marched on London. In the aftermath, among those executed were Frances’ husband, her daughter Jane, and Jane’s husband Lord Guildford Dudley.

Frances’ life was now in ruins. Because her husband was a traitor, all his possessions reverted to the Crown. Frances managed to plead with her cousin Queen Mary I to show mercy. Mary agreed that some of the Duke of Suffolk’s property could remain with the family. Frances married her Master of the Horse Adrian Stokes and they had two stillborn children and a daughter who died in infancy. Frances, aged 42, died during the reign of her first cousin Queen Elizabeth I who paid the cost of her funeral. She was buried at Westminster Abbey. Four years later, her widower Adrian Stokes had a beautiful tomb and effigy placed over her grave.

• Unofficial Royalty: Lady Frances Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk

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Lady Eleanor Brandon, Countess of Cumberland (1519 – 1547)

Eleanor married Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland. Eleanor’s uncle King Henry VIII attended her wedding. Eleanor and her husband had two sons who did not survive infancy and one daughter Lady Margaret Clifford. Eleanor received the honor of being chief mourner at the funeral of Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII’s first wife.

• Wikipedia: Lady Eleanor Brandon, Countess of Cumberland

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Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln (circa 1523 – 1534)

Henry was created Earl of Lincoln by his uncle Henry VIII when he was two-years-old. He died when he was ten or eleven years old.

• Wikipedia: Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln

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MATERNAL FIRST COUSINS

Maternal First Cousins of King Edward VI of England: Children of, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector and his first wife Catherine Fillol

John Seymour (1527 – 1552)

Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset’s two sons by his first wife remained loyal to their father and Jon was imprisoned in the Tower of London with him where he died after being imprisoned for three years. All of his lands had been taken from him but he successfully petitioned for the restoration of his inheritance from his mother. However, his mother’s lands had been sold so in compensation he received the lands of a granted to his father at the Dissolution of the Monasteries by King Henry VIII, which had descended to his half-siblings. At his death, John’s estate was left to his younger brother Lord Edward Seymour.

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Lord Edward Seymour (1529 – 1593)

After the death of Lord Edward’s mother, his father Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset married Anne Stanhope and they had ten children. Probably influenced by his second wife, the Duke of Somerset had declared the two sons of the first marriage declared illegitimate because of his first wife’s suspected adultery. His titles and properties would then pass directly to the children of his second marriage.

Lord Edward, however, did benefit from appointments granted to him by his father, who became increasingly powerful and influential with his appointment as Lord Protector. However, the lust for power of his father and uncle Thomas Seymour did not affect Lord Edward and he did not become involved in their intrigues and plotting which caused their death sentence for treason.

Lord Edward married Margaret Walshe, a daughter and co-heiress of John Walshe of Cathanger, a Justice of the Common Pleas and a Member of Parliament. They had one son Sir Edward Seymour, 1st Baronet. Eventually, Lord Edward’s descendants were granted the title denied him centuries before. When the last descendant of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset and his second wife Anne Stanhope died in 1750 without children. The title of Duke of Somerset then passed to the descendants of Lord Edward and the current Duke of Somerset is his descendant.

• Wikipedia: Lord Edward Seymour

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Maternal First Cousins of King Edward VI of England: Children of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector and second wife Anne Stanhope

Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp of Hache (1537 – 1539)

Edward was known by one of his father’s subsidiary titles. He died when he was two-years-old.

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Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (1539 – 1621)

Edward was educated with his cousin Edward VI and was knighted on Edward VI’s coronation day. After his father was executed, Edward was barred from inheriting his titles and his estate. However, his cousin King Edward VI did restore some lands to him and Queen Elizabeth I created him Earl of Hertford.

Edward married Lady Catherine Grey, a younger sister of Lady Jane Grey without the approval of Queen Elizabeth I. Because Lady Catherine was in the line of succession to the throne as a descendant of Mary Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII, her marriage needed approval from Queen Elizabeth I. Both Edward and Catherine were confined to the Tower of London. While imprisoned in the Tower of London, Catherine gave birth to two sons. The marriage was annulled and Edward and Catherine were censured as fornicators by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Their sons were declared illegitimate and therefore, not eligible to succeed to the throne. However, this did not stop them from being courted as potential heirs to the throne. After the birth of their second child, Queen Elizabeth I ordered the couple to permanently separate. Catherine died of tuberculosis several years later.

Edward married secretly again two more times but both marriages were childless. His second marriage to Frances Howard was kept a secret for nearly ten years. Edward attempted to have this marriage set aside, still hoping to have his sons by Catherine declared legitimate. He was once again arrested and Frances died.

His third wife was the wealthy widow Frances Prannell, forty years younger than Edward. She had also been born Frances Howard, the daughter of Thomas Howard, 1st Viscount Howard of Bindon who was the son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk. The marriage was performed in secret by Thomas Montfort without banns or license and Monfort was suspended for three years from his clergy position. The marriage lasted twenty years, until Edward’s death.

• Wikipedia: Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford

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Lady Anne Seymour, Countess of Warwick (1538 – 1588)

Lady Anne married John Dudley, 2nd Earl of Warwick, the son and heir of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, who lost his head because of the Lady Jane Grey incident. Her husband was imprisoned in the Tower of London with his father. He was eventually released but died a few days later due to illness. Lady Anne’s second husband was Sir Edward Unton, a Member of Parliament with whom she had two sons. She suffered from mental illness and was placed in the custody of one of her sons. Anne along with her sisters Jane and Margaret wrote a poem called Hecatodistichon upon the death of Marguerite, wife of King Henri III of Navarre and the sister of King François I of France. The poem was the only work by Englishwomen published in Latin in the 16th century, and the only work by any Englishwomen published in any language before the 1560s.

• Wikipedia: Lady Anne Seymour, Countess of Warwick

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Lord Henry Seymour (1540 – 1588)

Lord Henry was a naval commander during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. In his position as Admiral of the Narrow Seas, he took part in the Battle of Gravelines against the Spanish Armada. He married Lady Joan Percy, daughter of Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland.

• Wikipedia: Lord Henry Seymour

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Lady Margaret Seymour (born 1540)

Lady Margaret, along with her sisters Anne and Jane wrote a poem called Hecatodistichon upon the death of Marguerite, wife of King Henri III of Navarre and the sister of King François I of France. The poem was the only work by Englishwomen published in Latin in the 16th century, and the only work by any Englishwomen published in any language before the 1560s.

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Lady Jane Seymour (1541 – 1561)

Lady Jane, along with her sisters Anne and Margaret wrote a poem called Hecatodistichon upon the death of Marguerite, wife of King Henri III of Navarre and the sister of King François I of France. The poem was the only work by Englishwomen published in Latin in the 16th century, and the only work by any Englishwomen published in any language before the 1560s.

Lady Jane served as a Maid of Honor to Queen Elizabeth I. She was the only witness to the secret marriage of her brother Edward and Lady Catherine Grey but she died of tuberculosis at the age of 20 before the marriage was discovered.

• Wikipedia: Lady Jane Seymour

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Lady Catherine Seymour (1548–1625)

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Lord Edward Seymour (1548 – 1574), unmarried

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Lady Mary Seymour (born 1552)

Lady Mary married Andrew Rogers, a Member of Parliament but the marriage was childless. Her second husband was Sir Henry Peyton.

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Lady Elizabeth Seymour (1552 – 1602)

Lady Elizabeth married Sir Richard Knightley of Fawsley Hall and had seven sons and seven daughters.

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Maternal First Cousins of King Edward VI of England: Children of Sir Henry Seymour and Barbara Morgan

• Sir John Seymour, married Susan Powlett, had three sons
• Jane Seymour (died 1634), married Sir John Rodney of Stoke Rodney, had sixteen children but only four sons and three daughters survived

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Maternal First Cousins of King Edward VI of England: Children of Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley and Catherine Parr, Queen of England

Mary Seymour (1548 – circa 1550)

Mary was born at Sudley Castle in Gloucestershire, England. Although her mother, Catherine Parr, the widow of King Henry VIII, had been married four times, Mary was her only child. Tragically Catherine died six days after Mary’s birth of puerperal fever or childbed fever. Her daughter Mary Seymour appears to have died young. Six months after Catherine’s death, Thomas Seymour was beheaded for treason.

• Wikipedia: Mary Seymour

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Maternal First Cousins of King Edward VI of England: Children of Elizabeth Seymour and her first husband Sir Anthony Ughtred

Sir Henry Ughtred (1533 – 1598)

Sir Henry was a Member of Parliament, a shipowner, and shipbuilder. He married Elizabeth Paulet, daughter of John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester. After his first wife died, Sir Henry married again but the name of his second wife is unknown.

• Wikipedia: Sir Henry Ughtred

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Margery Ughtred (born circa 1535)

Margery married William Hungate of Burnby, Yorkshire

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Maternal First Cousins: Children of Elizabeth Seymour and her second husband Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell of Oakham, son of Thomas Cromwell, chief minister of King Henry VIII

Henry Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell, (1538 – 1592)

Henry married Mary Paulet, daughter of John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester and had two sons and one daughter.

• Wikipedia: Henry Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell

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Edward Cromwell (born 1539), died young

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Thomas Cromwell, (circa 1540 – 1611)

Thomas was he was educated at St John’s College, Cambridge. He married Katherine Gardner and had five sons and four daughters. He was a Member of Parliament. His diaries of proceedings in the House of Commons are an important source for historians of parliamentary history.

• Wikipedia: Thomas Cromwell

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Catherine Cromwell (circa 1541 – ? )

Catherine married Sir John Strode of Parnham, Dorset.

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Frances Cromwell (circa 1544 – 1562)

Frances married Richard Strode of Newnham, Devon.

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Maternal First Cousins of King Edward VI of England: Children of Dorothy Seymour and Sir Clement Smyth

• Bennett Smyth
• Clement Smyth
• Anne Smyth
• Dorothy Smyth
• Mabel Smyth
• Grace Smyth
• John Smyth (born 1531)

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This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

• • Lundy, D. (2019). Main Page. [online] Thepeerage.com. Available at: http://www.thepeerage.com/. (for genealogy information)
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2019). Unofficial Royalty. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com. (for biographical and genealogy information)
  • Wikipedia. (2019). Main Page. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/.  (for biographical and genealogy information)

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2019

Queen Mary of England (1516 – 1558)

(All photos credits – Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)

Mary was the only child of King Henry VIII of England and his first of six wives, Catherine of Aragon, to survive infancy. Her paternal grandparents were King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, the eldest child of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville. Mary’s maternal grandparents The Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.

Mary was well educated and studied Greek, Latin, French, Italian, science, and music but her father was disappointed that Mary was not a male. By the time Mary’s mother Catherine of Aragon turned 40, it was very unlikely that she would produce the male heir that Henry yearned for. Ultimately, Henry broke with the Vatican, formed the Church of England and had his marriage with Catherine declared null and void. Catherine was banished from the court and was forbidden to see her daughter Mary. Mary was forced into acknowledging, at least outwardly, that her father was the Head of the Church of England but throughout her life, Mary remained true to the Roman Catholic Church.

Through the influence of Catherine Parr, Henry VIII’s sixth and final wife, the family was drawn closer together. Catherine Parr was influential in Henry’s passing of the Third Succession Act in 1543 which restored both his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession to the throne. King Henry VIII died in 1547 and was succeeded by his 9-year-old son as King Edward VI. Henry’s three children remained on friendly terms despite their great differences in age and religious belief.

As 15-year-old King Edward VI lay dying, probably of tuberculosis, many feared that Edward VI’s death and the succession of his Catholic half-sister Mary would spell trouble for the English Reformation. Edward opposed his half-sister Mary’s succession not only for religious reasons but also because he believed her to be illegitimate and his belief in male succession. He also opposed the succession of his half-sister Elizabeth for reasons of illegitimacy and belief in male succession. King Edward VI composed a document “My devise for the succession” in which he passed over his half-sisters and his cousin Frances Brandon, the daughter of Mary Tudor. Edward meant for the throne to go to Frances’ daughters and their male heirs. After great suffering, fifteen-year-old King Edward VI died and Frances’ eldest daughter Lady Jane Grey was told that she was queen, and reluctantly accepted the fact. Jane’s reign lasted only nine days. Henry VIII’s elder daughter and Jane’s first cousin Mary gathered an army and marched on London. In the aftermath, among those executed were Frances’ husband, her daughter Jane, and Jane’s husband Guilford Dudley.

Mary was 37, and it was vital that she marry and produce a Catholic heir to supplant her Protestant sister Elizabeth. Mary married Philip of Spain (later King Philip II of Spain), the only son of Mary’s first cousin Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Philip was eleven years younger than Mary and he found her repugnant. Mary had a phantom pregnancy, Philip came and went from England and finally left for good after three years of marriage.

Throughout her reign, Mary was steadfast in her determination to restore the Roman Catholic religion to England. During Mary’s reign, nearly 300 Protestants were burned at the stake for heresy. Included in this number were the famous three Oxford Martyrs: Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury; Hugh Latimer, Bishop of Worcester; and Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London.

Mary shared her paternal first cousins with her half-siblings Queen Elizabeth I of England, who succeeded her, and King Edward VI of England.

• Unofficial Royalty: Queen Mary I of England

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Paternal Aunts and Uncles of Queen Mary I of England: Children of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York

• Arthur, Prince of Wales (1486 – 1502), married Catherine of Aragon, no children
• Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots (1489 – 1541), married (1) James IV, King of Scotland, had four sons bot the only surviving one was King James V of Scotland; (2) Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, had one daughter; (3) Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven, no surviving children
• Elizabeth Tudor (1492 – 1495), died in childhood
• Mary Tudor, Queen of France, Duchess of Suffolk (1496 – 1533), married (1) Louis XII, King of France, no children; (2) Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, had two sons and two daughters
• Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset (1499 – 1500), died in infancy
• Katherine Tudor (born and died February 1503), her mother Elizabeth of York died as a result of Katherine’s birth

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Maternal Aunts and Uncles of Queen Mary I of England: Children of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile

• Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (1470 – 1498), married (1) Prince Afonso of Portugal, no children (2) King Manuel I of Portugal, had one son
• Juan, Prince of Asturias (1478 – 1497), married Margaret of Austria, no children
• Juana I, Queen of Castile, Queen of Aragon (1479 – 1555), married Philip of Habsburg, son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary, Duchess of Burgundy; had four daughters and two sons, all of whom were kings/emperors or queen consorts
• Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (1482–1517), married King Manuel I of Portugal, widower of her elder sister Isabella; had six sons and two daughters

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PATERNAL FIRST COUSINS

Paternal First Cousins of Queen Mary I of England: Children of Margaret Tudor and James IV, King of Scotland

James, Duke of Rothesay (1507 – 1508)

James was born at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was styled Duke of Rothesay, the title held by the eldest son of the King of Scots who is also the heir apparent. James died at Stirling Castle in Stirling, Scotland six days after his first birthday.

• Wikipedia: James, Duke of Rothesay

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Arthur, Duke of Rothesay (1509 – 1510)

Arthur was born at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland. As his elder brother had died, he was the eldest son of the King of Scots and the heir apparent, so he was styled Duke of Rothesay. He died when he was eight months old at Edinburgh Castle in Edinburgh, Scotland.

• Wikipedia: Arthur, Duke of Rothesay

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James V, King of Scots (1512 – 1542)

Born at Linlithgow Palace in Linlithgowshire, Scotland, at his birth, James became Duke of Rothesay, the traditional title of the eldest son of the King of Scots as his two elder brothers James and Arthur had died in infancy. His 30-year-old father James IV was killed at the Battle of Flodden and 17-month-old James succeeded his father as James V, King of Scots.

James married 16-year-old Madeleine of Valois, daughter of King François I of France. Madeleine, who was sickly since her birth, had developed tuberculosis. Six months after the wedding and just two months after arriving in Scotland, Madeleine died. Less than a year after the death of his first wife, James V married again to Marie of Guise, the eldest daughter of Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, head of the House of Guise. James V and Marie had two sons and one daughter, but their sons died in infancy.

After a disastrous defeat of the Scots army by the English army at the Battle of Solway Moss, James V fled to Falkland Palace in Fife, Scotland where he became ill and took to his bed. Overcome with grief and shame about the Battle of Solway Moss, James V lost the will to live. The news that Marie of Guise had given birth to a daughter did nothing to raise his spirits. 30-year-old James V, King of Scots died and was succeeded by his only surviving, legitimate child, six-day-old Mary, Queen of Scots.

• Unofficial Royalty: James V, King of Scots

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Alexander, Duke of Ross (1514 – 1515)

Alexander was born at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland, seven months after the death of his father King James IV at the Battle of Flodden. He died four months short of his second birthday at Stirling Castle in Stirling, Scotland.

• Wikipedia: Alexander, Duke of Ross

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Paternal First Cousins of Queen Mary I of England: Child of Margaret Tudor and her second husband Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus

Lady Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox (1515 – 1578)

Margaret was the only child of Margaret Tudor and the second of her three husbands, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus.  Prior to her birth, Margaret’s parents left Scotland for England because of difficulties her father was having in Scotland, and so, Margaret was born in England. She was brought up in England with her cousin Mary, the future Queen Mary I. The two cousins remained close to each other their whole lives.  Margaret married a Scottish exile, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox. The couple had several children but only two sons survived childhood. Their elder son Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley was the second of the three husbands of his first cousin Mary, Queen of Scots. Their only child was James VI, King of Scots who succeeded Queen Elizabeth I of England as James I, King of England. Through her grandson King James I, Margaret is an ancestor of the British royal family and many other European royal families. When Margaret died, she was given a grand funeral by her cousin Queen Elizabeth I and was buried at Westminster Abbey where a beautiful tomb was erected, most likely by her grandson King James I, in the same chapel where James later erected a tomb for his mother Mary, Queen of Scots.

• Wikipedia: Lady Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox

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Paternal First Cousins of Queen Mary I of England: Children of Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk

Henry Brandon (1516 – 1522), died in childhood

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Lady Frances Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk (1517 – 1559)

Although Frances and her siblings were only the children of a duke, they had their mother’s royal blood. They were the grandchildren of King Henry VII of England and the nieces and nephews of King Henry VIII of England, and therefore had claims to the English throne. Frances married Henry Grey, 3rd Marquess of Dorset, later Duke of Suffolk. They had a son and a daughter who both died young and then had three daughters including Lady Jane Grey. As the niece of King Henry VIII, Frances was one of the highest-ranking women at court and often took on ceremonial duties. When Henry VIII died, his only son and Frances’ first cousin, succeeded him as King Edward VI.

Edward VI was sickly and probably had tuberculosis. His reign would only last six years. Edward VI’s death and the succession of his Catholic half-sister Mary would spell trouble for the English Reformation. Edward opposed his half-sister Mary’s succession not only for religious reasons but also because he believed her to be illegitimate and his belief in male succession. He also opposed the succession of his half-sister Elizabeth for reasons of illegitimacy and belief in male succession. King Edward VI composed a document “My devise for the succession” in which he passed over his half-sisters and Frances. Edward meant for the throne to go to the Frances’ daughters and their male heirs. After great suffering, fifteen-year-old King Edward VI died and Frances’ eldest daughter Lady Jane Grey was told that she was queen, and reluctantly accepted the fact. Jane’s reign lasted only nine days. Henry VIII’s elder daughter and Jane’s first cousin Mary gathered an army and marched on London. In the aftermath, among those executed were Frances’ husband, her daughter Jane, and Jane’s husband Lord Guildford Dudley.

Frances’ life was now in ruins. Because her husband was a traitor, all his possessions reverted to the Crown. Frances managed to plead with her cousin Queen Mary I to show mercy. Mary agreed that some of the Duke of Suffolk’s property could remain with the family. Frances married her Master of the Horse Adrian Stokes and they had two stillborn children and a daughter who died in infancy. Frances, aged 42, died during the reign of her first cousin Queen Elizabeth I who paid the cost of her funeral. She was buried at Westminster Abbey. Four years later, her widower Adrian Stokes had a beautiful tomb and effigy placed over her grave.

• Unofficial Royalty: Lady Frances Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk

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Lady Eleanor Brandon, Countess of Cumberland (1519 – 1547)

Eleanor married Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland. Eleanor’s uncle King Henry VIII attended her wedding. Eleanor and her husband had two sons who did not survive infancy and one daughter Lady Margaret Clifford. Eleanor received the honor of being chief mourner at the funeral of Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII’s first wife.

• Wikipedia: Lady Eleanor Brandon, Countess of Cumberland

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Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln (circa 1523 – 1534)

Henry was created Earl of Lincoln by his uncle Henry VIII when he was two-years-old. He died when he was ten or eleven years old.

• Wikipedia: Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln

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MATERNAL FIRST COUSINS

Maternal First Cousins of Queen Mary I of England: Child of Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias, Queen of Portugal and King Manuel I of Portugal

Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Prince of Asturias (1498 – 1500)

Miguel’s mother, who was the heir presumptive to the thrones of Castile and Aragon, died giving birth to him. During his short life, he was heir to the thrones of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon and there were dreams of uniting the Iberian Peninsula into one kingdom. He died in the arms of his maternal grandmother Queen Isabella I of Castile, one month short of his second birthday. He was buried at the Capilla Real in Granada, where his maternal grandparents were also eventually buried.

• Wikipedia: Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Prince of Asturias

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Maternal First Cousins of Queen Mary I of England: Children of Juana I, Queen of Castile, Queen of Aragon and Philip of Habsburg (Philip I of Castile)

Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal, Queen of France (1498 – 1558)

Eleanor was the third wife of King Manuel of Portugal who had been previously married to two of Eleanor’s maternal aunts. They had one son who died in infancy and one daughter. Three years after her marriage, Eleanor became a widow when her husband died of the plague. She made a second marriage to King François I of France but the couple had no children. Eleanor’s second marriage was not really a happy one as François preferred his mistresses. However, she helped raise François’ daughters from his first marriage. After François’s death, Eleanor lived in Brussels with her brother Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. After Charles’ abdication, Charles and Eleanor went to their homeland of Spain where they spent the rest of their lives.

• Unofficial Royalty: Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal, Queen of France

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500 – 1558)

Charles was the heir of three of Europe’s leading dynasties: Valois of Burgundy, Habsburg of Austria, and Trastámara of Spain. He was the first to rule a unified Spain. As a Habsburg, he inherited Austria and other lands in central Europe and was also elected to succeed his grandfather Maximilian I as Holy Roman Emperor. Charles was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon), and Prince of the Habsburg Netherlands as Duke of Burgundy. He ruled over a large territory in Europe including the Holy Roman Empire extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Low Countries and Austria, and a unified Spain with its southern Italian kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia.

Charles married his maternal first cousin Isabella of Portugal and they had seven children but only three survived childhood including Philip II who succeeded his father as King of Spain.

Physically exhausted after forty years of ruling, Charles abdicated and retired to the peace of the Monastery of Yuste in Extremadura, Spain, where he died three years later. Upon Charles’s abdications, the Holy Roman Empire was inherited by his younger brother Ferdinand, who had previously been given the Austrian lands. The Spanish Empire, including the possessions in the Netherlands and Italy, was inherited by Philip, Charles’ son.

• Unofficial Royalty: King Carlos I of Spain, also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

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Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark (1501 – 1526)

Isabella married King Christian II of Denmark. They had three sons and two daughters but only their daughters survived to adulthood. After a reign of ten years, Christian II was forced by disloyal nobles to abdicate and his uncle succeeded him as King Frederik I. Christian and his family were exiled to the Netherlands, ruled by his brother-in-law, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. When Isabella visited Brandenburg (now in Germany), she became interested in the teachings of Martin Luther. Although she never officially converted, Isabella received communion in Protestant rites and sympathized with Protestants. Isabella died at the age of 25 after an illness. Her fifteenth-generation great-granddaughter, Princess Isabella of Denmark, was named after her.

• Unofficial Royalty: Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

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Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1503 – 1564)

Ferdinand was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, King Hungary and King of Croatia. During his reign, the Ottoman Empire began its advance into Central Europe, and the Protestant Reformation began. He married Anna of Bohemia and Hungary and they had eleven daughters and four sons. Only two of their children did not survive childhood.

• Wikipedia: Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

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Mary of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1505 – 1558)

At the age of ten, Mary married King Ludovik II of Hungary and Bohemia. By the time she was 21-years-old, Mary was a childless widow, her husband having died in battle. Mary then governed Hungary as regent in the name of the new king, her brother Ferdinand. After the death of her aunt Archduchess Margaret of Austria, who had been the Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, Mary assumed her position for twenty-four years. She retired as Governor of the Netherlands only three years before her death.

• Wikipedia: Mary of Austria, Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands

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Catarina of Austria, Queen of Portugal (1507 – 1578)

Catarina was born after the death of her father and was named after her maternal aunt Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of King Henry VIII of England. Catarina married her first cousin King João III of Portugal. They had six sons and three daughters but only one son and one daughter survived childhood. When her husband died, he was succeeded by their three-year-old grandson King Sebastian. Catarina served as her grandson’s regent for five years until Sebastian’s great-uncle (and successor) Henrique, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church took over as regent.

• Wikipedia: Catarina of Austria, Queen of Portugal

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Maternal First Cousins of Queen Mary I of England: Children of Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal and King Manuel I of Portugal, widower of her sister Isabella

King João III of Portugal (1502 – 1557)

João is nicknamed “the Colonizer” because, during his reign, Portugal’s possessions were extended in Asia and in the New World. Also, during his reign, the Portuguese became the first Europeans to make contact with both China and Japan. João married his first cousin Catherine of Austria. They had six sons and three daughters but only one son and one daughter survived childhood. João’s only surviving son João Manuel predeceased him and so upon João’s death, he was succeeded by João Manuel’s only child, three-year-old Sebastian.

• Wikipedia: King João III of Portugal

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Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (1503 – 1539)

Isabella married her first cousin Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and had four sons and two daughters including King Philip II of Spain. Isabella held the titles Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Spain and Duchess of Burgundy. She served as regent of Spain during the absences of her husband. Isabella’s health was quite fragile. She had suffered from malaria and had a total of seven pregnancies. During the first trimester of her seventh pregnancy, Isabella again became ill with a fever which resulted in a stillborn birth of a son. She died two weeks later at the age of 35.

• Wikipedia: Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress

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Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (1504 – 1538)

Beatriz married Charles III, Duke of Savoy. They had six sons and three daughters but only one son Emmanuel Philibert survived childhood and was his father’s successor. Beatriz died shortly after giving birth to her last child.

• Wikipedia: Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy

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Luis of Portugal, Duke of Beja (1506 – 1555)

Luis was Constable of Portugal, the head of the Military, the second most powerful person in the Kingdom of Portugal. He commanded the military in the absence of the king, maintained discipline in the army and was present at all military tribunals. Luis never married but he had at least one illegitimate son.

• Wikipedia: Luis of Portugal, Duke of Beja

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Fernando of Portugal, Duke of Guarda (1507 – 1534)

Fernando married Guiomar Coutinho, 5th Countess of Marialva and 3rd Countess of Loulé, a rich heiress from a Portuguese noble family. Their two children both died in childhood. Fernando died at age 27 and his wife died one month later.

• Wikipedia: Fernando of Portugal, Duke of Guarda

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Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal, Archbishop of Lisbon (1509 – 1540)

Afonso was destined for a life in the Roman Catholic Church from an early age. When Afonso was three-years-old, his father King Manuel I wanted him to become a cardinal but Pope Julius II said it was not in accordance with canon law. He did become a Cardinal at the age of sixteen and ten years later was made Archbishop of Lisbon. Afonso’s fear of the Reformation caused him to order all printers and booksellers in Lisbon to present catalogs of the books they printed and sold to be scrutinized for heresy. This was a precursor to the Inquisition.

• Wikipedia: Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal, Archbishop of Lisbon

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Cardinal-King Henrique of Portugal (1512 – 1580)

Henrique was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and, for the last two years of his life, also King of Portugal. As a younger son, he was not expected to become king and so he began a life in the Roman Catholic Church. He rose quickly in the church ranks: Archbishop of Braga, Archbishop of Évora and Grand Inquisitor before becoming a Cardinal at the age of 33. Henrique served as regent for his great-nephew King Sebastian and when Sebastian died, Henrique succeeded him. His request to be released from his priestly vows so he could marry and provide for the succession was denied. Upon Henrique’s death, King Philip II of Spain was elected King of Portugal.

• Wikipedia: Cardinal-King Henrique of Portugal

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Maria of Portugal (born and died 1513)

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Duarte of Portugal, Duke of Guimarães (1515 – 1540)

Duarte married his second cousin Isabella of Braganza and had two daughters and one son. Their daughter Catarina, who married João I, Duke of Braganza, was a claimant to the Portuguese throne during the 1580 succession crisis.  However, Philip II of Spain became King of Portugal at that time. Living under the rule of her Spanish cousin, Catarina worked hard to pave the way for her descendants to take the Portuguese throne, which finally happened in 1640 when her grandson became King João IV of Portugal, the first ruler of the House of Braganza. The House of Braganza ruled until the abolition of the monarchy in 1910.

• Wikipedia: Duarte of Portugal, Duke of Guimarães

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Antonio of Portugal (born and died 1516)

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This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

• • Lundy, D. (2019). Main Page. [online] Thepeerage.com. Available at: http://www.thepeerage.com/. (for genealogy information)
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2019). Unofficial Royalty. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com. (for biographical and genealogy information)
  • Wikipedia. (2019). Main Page. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/.  (for biographical and genealogy information)

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2019

Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533 – 1603)

(All photos credits – Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)

The last monarch of the House of Tudor, Queen Elizabeth I was the only surviving child of King Henry VIII of England and Anne Boleyn, the second of six wives. Elizabeth’s paternal grandparents were King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, the eldest child of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville. Her maternal grandparents were Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire and Lady Elizabeth Howard, the eldest daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. After Elizabeth’s mother failed to give Henry VIII a male heir, he was determined to be rid of her, and her fall and execution were engineered by Henry’s chief minister Thomas Cromwell. Anne was found guilty of the fabricated charges of adultery, incest, and high treason, and was beheaded at the Tower of London. Elizabeth was not quite three-years-old.

25-year-old Elizabeth became Queen of England upon the death of her elder half-sister Queen Mary I, the only surviving child of Henry VIII’s first wife Catherine of Aragon. During Elizabeth’s reign, called the Elizabethan Age, the Church of England took its final form, a middle path between Catholicism and Reform Protestantism, William Shakespeare created numerous works, modern science had its birth based upon Francis Bacon‘s inductive method for scientific inquiry, Francis Drake sailed around the world, and the first colony in America was founded and named Virginia in honor of Elizabeth the Virgin Queen.

From the start of Elizabeth’s reign, it was expected that she would marry to provide for the succession. Although she received many offers, she never did marry and the reasons for this are not clear. She continued to consider suitors until she was about fifty. Since none of the children of Henry VIII had children, King James VI of Scotland, the only child of Mary, Queen of Scots, was the senior heir of King Henry VII through his eldest daughter Margaret Tudor. On her deathbed, Queen Elizabeth I finally gave her assent that James should succeed her.

Elizabeth shared her paternal first cousins with her half-siblings Queen Mary I of England and King Edward VI of England.

• Unofficial Royalty: Queen Elizabeth I of England

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Paternal Aunts and Uncles: Children of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York

• Arthur, Prince of Wales (1486 – 1502), married Catherine of Aragon, no children
• Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots (1489 – 1541), married (1) James IV, King of Scotland, had four sons bot the only surviving one was King James V of Scotland; (2) Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, had one daughter; (3) Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven, no surviving children
• Elizabeth Tudor (1492 – 1495), died in childhood
• Mary Tudor, Queen of France, Duchess of Suffolk (1496 – 1533), married (1) Louis XII, King of France, no children; (2) Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, had two sons and two daughters
• Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset (1499 – 1500), died in infancy
• Katherine Tudor (born and died February 1503), her mother Elizabeth of York died as a result of Katherine’s birth

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Maternal Aunts and Uncles: Children of Thomas Boleyn and Lady Elizabeth Howard

• Mary Boleyn (circa 1499 – 1543), mistress of King Henry VIII of England, married (1) William Carey of Aldenham, had one son and one daughter who may be Carey’s or Henry VIII’s; (2) Sir William Stafford, possible one son and one daughter
• Thomas Boleyn the younger (born and died circa 1500)
• Henry Boleyn (born and died circa 1502 – 1503)
• George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford (circa 1504 – 1536), married Jane Parker, no children; George was executed as one of his sister Anne Boleyn’s supposed lovers.  His wife Jane served as lady-in-waiting to Catherine Howard, Henry VIII’s fifth wife. Jane was executed with Catherine Howard for facilitating Catherine’s adultery.

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PATERNAL FIRST COUSINS

Paternal First Cousins: Children of Margaret Tudor and James IV, King of Scotland

James, Duke of Rothesay (1507 – 1508)

James was born at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was styled Duke of Rothesay, the title held by the eldest son of the King of Scots who is also the heir apparent. James died at Stirling Castle in Stirling, Scotland six days after his first birthday.

• Wikipedia: James, Duke of Rothesay

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Arthur, Duke of Rothesay (1509 – 1510)

Arthur was born at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland. As his elder brother had died, he was the eldest son of the King of Scots and the heir apparent, so he was styled Duke of Rothesay. He died when he was eight months old at Edinburgh Castle in Edinburgh, Scotland.

• Wikipedia: Arthur, Duke of Rothesay

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James V, King of Scots (1512 – 1542)

Born at Linlithgow Palace in Linlithgowshire, Scotland, at his birth, James became Duke of Rothesay, the traditional title of the eldest son of the King of Scots as his two elder brothers James and Arthur had died in infancy. His 30-year-old father James IV was killed at the Battle of Flodden and 17-month-old James succeeded his father as James V, King of Scots.

James married 16-year-old Madeleine of Valois, daughter of King François I of France. Madeleine, who was sickly since her birth, had developed tuberculosis. Six months after the wedding and just two months after arriving in Scotland, Madeleine died. Less than a year after the death of his first wife, James V married again to Marie of Guise, the eldest daughter of Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, head of the House of Guise. James V and Marie had two sons and one daughter, but their sons died in infancy.

After a disastrous defeat of the Scots army by the English army at the Battle of Solway Moss, James V fled to Falkland Palace in Fife, Scotland where he became ill and took to his bed. Overcome with grief and shame about the Battle of Solway Moss, James V lost the will to live. The news that Marie of Guise had given birth to a daughter did nothing to raise his spirits. 30-year-old James V, King of Scots died and was succeeded by his only surviving, legitimate child, six-day-old Mary, Queen of Scots.

• Unofficial Royalty: James V, King of Scots

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Alexander, Duke of Ross (1514 – 1515)

Alexander was born at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland, seven months after the death of his father King James IV at the Battle of Flodden. He died four months short of his second birthday at Stirling Castle in Stirling, Scotland.

• Wikipedia: Alexander, Duke of Ross

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Paternal First Cousins: Child of Margaret Tudor and her second husband Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus

Lady Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox (1515 – 1578)

Margaret was the only child of Margaret Tudor and the second of her three husbands, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus.  Prior to her birth, Margaret’s parents left Scotland for England because of difficulties her father was having in Scotland, and so, Margaret was born in England. She was brought up in England with her cousin Mary, the future Queen Mary I. The two cousins remained close to each other their whole lives.  Margaret married a Scottish exile, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox. The couple had several children but only two sons survived childhood. Their elder son Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley was the second of the three husbands of his first cousin Mary, Queen of Scots. Their only child was James VI, King of Scots who succeeded Queen Elizabeth I of England as James I, King of England. Through her grandson King James I, Margaret is an ancestor of the British royal family and many other European royal families. When Margaret died, she was given a grand funeral by her cousin Queen Elizabeth I and was buried at Westminster Abbey where a beautiful tomb was erected, most likely by her grandson King James I, in the same chapel where James later erected a tomb for his mother Mary, Queen of Scots.

• Wikipedia: Lady Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox

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Paternal First Cousins: Children of Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk

Henry Brandon (1516 – 1522), died in childhood

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Lady Frances Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk (1517 – 1559)

Although Frances and her siblings were only the children of a duke, they had their mother’s royal blood. They were the grandchildren of King Henry VII of England and the nieces and nephews of King Henry VIII of England, and therefore had claims to the English throne. Frances married Henry Grey, 3rd Marquess of Dorset, later Duke of Suffolk. They had a son and a daughter who both died young and then had three daughters including Lady Jane Grey. As the niece of King Henry VIII, Frances was one of the highest-ranking women at court and often took on ceremonial duties. When Henry VIII died, his only son and Frances’ first cousin, succeeded him as King Edward VI.

Edward VI was sickly and probably had tuberculosis. His reign would only last six years. Edward VI’s death and the succession of his Catholic half-sister Mary would spell trouble for the English Reformation. Edward opposed his half-sister Mary’s succession not only for religious reasons but also because he believed her to be illegitimate and his belief in male succession. He also opposed the succession of his half-sister Elizabeth for reasons of illegitimacy and belief in male succession. King Edward VI composed a document “My devise for the succession” in which he passed over his half-sisters and Frances. Edward meant for the throne to go to the Frances’ daughters and their male heirs. After great suffering, fifteen-year-old King Edward VI died and Frances’ eldest daughter Lady Jane Grey was told that she was queen, and reluctantly accepted the fact. Jane’s reign lasted only nine days. Henry VIII’s elder daughter and Jane’s first cousin Mary gathered an army and marched on London. In the aftermath, among those executed were Frances’ husband, her daughter Jane, and Jane’s husband Lord Guildford Dudley.

Frances’ life was now in ruins. Because her husband was a traitor, all his possessions reverted to the Crown. Frances managed to plead with her cousin Queen Mary I to show mercy. Mary agreed that some of the Duke of Suffolk’s property could remain with the family. Frances married her Master of the Horse Adrian Stokes and they had two stillborn children and a daughter who died in infancy. Frances, aged 42, died during the reign of her first cousin Queen Elizabeth I who paid the cost of her funeral. She was buried at Westminster Abbey. Four years later, her widower Adrian Stokes had a beautiful tomb and effigy placed over her grave.

• Unofficial Royalty: Lady Frances Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk

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Lady Eleanor Brandon, Countess of Cumberland (1519 – 1547)

Eleanor married Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland. Eleanor’s uncle King Henry VIII attended her wedding. Eleanor and her husband had two sons who did not survive infancy and one daughter Lady Margaret Clifford. Eleanor received the honor of being chief mourner at the funeral of Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII’s first wife.

• Wikipedia: Lady Eleanor Brandon, Countess of Cumberland

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Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln (circa 1523 – 1534)

Henry was created Earl of Lincoln by his uncle Henry VIII when he was two-years-old. He died when he was ten or eleven years old.

• Wikipedia: Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln

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MATERNAL FIRST COUSINS

Maternal First Cousins: Children of Mary Boleyn and her first husband William Carey

Catherine Carey, Lady Knollys (1524 – 1569)

Catherine’s mother Mary Boleyn had once been the mistress of King Henry VIII. Some historians believe that Catherine was an illegitimate child of Henry VIII. It is thought that Catherine witnessed the execution of her aunt Anne Bolyen and even stayed with her the night before her execution. She served as Maid of Honor to Anne of Cleves and Catherine Howard, the fourth and fifth wives of Henry VIII, and was Chief Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Elizabeth I, her first cousin.

Catherine married Sir Francis Knollys, a courtier in the service of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Elizabeth I, and Treasurer of the Household for Elizabeth I. The couple had 15 children including Lettice Knollys, who married three times. Lettice’s first marriage was to Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex and they were the parents of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, a favorite of Elizabeth I in her old age. He led an unsuccessful coup d’état against the government and was executed for treason. Lettice’s second marriage was to Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, a favorite of Queen Elizabeth I from her accession until his death. He was a suitor for Elizabeth’s hand for many years.

• Wikipedia: Catherine Carey, Lady Knollys

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Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon (1526 – 1596)

Although some historians think Henry VIII could have been Henry’s father, it is probable that the affair between Henry VIII and Mary Boleyn ended before Henry was conceived. Henry married Anne Morgan, daughter of Sir Thomas Morgan of Arkestone and had eight sons and eight daughters. Henry was a Member of Parliament. He was created Baron Hunsdon and made a Knight of the Garter by his first cousin Elizabeth I. Elizabeth also appointed Henry Captain of the Gentlemen Pensioners, making him her personal bodyguard. For the last eleven years of his life, Henry was the Lord Chamberlain, the most senior officer of the royal household. Henry was the founder and the patron of Lord Chamberlain’s Men, the company of actors for which William Shakespeare wrote during most of his career.

• Wikipedia: Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon

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Works Cited

• • Lundy, D. (2019). Main Page. [online] Thepeerage.com. Available at: http://www.thepeerage.com/. (for genealogy information)
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2019). Unofficial Royalty. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com. (for biographical and genealogy information)
  • Wikipedia. (2019). Main Page. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/.  (for biographical and genealogy information)

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2019

Charles I, King of England, King of Scots (1600 – 1649)

(All photos credits – Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)

Charles I was born at Dunfermline Palace in Fife, Scotland while his father was only King of Scots. He was the second son and fourth of the seven children of James VI, King of Scots (later also King James I of England) and Anne of Denmark. Charles’ paternal grandparents were Mary, Queen of Scots and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, who were both grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, elder sister of King Henry VIII of England. His maternal grandparents were King Frederik II of Denmark and Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. When Queen Elizabeth I of England died, Charles’ father also became King James I of England. Since none of the children of King Henry VIII of England had children, James was the senior heir of King Henry VII of England through his eldest daughter Margaret Tudor. The family then moved to England.

Charles was not expected to be king as he had an elder brother Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales who was named after his grandfathers. When 18-year-old Henry died from typhoid fever, Charles became heir to the thrones of England and Scotland. He married Henrietta Maria, the youngest child of King Henri IV of France and his second wife, Marie de’ Medici. They had nine children including King Charles II and King James II.

Charles had issues with Parliament, clashing with its members over financial, political and religious issues. The situation got worse when Charles committed the unprecedented act of entering the House of Commons with an armed guard and demanding the arrest of five Members of Parliament. There was a great public outcry, Charles fled London and civil war appeared inevitable. The English Civil War led to Charles being tried and convicted for treason and other high crimes. He was beheaded at the Palace of Whitehall in London where a scaffold had been built outside the Banqueting House.

King Charles I shared his first cousins with his siblings Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales; Elizabeth Stuart, Electress Palatine of the Rhine; Margaret Stuart; Robert, Duke of Kintyre; Mary Stuart; and Sophia Stuart.  Charles I had no paternal aunts and uncles because his father King James I was an only child. Therefore, Charles I had no paternal first cousins.

• Unofficial Royalty: Charles I, King of England, King of Scots

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Maternal Aunts and Uncles: Children of King Frederik II of Denmark and Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow

• Elisabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1573 – 1626), married Heinrich Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, had five sons and five daughters
• King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway (1577 – 1648), married (1) Anne Catherine of Brandenburg, had four sons and two daughters (2) morganatically Kirsten Munk, had eight daughters and two sons
• Ulrik of Denmark, Prince-Bishop of Schwerin (1578 – 1624), morganatically married Katarina Hahn-Hinrichshagen
• Hans August of Denmark (born and died 1579), died in infancy
• Augusta of Denmark, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp (1580 – 1639), married Johann Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, had four sons and four daughters
• Hedwig of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (1581 – 1641), married Christian II, Elector of Saxony, no children
• Hans of Denmark (1583 – 1602), unmarried

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MATERNAL FIRST COUSINS

Maternal First Cousins: Children of Elisabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Heinrich Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Friedrich Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1591 – 1634)

Because of his alcoholism, Friedrich Ulrich was temporarily deposed by his mother with the help of her brother King Christian IV of Denmark. Eventually, he was allowed to regain control but his ineffective rule caused the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg to lose much territory during the Thirty Years’ War. Friedrich Ulrich married Anna Sophia of Brandenburg but their marriage was unhappy and they had no children.

• Wikipedia: Friedrich Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

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Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Countess of Nassau-Dietz (1592 – 1642)

Sophia Hedwig married Ernst Casimir I, Count of Nassau-Dietz and had four sons and two daughters but only two sons survived childhood. After the death of her husband, Sophia Hedwig was instrumental in limiting the damage to the County of Nassau-Dietz during the Thirty Years’ War.

• Wikipedia: Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Countess of Nassau-Dietz

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Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (1593 – 1650)

When Elisabeth was 19-years-old, she married August, Duke of Saxony. The couple had no children and August died suddenly after three years of marriage. She made a second marriage to Johann Philip, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg and had one daughter. Through their daughter Elisabeth Sophie who married Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, Elisabeth and Johann Philip are the ancestors of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

• Wikipedia: Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg

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Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess of Pomerania (1595 – 1650)

Hedwig married Ulrich, Duke of Pomerania but the marriage was childless. Ulrich died three years after the marriage. Hedwig never remarried. She wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life and devoted herself to charity.

• Wikipedia: Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess of Pomerania

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Dorothea of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Margravine of Brandenburg (1596 – 1643)

Dorothea was the first of the three wives of Christian Wilhelm, Margrave of Brandenburg. The couple had one daughter. During their marriage, Dorothea’s husband converted to Roman Catholicism and he tried to influence their daughter Sophie Elisabeth to also convert. Dorothea sent her daughter to live with her sister Hedwig to prevent the conversion.

• Wikipedia: Dorothea of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Margravine of Brandenburg (in German)

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Heinrich Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1597 – 1606), died in childhood

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Christian the Younger of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1599 – 1626)

Christian was titular Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt, and a German Protestant military leader during the early years of the Thirty Years’ War. He never married and died on battle wounds at the age of 26.

• Wikipedia: Christian the Younger of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

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Rudolf of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1602 – 1616)

Rudolf died two days before his 14th birthday while studying at the University of Tübingen, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, and was buried in the Tübingen Collegiate Church.

• Wikipedia: Rudolf of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (in German)

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Heinrich Karl of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1609 – 1615), died in childhood

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Anna Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Countess of Nassau-Dillenburg (1612 – 1673)

Anna married Georg Ludwig, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, who was the Hereditary Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg. He never became Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg because he predeceased his father. Anna and Georg Ludwig had five daughters and one son.

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Maternal First Cousins: Children of King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway and his first wife Anne Catherine of Brandenburg

Frederik of Denmark (born and died 1599), died in infancy

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Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark (1603 – 1647)

Christian was appointed by the Royal Council as heir to the throne of Denmark. He was a great collector of antiques and works of art. He married Magdalene Sibylle of Saxony, daughter of the Johann Georg I, Elector of Saxony, but the couple had no children. As a result of his unhealthy lifestyle, Christian predeceased his father.

• Wikipedia: Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark

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Sophie of Denmark (born and died 1605), died in infancy

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Elisabeth of Denmark (1606 – 1608), died in childhood

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Frederik III, King of Denmark and Norway (1609 – 1670)

During his childhood and early adulthood, Frederik had no prospect of becoming. However, when he was 38-years-old, his elder brother Christian died and Frederik was elected heir by the Royal Council. During Frederik’s reign, an absolute monarchy was established which lasted almost 150 years in Norway and over 200 years in Denmark. Frederik married Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg and had three sons and five daughters including George who married Queen Anne of Great Britain.

• Wikipedia: Frederik III, King of Denmark and Norway

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Ulrik of Denmark, Prince-Bishop of Schwerin (1611 – 1633)

When Ulrik was 13-years-old, he was appointed administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin. During the Thirty Years’ War, fought between various Protestant and Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire, Ulrik served in the army of the Electorate of Saxony. After a dinner with imperial officers during a truce, Ulrik was fatally wounded by an unexpected shot fired an imperial knight and died the next evening.

• Wikipedia: Ulrik of Denmark, Prince-Bishop of Schwerin

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Maternal First Cousins: Children of King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway and his morganatic second wife Kirsten Munk

Christian IV’s morganatic wife and their children were given the title Count or Countess of Schleswig-Holstein.

Countess Anna Catharine of Schleswig-Holstein (1618 – 1633)

Anna Catharine married Frands Rantzau, who had become a member of the Danish Council of State and a state governor in Copenhagen at the age of only 22. Frands drowned in the moat at Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen after a party with Anna Catharine’s father. The following year, 15-year-old Anna Catharine died.

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Countess Sophie Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein (1619 – 1657)

Sophie Elisabeth married Christian von Pentz, Governor of Glückstadt and a diplomat in the service of King Christian IV.

• Wikipedia: Countess Sophie Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein

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Countess Leonora Christina of Schleswig-Holstein (1621 – 1698)

Leonora Christina married Corfitz Ulfeldt, a Danish nobleman and statesman who is considered the worst traitor in Danish history. The couple had seven sons and three daughters and through their youngest child Austrian Field Marshal Count Leo Ulfeldt, they are the ancestors of many noble and royal families. Their descendants include Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria, King Michael of Romania, Prince Hans Adam II of Liechtenstein, Emperor Karl I of Austria-Hungary, King Peter II of Yugoslavia, King Manuel II of Portugal, and Marie Christine, Princess Michael of Kent.

Leonora Christina’s husband was rumored to have been associated with a plot to poison her half-brother King Frederik III and his family. They both left Denmark and for several years and traveled around Europe avoiding capture. Ulfeldt offered Elector Friedrich Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg to incite a revolt in Denmark in order to put him on the Danish throne. The Elector himself communicated this treason to King Frederik III and Ulfeldt was tried for treason in absentia and condemned to be beheaded and quartered. Instead of submitting himself to execution, Ulfeldt apparently drowned himself in the Rhine River near Basel, Switzerland.

Leonora Christina was eventually captured and was imprisoned for 22 years in the Blue Tower of Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen. She was not released until the death of Queen Dowager Sophie Amalie, the widow of King Frederik III, Leonora Christina’s half-brother. While imprisoned, Leonora Christina wrote her memoirs Jammers Minde (A Memory of Lament), considered to be Denmark’s most important 17th-century prose work.

• Wikipedia: Leonora Christina, Countess Ulfeldt

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Count Valdemar Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1622 – 1656)

Valdemar Christian was sent to Russia to marry Irina Mikhailovna, the eldest daughter of Michael, Tsar of All Russia. After arriving in Russia, Valdemar refused to convert to the Russian Orthodox religion. Valdemar was imprisoned for a year and then was finally allowed to leave Russia. He had issues with his half-brother King Frederik III because Valdemar wanted to be elected king instead of Frederik. Because of the dispute, Valdemar decided to leave Denmark. He served in the Swedish Army and was killed in battle in Poland

• Wikipedia: Count Valdemar Christian of Schleswig-Holstein

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Countess Elisabeth Auguste of Schleswig-Holstein (1623 – 1677)

Elisabeth Auguste married Hans Hansen Lindenov, a member of the Council of State and had one daughter. She was considered vulgar and was always in debt because of her gambling habit. Even after being granted a royal pension, her problems with money continued.

• Wikipedia: Countess Elisabeth Auguste of Schleswig-Holstein

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Count Friedrich Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1625 – 1627), died in early childhood

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Countess Christiane of Schleswig-Holstein (1626 – 1670)

Christiane was the twin sister of Hedwig. At the age of ten, she was engaged to marry Hannibal Sehested, Governor-General of Norway. The marriage took place when Christiane was 16-years-old and thereafter, she left for Norway with her husband where they lived in Akershus Fortress in Oslo. Christiane and Hannibal had one daughter. Hannibal was accused of embezzlement which resulted in him surrendering all his private property in Norway to the crown. Christiane lost her title of Countess and all her private property. Eventually, they were reconciled with the Danish court and Christiane’s title and property were returned.

• Wikipedia: Countess Christiane of Schleswig-Holstein

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Countess Hedwig of Schleswig-Holstein (1626 – 1678)

Hedwig was the twin sister of Christiane. She married Ebbe Ulfeldt, a cousin of the traitor Corfitz Ulfeldt mentioned above. Ebbe was an officer in the Danish Navy and later a landscape painter. Hedwig and Ebbe had one daughter. Their marriage was unhappy and eventually, Hedwig left her husband.

• Wikipedia: Countess Hedwig of Schleswig-Holstein

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Countess Maria Katharina of Schleswig-Holstein (born and died 1628), died in infancy

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Maternal First Cousins: Children of Augusta of Denmark and Duke Johann Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp

Friedrich III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1597 – 1659)

Friedrich married Marie Elisabeth of Saxony and had eight daughters and eight sons. Friedrich and his wife are great-great-grandparents of Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia.

Friedrich had ambitious plans concerning the development of sea trade which were, for the most part, unsuccessful. His alliance with Sweden during the Thirty Years’ War which included marrying his daughter Hedwig Eleonora to King Carl X of Sweden, ultimately weakened the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp because Sweden failed at establishing itself as a Great Power.

• Wikipedia: Friedrich III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

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Elisabeth Sofie of Holstein-Gottorp (1599 – 1627)

Elisabeth Sofie was the first wife of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg. They had three daughters and three sons. Elisabeth Sofie died from childbirth complications shortly after the birth of her last child who lived for only five days.

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Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp (1600 – 1631)

Adolf fought in the Thirty Years’ War for the Catholic Holy Roman Empire against the forces of his uncle King Christian IV and other Protestant rulers. He was severely wounded at the Battle of Breitenfeld and died two days later.

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Dorothea Augusta of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (1602 – 1682)

Dorothea Augusta married Joachim Ernest, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön. They had five sons and three daughters.

• Wikipedia: Dorothea Augusta of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp

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Hedwig of Holstein-Gottorp (1603 – 1657)

Hedwig married Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach and had four sons and three daughters.

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Anna of Holstein-Gottorp (1605 – 1623)

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Johann of Holstein-Gottorp (1606 – 1655)

Johann was a Lutheran Administrator of Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck. He married Julia Felicitas of Württemberg-Weiltingen and had three sons and one daughter. The marriage was very unhappy and the couple eventually divorced.

Wikipedia: Johann of Holstein-Gottorp

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Christian of Holstein-Gottorp (born and 1609), died in infancy

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This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

• • Lundy, D. (2019). Main Page. [online] Thepeerage.com. Available at: http://www.thepeerage.com/. (for genealogy information)
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2019). Unofficial Royalty. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com. (for biographical and genealogy information)
  • Wikipedia. (2019). Main Page. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/.  (for biographical and genealogy information)

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2019

Charles II, King of England, King of Scots (1630 – 1685)

James II, King of England/James VII, King of Scots (1633 – 1701)

(All photos credits – Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)

Charles II and James II were the two eldest surviving sons of Charles I, King of England and King of Scots and Henrietta Maria of France. Their paternal grandparents were James I, King of Scots/James VI, King of Scots (the only child of Mary, Queen of Scots and her first cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley) and Anne of Denmark (daughter of King Frederik II of Denmark and Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow). Their maternal grandparents were King Henri IV of France and his second wife Marie de’ Medici.

After their father was executed during the English Civil War, Charles and James lived in France, where their mother already lived in exile with their youngest sister Henriette and where their first cousin King Louis XIV was on the French throne. They also spent time in The Hague in the Dutch Republic (now the Netherlands) their sister Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange lived. After the death of Oliver Cromwell, his son Richard Cromwell ruled only for six months and there was a real possibility for the restoration of the monarchy after ten years. Parliament formally invited Charles, as King Charles II, to be the English monarch in what has become known as the Restoration.

Charles II married Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King João IV of Portugal but their marriage remained childless. Charles had at least fourteen illegitimate children whom he ennobled and officially recognized and through these children, he is the ancestor of many British aristocrats and of several women who married into the British Royal Family – Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester; Diana, Princess of Wales; Sarah, Duchess of York; and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.

Charles II was succeeded by his younger brother James who had converted to Catholicism and was unpopular. James had married twice and both his wives gave birth to quite a number of children, most who died in infancy or early childhood. From James’ first marriage to Anne Hyde, only the future Queen Mary II and Queen Anne survived. James’ second wife Maria Beatrice of Modena was childless.  She had ten pregnancies and gave birth to five live children, all of whom died young. England might very well have tolerated King James II knowing that his heirs were the Protestant daughters of his first wife Anne Hyde, Mary and Anne. However, on June 10, 1688, Maria Beatrice gave birth to a son James Francis Edward. Immediately, false rumors swirled that the infant had been smuggled into the queen’s chambers in a warming pan.

Eventually, King James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution and lived out the rest of his life in France. Parliament offered the throne to James’ elder daughter Mary and her first cousin and husband William III, Prince of Orange. William was the only child of James II’s sister Mary, Princess Royal and was third in the line of succession to the throne after Mary and her sister Anne. William and Mary reigned jointly as Queen Mary II and King William III.

James, his wife, and his son settled at the Palace of St. Germain-en-Laye near Paris, France where a court in exile was established. After James II lost his throne, the Jacobite (from Jacobus, the Latin for James) movement formed. The goal of the Jacobites was to restore the Roman Catholic Stuart King James II of England/VII of Scotland and his heirs to the thrones of England and Scotland. James was determined to regain the throne and landed in Ireland with a French force but he was defeated by his nephew William at the Battle of the Boyne and was forced to withdraw once again to France. James spent the rest of his life in France, planning invasions that never happened. While in exile, Maria Beatrice gave birth to a daughter Louisa Maria Teresa.

Charles II and James II shared their first cousins with their siblings: Mary, Princess Royal; Princess Elizabeth; Princess Anne; Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester; and Princess Henrietta.

• Unofficial Royalty: Charles II, King of England, King of Scots
• Unofficial Royalty: James II, King of England/James VII, King of Scots

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Paternal Aunts and Uncles: Children of James I, King of England/James VI, King of Scots and Anne of Denmark

• Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (1594 – 1612), unmarried, died of typhoid fever, aged 18
• Elizabeth Stuart (1596 – 1662), married Friedrich V, Elector Palatine of the Rhine, had seven sons and six daughters including Sophia of Hanover who became heiress presumptive to the British throne under the Act of Settlement 1701; Sophia’s son was King George I of Great Britain
• Margaret Stuart (1598 – 1600), died aged fifteen months
• Robert, Duke of Kintyre (born and died 1602), died aged four months
• Mary Stuart (1605 – 1607), died aged two
• Sophia Stuart (born and died 1606), lived only one day

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Maternal Aunts and Uncles: Children of King Henri IV of France and his second wife Marie de’ Medici

• King Louis XIII of France (1601 – 1643), married Anne of Austria, had two sons including King Louis XIV of France
• Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain (1602 – 1644), married King Felipe IV of Spain, had six daughters and two sons
• Christine Marie of France, Duchess of Savoy (1606 – 1663), married Vittorio Amadeo I, Duke of Savoy, had three sons and four daughters
• Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans, (1607 – 1611), died in childhood
• Gaston of France, Duke of Orléans (1608 – 1660), married (1) Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, had one daughter (2) Marguerite of Lorraine, had four daughters and one son

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PATERNAL FIRST COUSINS

Paternal First Cousins: Children of Elizabeth Stuart, Electress Palatine of the Rhine and Friedrich V, Elector Palatine of the Rhine

Heinrich Friedrich, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate (1614 – 1629)

When Heinrich Friedrich was 15-years-old, he was traveling with his father aboard a ship from The Hague to Amsterdam to see the treasures of the Silver Fleet. The Silver Fleet was an annual convoy of ships that brought valuables from the Spanish colonies in the Americas to Spain. In 1628, Piet Hein, a Dutch lieutenant admiral and West Indian Company commander, hijacked the Silver Fleet and brought the treasures to Amsterdam. During the voyage from The Hague to Amsterdam, there was a strong storm, the ship sank and four people died including Heinrich Friedrich.

• Wikipedia: Heinrich Friedrich, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate

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Karl I Ludwig, Elector of the Palatinate of the Rhine (1617 – 1680)

Karl Ludwig’s father Friedrich V, Elector of the Palatinate had been elected King of Bohemia but the crown of Bohemia had been in Habsburg hands for a long time and the Habsburg heir, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor refused to accept Friedrich as King of Bohemia. Friedrich not only lost the Kingdom of Bohemia but also the Electorate of the Palatinate. After Friedrich’s early death at the age of 36, Karl Ludwig’s mother Elizabeth decided to fight for the rights of her eldest son Karl Ludwig. She raised a small army on his behalf, and finally, the Palatinate was restored to him. Karl Ludwig married three times. With his first wife was Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, he had two sons and one daughter including his successor Karl II and Elisabeth Charlotte nicknamed Lieselotte who was the second wife of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, the younger brother of King Louis XIV of France. Karl Ludwig then made two morganatic marriages: with Marie Luise von Degenfeld, he had eight sons and five daughters and with Elisabeth Hollander von Bernau, he had one son.

• Wikipedia: Karl I Ludwig, Elector of the Palatinate of the Rhine

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Elisabeth of the Palatinate, Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey (1618 – 1680)

Elisabeth was extremely well-educated and throughout her life, she corresponded with many intellectuals including French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes. She never married and entered the Protestant Hereford Abbey in the Duchy of Saxony. She eventually became the Abbess.

• Wikipedia: Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate

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Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland (1619 – 1682)

Rupert had a long military career and fought in the Thirty Years War and in the English Civil War in support of first, his uncle King Charles I and then his first cousin King Charles II. After the restoration of the English monarchy, served as private secretary to King Charles II and took care of naval affairs. He held various naval commands, was appointed Admiral and eventually became, Lord High Admiral, the head of the Royal Navy. Rupert never married but he did have an illegitimate son and daughter. He died in London and was buried at Westminster Abbey.

• Wikipedia: Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland

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Prince Maurice of the Palatinate (1620 – 1652)

Maurice also served with his brother Rupert in support of their uncle King Charles I and then their first cousin King Charles II. He was created Vice Admiral of the Fleet. While sailing to the Virgin Islands in the West Indies, his fleet was caught in a hurricane and Maurice went down with his ship.

• Wikipedia: Prince Maurice of the Palatinate

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Princess Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate (1622 – 1709)

Louise Hollandine was a very talented portrait painter. During the English Civil War, she went to France to be with her aunt Henrietta Maria, the widow of her uncle, the beheaded King Charles I. There Louise Hollandine converted to Roman Catholicism, to the horror of her mother. She became a nun at the Cistercian Maubuisson Abbey, and later, became the abbess. Louise Hollandine suffered a stroke and was paralyzed for the last few years of her life.

• Wikipedia: Princess Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate

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Prince Louis of the Palatinate  (born and died 1624)

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Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern (1625 – 1663)

Due to their differences in religion, Edward married Anna Gonzaga, a French noblewoman from an Italian background, in secret. Not wanting to cause any issues, Edward converted to Roman Catholicism despite his mother’s threats to disown any of her children who converted. The couple had three daughters lived in Paris and were supported by King Louis XIV of France. Edward eventually reconciled with his mother.

• Wikipedia: Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern

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Princess Henriette Marie of the Palatinate, Countess of Mongatsch (1626 – 1651)

Henriette Marie married Sigismund Rákóczi, Count of Mongatsch, son of George I Rákóczi, Prince of Transylvania. A few months after the marriage, Henriette died suddenly at the age of 25 and her husband died a few months later.

• Wikipedia: Henriette Marie of the Palatinate

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Prince Philip Friedrich of the Palatinate (1627 – 1650)

Philip Friedrich was educated at the French court and then went to live with his mother at The Hague. During a duel or a fight, Philip killed Lieutenant Colonel Jacques de l’Epinay, a favorite of his mother, and then fled, refusing to submit to the Dutch authorities. His mother never spoke to him again and refused to recognize him as her son. Philip entered the military service of the Duke of Lorraine and was killed at the Battle of Rethel during the Fronde.

• Wikipedia: Prince Philip Friedrich of the Palatinate

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Princess Charlotte of the Palatinate (1628 – 1631), died in childhood

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Sophia of the Palatinate, Electress of Hanover (1630–1714)

If the Stuarts had been able to provide a Protestant heir to the British throne, Sophia, Electress of Hanover would not have become possibly the most famous footnote in British royal history.  Sophia married Ernst August, Elector of Hanover had six sons and one daughter including King George I of Great Britain.  Sophia’s birth family was the most junior of the Stuart lines but was the most Protestant. In 1701, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement, giving the succession to the British throne to Sophia and her non-Catholic heirs. This act ensured the Protestant succession and bypassed many Catholics who had a better hereditary claim to the throne. Sophia narrowly missed becoming queen, having died two months before Queen Anne. Sophia’s son George, Elector of Hanover became King George I.

• Unofficial Royalty: Sophia of the Palatinate, Electress of Hanover

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Prince Gustavus Adolphus of the Palatinate (1632 – 1641)

Gustavus died of epilepsy at the age of eight.

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MATERNAL FIRST COUSINS

Maternal First Cousins: Children of King Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria

King Louis XIV of France (1638 – 1715)

Louis became King of France at age four and is the longest-reigning French monarch, reigning for 72 years. His first wife was his first cousin twice over, Maria Theresa of Spain. They had six children but only one survived childhood. He had several mistresses and a number of illegitimate children. After the death of Maria Theresa, Louis made a morganatic marriage with Françoise d’Aubigné, Madame Scarron (later created Marquise de Maintenon). Because the marriage was morganatic, she was never publicly acknowledged as his wife or as queen.

Louis was an ardent believer in the divine right of kings, assumed full control of the monarchy, and went on to become one of France’s most powerful sovereigns, and establishing France as one of the leading powers of Europe. Perhaps Louis’ best-known building project was the Palace of Versailles. Having inherited the hunting lodge built there by his father, Louis oversaw several building campaigns which resulted in the magnificent palace which still stands today. Louis XIV survived his surviving son and his son’s eldest son. He was succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson who reigned as King Louis XV.

• Unofficial Royalty: King Louis XIV of France

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Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (1640 – 1701)

Philippe married his first cousin Henrietta of England, daughter of the beheaded King Charles I and Philippe’s aunt Henrietta Maria of France. Philippe had homosexual affairs but apparently, he was intent on fulfilling his dynastic responsibility of having children. Philippe and Henrietta had two daughters and one son. Henrietta died at the age of 26 amid rumors that she had been poisoned. As Philippe’s only son had died, Louis XIV wanted his brother to marry again to provide a male heir to continue the Orléans line.

Philippe married another first cousin,  the Protestant Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, known as Liselotte. She was the only daughter of Karl I Ludwig, Elector Palatine and Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel. Liselotte’s paternal grandmother was Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of King James I of England and granddaughter of Mary, Queen of Scots. Liselotte converted to Roman Catholicism and produced two sons and one daughter. Through their daughter, Philippe and Liselotte were the grandparents of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France. Philippe’s careful investment and management of his various estates made him a wealthy man and his wealth was greatly increased when he inherited the fortune of his extremely wealthy paternal first cousin Anne Marie Louise of Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier. Philippe is acknowledged as being not only the biological founder of the House of Orléans but as its financial founder

• Unofficial Royalty: Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

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Maternal First Cousins: Children of Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain and King Felipe IV of Spain

Maria Margarita of Austria, Infanta of Spain (born and died 1621)

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Margarita Maria Caterina of Austria, Infanta of Spain (born and died 1623)

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Maria Eugenia of Austria, Infanta of Spain (1625 – 1627)

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Isabella Maria Theresa of Austria, Infanta of Spain (born and died 1627)

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Baltasar Carlos of Austria, Infante of Spain, Prince of Asturias (1629 – 1646)

The only son of King Felipe IV of France and his first wife Elisabeth of France, Baltasar was his father’s heir apparent until his death from smallpox at age 16. He was buried at the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial in Spain.

• Wikipedia: Baltasar Carlos of Austria, Infante of Spain, Prince of Asturias

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Francisco Fernando of Austria, Infante of Spain (born and died 1634)

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Infanta Maria Ana “Mariana” Antonia of Austria, Infanta of Spain (born and died 1636)

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Maria Theresa of Austria, Infanta of Spain, Queen of France (1638–1683)

The youngest of eight children, Maria Theresa was the only one of her siblings to reach adulthood. As Spain allowed for females to ascend the throne, Maria Theresa was heiress-presumptive to the Spanish throne between the death of her elder brother Balthasar Charles and the birth of her younger half-brother Felipe Próspero. She was again heiress-presumptive following Felipe Próspero’s death and the birth of the future King Carlos II. As part of the Treaty of the Pyrenees of which ended the Franco-Spanish War, Maria Theresa was betrothed to King Louis XIV of France. Maria Theresa and Louis were first cousins twice over – his father and her mother were siblings, and his mother and her father were siblings.) She was forced to renounce any rights to the Spanish throne and was to receive a large financial settlement in exchange. The couple They had three sons and three daughters. Only their eldest son reached adulthood but he predeceased his father.

• Unofficial Royalty: Maria Theresa of Austria, Infanta of Spain, Queen of France

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Maternal First Cousins: Children of Christine Marie of France, Duchess of Savoy and Vittorio Amadeo I, Duke of Savoy

Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy (1622 – 1628), died in childhood

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Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy (1629 – 1692)

Due to a regency dispute when two of her brothers succeeded to the Dukedom of Savoy, 13-year-old Luisa Cristina married her 49-year-old paternal uncle Prince Maurice of Savoy as a reconciliation measure. Maurice had been a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church but received papal permission to leave the priesthood to marry his niece. Luisa Christina and Maurice had no children.

• Wikipedia: Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy

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Francesco Giacinto, Duke of Savoy (1632 – 1638)

Francesco Giacinto became Duke of Savoy when he was five-years-old, following the death of his father. His mother acted as regent. A year later, he died from a fever.

• Wikipedia: Francesco Giacinto, Duke of Savoy

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Carlo Emanuele II, Duke of Savoy (1634 – 1675)

Four-year-old Carlo Emanuele succeeded his six-year-old brother Francesco Giacinto as Duke of Savoy. His mother served as regent and even after Carlo Emanuele reached adulthood, he allowed his mother to continue ruling. He assumed power only after the death of his mother. He married his first cousin Françoise Madeleine d’Orléans, daughter of his maternal uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans. They had no children and Françoise Madeleine died the year after their marriage. Carlo Emanuele’s second wife was another first cousin, Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours. The couple had one son who succeeded his father as Vittorio Amadeo II, Duke of Savoy.

• Wikipedia: Carlo Emanuele II, Duke of Savoy

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Princess Margherita Violante of Savoy, Duchess of Parma (1635 – 1663)

Once considered a bride for her first cousin King Louis XIV of France, Margherita Violante married Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma. The couple had a stillborn daughter and a son who died the day of his birth as did Margherita Violante.

• Wikipedia: Princess Margherita Violante of Savoy, Duchess of Parma

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Princess Enrichetta Adelaide of Savoy, Electress of Bavaria (1636 – 1676)

Enrichetta Adelaide was the twin of Caterina Beatrice who died in infancy. She married Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and had four daughters and three sons. Through her eldest daughter, Enrichetta  Adelaide is an ancestor of the Spanish royal family. Enrichetta Adelaide and her husband built the Nymphenburg Palace in Munich, which became the summer palace of the Bavarian royals. They also built the Theatine Church of St. Cajetan in Munich in thanksgiving for the birth of their long-awaited heir Prince Maximilan II Emanuel.

• Wikipedia: Enrichetta Adelaide of Savoy, Electress of Bavaria

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Princess Caterina Beatrice of Savoy (1636 – 1637), died in infancy

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Maternal First Cousins: Child of Gaston of France, Duke of Orléans and his first wife Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier

Anne Marie Louise of Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, La Grande Mademoiselle (1627 – 1693)

Anne Marie Louise’s mother was the immensely wealthy Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier in her own right. Four days after Anne Marie Louise’s birth, her mother died due to childbirth complications and her infant daughter inherited her fortune and titles. Anne Marie Louise was not only the wealthiest woman in France but also the second-highest ranked woman after the queen. When Anne Marie Louise died, her fortune was handed over to her cousin Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, King Louis XIV’s only sibling.

• Wikipedia: Anne Marie Louise of Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, The Grande Mademoiselle

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Maternal First Cousins: Children of Gaston of France, Duke of Orléans and his second wife Marguerite of Lorraine

Marguerite Louise of Orléans, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (1645 – 1721)

Marguerite Louise married Cosimo III de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and had two sons and one daughter. The couple did not get along. After their first child, a son, was born they lived separately with Marguerite Louise constantly complaining to her cousin King Louis XIV of France. The couple reconciled for a period of several years. However, when her mother died, Marguerite Louise asked Louis XIV for permission to leave her husband and settle in France. Three years later, Louis XIV but confined his cousin to the Abbey of Saint Peter at Montmartre in Paris, which housed the noble ladies separated from their husbands. Previous abbesses had tolerated Marguerite Louise’s behavior but a new abbess complained to Louis XIV and Marguerite Louise was moved to a different convent. Eventually, Marguerite Louise was able to buy a house in Paris at 15 Place des Vosges, where she spent her final years.

• Wikipedia: Marguerite Louise of Orléans, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

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Élisabeth Marguerite of Orléans, Duchess of Guise (1646 – 1696)

Élisabeth Marguerite married Louis Joseph of Lorraine, Duke of Guise. Louis Joseph was only 17, four years younger than Élisabeth Marguerite who outranked him as a petite-fille de France (“Granddaughter of France”) and considered him a social inferior. Louis Joseph died from smallpox four years after their marriage. The couple did manage to produce one son but he was quite sickly. Still unable to walk unaided at age four, he was dropped by his nurse and died from a head injury. Élisabeth Marguerite never married again. She lived in her various homes, sometimes stayed at the Abbey of Saint Peter at Montmartre with her sister Marguerite Louise and was often at the court of her cousin Louis XIV.

• Wikipedia: Élisabeth Marguerite of Orléans, Duchess of Guise

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Françoise Madeleine of Orléans, Duchess of Savoy (1648 – 1664)

Françoise Madeleine was the first wife of her first cousin Carlo Emanuele II, Duke of Savoy. They married in April 1663 and nine months later 15-year-old Françoise Madeleine died. Her husband was inconsolable at her death and gave her a lavish funeral.

• Wikipedia: Françoise Madeleine of Orléans, Duchess of Savoy

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Jean Gaston of Orléans, Duke of Valois (1650 – 1652)

Jean Gaston was the only son of Gaston, Duke of Orléans. His birth was greatly celebrated by his wealthy and much older half-sister Anne Marie Louise who ordered a large fireworks display in Paris to celebrate his birth. Jean Gaston was always in frail health. He was never able to walk, could not speak, and had a leg deformity. He died when he was two-years-old.

Wikipedia: Jean Gaston of Orléans, Duke of Valois

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Marie Anne of Orléans (1652 – 1656), died in childhood

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Works Cited

• • Lundy, D. (2019). Main Page. [online] Thepeerage.com. Available at: http://www.thepeerage.com/. (for genealogy information)
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2019). Unofficial Royalty. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com. (for biographical and genealogy information)
  • Wikipedia. (2019). Main Page. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/.  (for biographical and genealogy information)