March 2: Today in Royal History

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Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia; Credit – Wikipedia

March 2, 1316 – Birth of Robert II, King of Scots at Paisley Abbey in Renfrewshire, Scotland
The first monarch of the House of Stewart, Robert II, King of Scots was the only child of Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland and Marjorie Bruce, the daughter of Robert I the Bruce, King of Scots. Fortunately, Robert II’s reign was more peaceful than previous reigns. Hostilities with England were renewed in 1378 and went on intermittently for the rest of Robert II’s reign. In 1384, when Robert II became senile, he left the administration of the kingdom to his eldest son John, Earl of Carrick, who succeeded him as Robert III, King of Scots.
Unofficial Royalty: Robert II, King of Scots

March 2, 1619 – Death of Anne of Denmark, Queen of England, wife of King James I of England, at Hampton Court Palace in Richmond, England; buried at Westminster Abbey in London, England
In 1589, Anne married James VI, King of Scots, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. In 1603, James succeeded to the English throne upon the death of Queen Elizabeth I of England as King James I of England. Anne and James had seven children but only three survived childhood: Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales who died of typhoid fever, aged 18; Elizabeth who married Frederick V, Elector Palatine whose daughter Sophia of Hanover became heiress presumptive to the British throne under the Act of Settlement 1701 (Sophia’s son was King George I) and King Charles I of England who was beheaded during the English Civil War. When Anne’s son Henry Frederick died, it was a great tragedy for Anne and the entire nation. Anne could not bear to have Henry’s death mentioned and people were advised not to give her condolences. After her son’s death, Anne’s health began to deteriorate and she withdrew from social activities. By 1617, Anne’s condition became debilitating. Her surviving son Charles was often with her and was at her bedside when Anne died at the age of 44 from dropsy (edema).
Unofficial Royalty: Anne of Denmark, Queen of England

March 2, 1681 – Death of Isabel Stuart, daughter of King James II of England and his second wife Maria Beatrice of Modena, at St. James’s Palace in London, England; buried at Westminster Abbey in London, England in the vault of her great-great-grandmother Mary, Queen of Scots

For most of her short life, Isabel was her parents’ only child and was fourth in line to the throne behind her father and her elder half-sisters Mary and Anne from her father’s first marriage. She moved down a place in the line of succession when her brother Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge was born in 1677. However, he lived for only one month, dying from smallpox. In 1678, Isabel was joined by another sister, Elizabeth, who was also short-lived. Isabel died on March 2, 1681, five months before her fifth birthday, at St. James’s Palace in London while her parents were still in Scotland. Her father regretted that he “could not have the satisfaction of seeing and assisting her in her sickness.”

Unofficial Royalty: Isabel Stuart

March 2, 1835 – Death of Franz I, Emperor of Austria in Vienna, Austria; buried at the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, Austria
Franz was the son of Pietro Leopoldo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor) and Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain. Franz’s paternal grandparents were the formidable and powerful Empress Maria Theresa, who was in her own right Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary, Queen of Croatia, and Queen of Bohemia, and Francis Stephen, Holy Roman Emperor, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Duke of Lorraine. Even though her husband was the nominal Holy Roman Emperor, Maria Theresa wielded the real power. Franz married four times but only his second wife Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily had children – a total of twelve children, before dying in childbirth. Upon the death of his father in 1794, Franz became Franz II, Holy Roman Emperor. During the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th-century, Holy Roman Emperor Franz II feared that Napoleon could take over the personal, hereditary Habsburg lands within the Holy Roman Empire, so in 1804 he proclaimed himself Emperor Franz I of Austria. As it turned out, Franz’s move was a wise one because the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806.
Unofficial Royalty: Franz I, Emperor of Austria

March 2, 1843 – Birth of Maria Clotilde of Savoy, Princess Napoleon, daughter of King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy, at the Royal Palace of Turin in Savoy, now part of Italy
Full name: Ludovica Teresa Maria Clotilde
Maria Clotilde married Napoléon-Jérôme Bonaparte, son of Jérôme Bonaparte, the brother of Emperor Napoleon I, and Princess Catherine of Württemberg. Maria Clotilde was fifteen and Napoléon-Jérôme was 37. Maria Clotilde was not impressed by her portly, anti-clerical liberal fiancé. Her innocence, piety, and sense of duty clashed with Napoléon-Jérôme’s love of wine, women, and food. Several years after the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, Maria Clotilde and her husband quietly separated and she returned to Turin, Italy with her daughter. Maria Clotilde continued her life of devotion and charity after her return to Italy. She spent her final years at the traditional summer residence of the Savoy family, the Castle of Moncalieri in Montcalieri, a town located just outside of Turin.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Clotilde of Savoy, Princess Napoleon

March 2, 1854 – Death of Sir John Conroy, 1st Baronet of Llanbrynmair, Equerry to Queen Victoria’s father The Duke of Kent and Comptroller and Private Secretary to Queen Victoria’s mother The Duchess of Kent, at his home Arborfield Hall, near Reading, Berkshire, England
Conroy was a confidant and political agent to Victoria’s mother The Duchess of Kent. Together, they designed the Kensington System, an elaborate and strict system of rules for the upbringing of young Victoria, designed to make her dependent upon them in the hope of allowing them one day to wield power through her. Princess Victoria grew to hate Conroy, thanks to the oppressive system, and he was also unpopular among the rest of the British royal family. When Victoria became Queen, she immediately dismissed Conroy from her household but she could not dismiss him from her mother’s household. However, she sent both her mother and Conroy off to a distant wing of the palace and cut off personal contact with them. After Conroy’s death, the Duchess of Kent finally agreed to have her financial accounts audited and acknowledged that significant funds were missing. She admitted that Conroy had swindled her and at the same time hurt her relationship with her daughter for his own benefit.
Unofficial Royalty: Sir John Conroy, 1st Baronet of Llanbrynmair, Comptroller and Private Secretary to Queen Victoria’s mother The Duchess of Kent

March 2, 1855 – Death of Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia in Taganrog, Russia; buried at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Russia
Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia was the third of the four sons and the ninth of the ten children of Paul I, Emperor of All Russia. Because he had two, much older brothers, he was not expected to become Emperor. Nicholas’ eldest brother Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia had no surviving children and so the second brother Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich was the heir to the throne. Grand Duke Constantine morganatically married Joanna Grudzińska. However, for Alexander I to give his approval to the marriage, Constantine was required to forfeit his rights to the Russian throne in favor of his younger brother Nicholas. Nicholas married Charlotte of Prussia (Alexandra Feodorovna), had ten children including Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia.  In 1855, Nicholas caught a chill, refused medical treatment, and developed pneumonia. Knowing he was dying, Nicholas retained his composure and said goodbye to his children and grandchildren. He blessed them and reminded them that they should remain friendly with each other. In the early afternoon of March 2, 1855, Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia died at the age of 58 at the Winter Palace.
Unofficial Royalty: Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia

March 2, 1916 – Death of Elisabeth of Wied, Queen of Romania, wife of King Carol I of Romania; buried beside her husband at the Cathedral of the Curtea de Argeş Monastery in Romania
In 1869, Elisabeth married Prince Carol I, born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, who had been elected Ruling Prince of the United Principalities of Romania. They had one daughter,  Maria, born in September 1870. Maria died of scarlet fever in 1874, and Elisabeth never fully recovered from the loss of her only child. In 1881, the Romanian parliament declared Romania a Kingdom, and Elisabeth’s husband became King Carol I. A  patron of the arts, Elisabeth often hosted writers, composers, and musicians, and helped promote their works. Her true passion was writing. Under the pseudonym Carmen Sylva, she wrote hundreds of poems, plays, novels, short stories, and essays, and thanks to her fluency in several languages, published numerous translations of other works.
Unofficial Royalty: Elisabeth of Wied, Queen of Romania

March 2, 2016 – Birth of Prince Oscar of Sweden, Duke of Skåne, son of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, at Karolinska Hospital in Solna, Sweden
Full name: Oscar Carl Olof
Prince Oscar’s elder sister Princess Estelle is second in the line of succession to the Swedish throne after her mother Crown Princess Victoria. In 1979, the Riksdag, the Swedish legislature, introduced an Act of Succession that changed the succession to absolute primogeniture, meaning that the eldest child of the monarch, regardless of gender, is first in the line of succession. This Act of Succession became law on January 1, 1980. The previous 1810 Act of Succession allowed only males to inherit the throne. Even after the birth of her brother Prince Oscar, Princess Estelle retains her place in the line of succession as the eldest child of Crown Princess Victoria who is the eldest child and the heir of King Carl XVI Gustaf.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Oscar of Sweden

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Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall, Illegtimate Son of King Henry I of England

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

Reginald’s father King Henry I of England holding a model of  Reading Abbey, which he founded and where he and his son Reginald were buried; Credit – Wikipedia

Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall, one of the many illegitimate children of King Henry I of England, was born circa 1110, in Dénestanville, Duchy of Normandy, then a possession of the King of England, now in France. He was the son of King Henry I and his mistress Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester (1077 – circa 1157), the daughter of Robert Corbet of Alcester, Constable of Warwick, and Adèle d’Alcester, Reginald’s maternal grandparents. His paternal grandparents were King William I of England (the Conqueror) and Matilda of Flanders. Reginald’s surname probably refers to the place of his birth.

King Henry I holds the record for the British monarch with the most illegitimate children, 25 or so illegitimate children who were Reginald’s half-siblings.

Reginald had four full siblings, the children of King Henry I and Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester:

Reginald had two royal half-siblings from his father’s marriage to Matilda of Scotland:

Reginald’s mother married Herbert FitzHerbert, Lord of Blaen Llyfni. Reginald had four half-brothers from her mother’s marriage:

  • Robert FitzHerbert (circa 1106 – 1147), unmarried
  • Henry FitzHerbert (circa 1110 – ?)
  • William FitzHerbert (1118 – 1132)
  • Herbert FitzHerbert, Lord of Blaen Llyfni, Lord Chamberlain of King Henry II of England (1125 – 1204), married Lucy FitzMiles de Gloucester and Hereford, had five children

Reginald married Beatrice FitzRichard (1114 – 1162), the daughter and heiress of William FitzRichard, Lord of Cardinham, a wealthy landowner in Cornwall, England.

Reginald and Beatrice had six children:

  • Nicholas de Dunstanville (1136 – 1175)
  • Emma de Dunstanville (died after 1208), married her cousin Guy IV de Laval, Lord of Laval, had two children
  • Hawise de Dunstanville (1138 – 1162), married Richard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon, Lord of The Isle of Wight, had two sons
  • Maud de Dunstanville (1143 – 1207), married Robert II de Beaumont, Comte de Meulan, had nine children
  • Ursula de Dunstanville (circa 1145 – ?), married Walter de Dunstanville, Baron of Castlecomb, had two children
  • Sarah de Dunstanville (circa 1137 – 1206), married Aimar V, Viscount of Limoges, had six children

14th-century depiction of the sinking of the White Ship; Credit – Wikipedia

After the death of King Henry I’s only legitimate son William Ætheling in the sinking of the White Ship, King Henry I gathered his nobles at Westminster where they swore to recognize his daughter Empress Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have as his successors. However, upon hearing of Henry I’s death on December 1, 1135, Stephen of Blois, one of Henry I’s nephews, quickly crossed the English Channel from France, seized power, and was crowned King of England on December 22, 1135. This started the terrible civil war between Stephen and his first cousin Empress Matilda known as The Anarchy.

Reginald’s half-sister Empress Matilda, Lady of the English; Credit – Wikipedia

Reginald supported his half-sister Empress Matilda over his cousin King Stephen during the eighteen-year-long civil war. It is most likely that Reginald was created Earl of Cornwall because of his support. Finally, in 1153, Stephen and Matilda’s son Henry FitzEmpress agreed upon a negotiated peace, the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognized Henry FitzEmpress as his heir. Reginald was present at the side of his nephew Henry FitzEmpress during the negotiations. After Henry FitzEmpress returned to the Duchy of Normandy, Reginald remained in England as his nephew’s official representative.

Reginald’s nephew KIng Henry II of England; Credit – Wikipedia

King Stephen died on October 25, 1154, and Henry FitzEmpress ascended the throne as King Henry II, the first Angevin King of England. During Henry II’s reign, Reginald was one of his closest advisors. Contemporary chroniclers recognized him as one the most powerful nobles in England along with Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester.

Reginald played an important role in the great crises during the reign of King Henry II. With Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester, he acted as an intermediary between Henry II and Thomas Becket. During the Revolt of 1173 – 1174, a rebellion against King Henry II by his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, three of his sons (Henry the Young King, the future King Richard I, and Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany), and their rebel supporters, Reginald led the campaigns in England against the rebels.

Ruins of Reading Abbey; Credit – By Hugh Llewelyn from Keynsham, UK – Reading Abbey, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83341027

Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall died on July 1, 1175, aged about 65, in Chertsey, Surrey, England. He was buried at Reading Abbey in Reading, England, founded by his father King Henry I “for the salvation of my soul, and the souls of King William, my father, and of King William, my brother, and Queen Matilda, my wife, and all my ancestors and successors.” Upon his death in 1135, King Henry I was buried at Reading Abbey. Sadly, Reading Abbey was left in ruins in 1538 during King Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries. Hugh Faringdon, the last abbot was tried and convicted of high treason and hanged, drawn, and quartered in front of the Reading Abbey Church.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Ashley, Mike. (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. Carroll & Graf Publishers.
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2015). King Henry I of England. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/king-henry-i-of-england/
  • Réginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall. geni_family_tree. (2022c, April 26). https://www.geni.com/people/R%C3%A9ginald-de-Dunstanville-1st-Earl-of-Cornwall/6000000002043182579
  • Weir, Alison. (2008). Britain’s Royal Families – The Complete Genealogy. Vintage Books.
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Reginald de Dunstanville, 1. Earl of Cornwall. Wikipedia (German). https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_de_Dunstanville,_1._Earl_of_Cornwall
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2022). Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_de_Dunstanville,_Earl_of_Cornwall
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023b, November 10). Réginald de Dunstanville. Wikipedia (French). https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_de_Dunstanville

Royal News Recap for Thursday, February 29, 2024

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Denmark

Greece

Norway

United Kingdom

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March 1: Today in Royal History

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Caroline of Ansbach, Queen of Great Britain; Credit – Wikipedia

March 1, 1683 – Birth of Caroline of Ansbach, Queen of Great Britain, wife of King George II of Great Britain, at the Residenz Ansbach in Ansbach, Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach, now in Bavaria, Germany
Full name: Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline
In 1705, Caroline married George, Electoral Prince of Hanover, the future King George II of Great Britain. The couple had eight children and through their children’s marriages, George and Caroline are the ancestors of many European royal families including the British, Danish, Dutch, Greek, Norwegian, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish Royal Families. Caroline’s father-in-law succeeded to the British throne as King George I in 1714 upon the death of Queen Anne and Caroline’s husband became heir to the throne. In 1727, King George I died and his son succeeded him as King George II. Queen Caroline played a greater role in governmental affairs than any queen consort since the Middle Ages. In 1724, during the birth of her youngest child, Caroline sustained an umbilical hernia. She ignored the condition until it became acute in November 1737. Then she was bled, purged, and operated on, without anesthetic, but there was no improvement in her condition. Gangrene set in and she died at the age of 54.
Unofficial Royalty: Caroline of Ansbach, Queen of Great Britain

March 1, 1790 – Birth of Heinrich XIX, 3rd Prince Reuss of Greiz in Offenbach, Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, now in Hesse, Germany
Upon the death of his father in 1817, Heinrich XIX succeeded as the 3rd Prince Reuss of Greiz. He married Princess Gasparine of Rohan-Rochefort and they had two daughters. When Heinrich XIX in 1836 at the age of 46, his brother Heinrich XX became the 4th  Prince of Reuss of Greiz because he had no sons.
Unofficial Royalty: Heinrich XIX, 3rd Prince Reuss of Greiz

March 1, 1792 – Death of  Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, also Pietro Leopoldo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, in Vienna, Austria; buried at the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, Austria
Leopold was the ninth of the sixteen children and the third but the second surviving of the five sons of Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia in her own right. When Leopold’s father became Grand Duke of Tuscany, it was decided that the second son would inherit that title and territory. However, Karl Joseph, the second son, died from smallpox at the age of fifteen, and Leopold, the third son became the second surviving son and the heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1764, Leopold married Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain, daughter of Carlos III, King of Spain. The couple had sixteen children. Just days after, Leopold’s wedding, his father suddenly died and Leopold became Grand Duke of Tuscany. Leopold was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1790 after the death of his childless brother Joseph. At that time, he abdicated the throne of Tuscany in favor of his second son Ferdinand. After only seventeen months as Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II died suddenly and unexpectedly on March 1, 1792, aged 44, in Vienna, Austria
Unofficial Royalty: Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Pietro Leopoldo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany

March 1, 1865 – Death of Anna Pavlovna of Russia, Queen of the Netherlands, wife of King Willem III of the Netherlands, in The Hague, the Netherlands; buried at Nieuwe Kerk in Delft, the Netherlands
Anna Pavlovna was the daughter of Paul I, Emperor of All Russia and his second wife, Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. In 1816, Anna Pavlovna married the future King Willem II of the Netherlands, then Prince of Orange. Anna and Willem had five children. Although she took an interest in Dutch history and learned to speak the language quite well, Anna was very homesick for her family and for Russia. Anna became Queen of the Netherlands in October 1840 after her father-in-law’s abdication.  Anna never really connected with the Dutch public and was not a popular queen. She founded several orphanages in the Netherlands and did not meddle in politics. Anna’s husband Willem II died in 1849 and was succeeded by his son Willem III. Anna had already disliked court life for years and during her son’s reign, she left it completely. Although she discussed returning to her native Russia, Anna stayed in the Netherlands. She died on March 1, 1865, at the age of 70.
Unofficial Royalty: Anna Pavlovna of Russia, Queen of the Netherlands

March 1, 1936 – Death of Victoria Melita of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Grand Duchess of Russia, in Amorbach, Germany; first buried in the Ducal Mausoleum at the Glockenburg Cemetery in Coburg, Germany, in March 1995, her remains were moved to the Grand Ducal Burial Vault at the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, Russia
Victoria Melita was the daughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia. She married her first cousin Grand Ernst Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine, but they divorced after seven years of marriage. After the divorce, she married her Romanov first cousin Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich. The couple had three children. Victoria Melita and Kirill escaped Russia soon after the abdication of their first cousin Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia. They lived out their lives at Villa Edinburg, which later became known as the Kirill Palace, in Coburg, now in Bavaria, Germany, and at a villa in Saint-Briac, France. In February 1936, while attending the christening of her fifth grandchild, Victoria Melita suffered a stroke, and she died on March 1, 1936, at the age of 59.
Unofficial Royalty: Victoria Melita of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Grand Duchess of Russia

March 1, 1955 – Birth of Vice-Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence, second husband of Anne, Princess Royal, in Camberwell, London, England
Full name: Timothy James Hamilton
Timothy served on a number of Royal Navy ships as a navigating officer and then as a commander. From 1986-1989, he had his first staff appointment as Equerry to Queen Elizabeth II. An equerry must be a senior officer in the British Armed Services. Timothy also served in various posts in the Ministry of Defence. He retired from the Royal Navy in 2010 with the rank Vice Admiral. As the Queen’s Equerry, a combination secretary and personal attendant, for three years, Timothy learned the ways of the Royal Family. He often ate with the family, accompanied them on outings, cruised with them on the royal yacht, and made the formal introductions when important guests came to visit. Anne’s marriage to Mark Phillips was in trouble and Timothy caught her eye. However, it was not until 1989, when four of Timothy’s love letters were stolen from Anne’s briefcase at Buckingham Palace that the romance came to light. In the same year, Anne separated from her first husband, but the courtship with Timothy remained discreet. The couple was seldom seen together until Anne’s divorce became final in April 1992. Timothy and Anne married on December 12, 1992, at Crathie Kirk in Ballater, Scotland near Balmoral Castle, in a Church of Scotland ceremony.
Unofficial Royalty: Vice Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence
Unofficial Royalty: Wedding of Princess Anne and Timothy Laurence

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February 29: Today in Royal History

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King Ludwig I of Bavaria; Credit – Wikipedia

February 29, 1868 – Death of King Ludwig I of Bavaria in Nice, France; buried at St. Boniface’s Abbey in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, now in Bavaria, Germany
In 1810, Ludwig married Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The wedding took place in a large outdoor space called the Theresienwiese, in Munich. Named for his bride, Theresienwiese is the site of Oktoberfest, held every year to commemorate the wedding. Ludwig became King of Bavaria upon his father’s death in 1825. However, by 1848, Ludwig’s reign was coming to an abrupt end. Facing protests and demonstrations by students and the middle classes, the King had ordered the closure of the university. Shortly after, the crowds raided the armory on their way to storm the Munich Residenz. Ludwig’s brother, Karl, managed to appease the protesters, but the damage was done. The King’s family and advisors turned against him, and he was forced to sign the March Proclamation, giving substantial concessions toward a constitutional monarchy. Unwilling to rule this way, King Ludwig I abdicated on March 20, 1848.  Ludwig spent the rest of his life in Bavaria, devoting his time to supporting and fostering the arts. He published several books of poems during his reign, as well as several translations of plays. On February 29, 1868, Ludwig died in Nice, France, aged 81, having survived his wife and five of his children.
Unofficial Royalty: King Ludwig I of Bavaria
Unofficial Royalty: Oktoberfest’s Royal Connection

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Royal News Recap for Wednesday, February 28, 2024

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Jordan

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Norway

Spain

United Kingdom

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Royal News Recap for Tuesday, February 27, 2024

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Multiple Monarchies

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February 28: Today in Royal History

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Mary, Princess Royal and Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles (later 6th Earl of Harewood); Credit – Wikipedia

February 28, 1155 – Birth of Henry the Young King, son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Bermondsey Abbey in London, England
Henry’s elder brother died in 1156 at the age of two, leaving Henry as the eldest child of King Henry II. In 1160, five-year-old Henry was married to two-year-old Marguerite of France, the daughter of King Louis VII of France (who happened to be the first husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine) and his second wife Constance of Castile. The reason for the early marriage was political. Marguerite’s dowry included the disputed territory of the Vexin and King Henry II wanted to possess it. Marguerite and Henry had one son, who survived for only three days. When Henry was 15, his father decided to adopt the French practice of ensuring the succession by declaring his heir the junior king and he was crowned at Westminster Abbey. Despite his rank of junior king, King Henry II refused to grant Henry land or allow him to participate in the government. With his mother and his brothers Richard (the future King Richard I of England) and Geoffrey, he nearly overthrew King Henry II in 1173. In 1182–83, Henry had a falling out with his brother Richard when Richard refused to pay homage to him on the orders of King Henry II. As he was preparing to fight Richard, Henry became ill with dysentery (also called the bloody flux), the scourge of armies for centuries, and died at the age of 28.
Unofficial Royalty: Henry the Young King

February 28, 1648 – Death of King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway at Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen, Denmark; buried at Roskilde Cathedral in Roskilde, Denmark
Having reigned for 59 years, Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway is the longest-reigning monarch of Denmark and one of the most beloved. In 1588, Christain IV succeeded to the throne at the age of eleven. He married Anna Katharina of Brandenburg in 1597 and the couple had six children. Christian had affairs and illegitimate children. After his wife’s death, he married 18-year-old Kirsten Munk, from a wealthy, untitled noble Danish family in 1615.  Kirsten was not the Queen due to the morganatic marriage and was given the title Countess of Schleswig-Holstein. Their ten children married into the Danish nobility, were styled Count and Countess of Schleswig-Holstein, and did not have succession rights. Christian IV and Kirsten’s stormy marriage ended in divorce in 1630, amid mutual allegations of infidelity and much bitterness. During his long reign, Christian IV, repeatedly and unsuccessfully attempted by military means to make the Kingdom of Denmark and Norway into a great power, especially during the Thirty Years War. However, his legacy would be his building projects and his cipher C 4 can be seen on many buildings in Denmark. Sensing he did not have a long time to live, Christian IV requested to be brought to his beloved Copenhagen. On February 21, 1648, he was carried in a litter from Frederiksborg Palace to Copenhagen. He died a week later, on February 28, 1648, at Rosenborg Castle, at the age of 70.
Unofficial Royalty: King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway

February 28, 1690 – Birth of Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, son of Peter I (the Great), Emperor of All Russia and his first wife Eudoxia Feodorovna Lopukhina, at Preobrazhensky, Russia
Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, heir to the Russian throne, was the elder of the two sons of Peter I (the Great), Emperor of All Russia and his first wife Eudoxia Feodorovna Lopukhina. In 1711, 21-year-old Alexei married 17-year-old Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Alexei and Charlotte Christine had two children, Grand Duchess Natalia Alexeievna who died of tuberculosis at age 14, and Peter II, Emperor of All Russia who died of smallpox at age 14. Three days after giving birth to her son Peter, 21-year-old Charlotte Christine died from puerperal fever (childbed fever). In 1718, Alexei confessed to being involved in a plot to overthrow his father and implicated most of his friends. He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to be executed. The sentence could be carried out only with Peter the Great’s signed authorization but Peter hesitated in making the decision.  28-year-old Alexei died at the Fortress of St. Peter and Paul in St. Petersburg. His death most likely resulted from injuries suffered during his torture.
Unofficial Royalty: Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia

February 28, 1823 – Birth of Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin at Ludwigslust Palace in Ludwigslust, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, now in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
At the age of 21, Friedrich Franz succeeded his father Paul Friedrich as Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He married three times: to Princess Auguste of Reuss-Köstritz (six children), Princess Anna of Hesse and by Rhine (one daughter), and Princess Marie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (four children including Heinrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin who married Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands). During his reign, which lasted over 40 years, Friedrich Franz II oversaw numerous reforms in the Grand Duchy, including the improvement of the national hospital system, reform of the judicial system, and the state church. Against the interests of his own relatives in neighboring Mecklenburg-Strelitz, he issued a liberal constitution in 1849. While the constitution was repealed the following year, his efforts made him immensely popular amongst his people. Friedrich Franz II died in 1883 at the age of 61.
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

February 28, 1912 – Birth of Prince Bertil of Sweden, Duke of Halland, son of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, at the Royal Palace in Stockholm, Sweden
Full name: Bertil Gustaf Oskar Carl Eugén
Bertil was the son of King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden and his first wife Margaret of Connaught, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, who died before her husband became King of Sweden. Bertil served as an active naval officer. While serving as a naval attaché at the Swedish Embassy in London, Bertil met Welsh-born Lilian Craig (born May Lillian Davies) who was married to Scottish actor Ivan Craig. Bertil and Lilian soon became a couple, but their relationship remained a secret from the public for a long time. Craig was serving in World War II and when he returned home in 1945, the couple had an amicable divorce. At that time Bertil was third in the line of succession to the Swedish throne. By the time his father came to the throne in 1950, Bertil was now second in the line of succession. His elder brother Gustaf Adolf had been killed in a plane crash in 1947, leaving an infant son, Carl Gustaf, the future King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, the heir to the throne. With the likelihood of Bertil being called to serve as Regent for his young nephew, he and Lilian chose not to marry so that he could retain his position in the Royal Family. Bertil’s father died in 1973, and Bertil’s nephew became King Carl XVI Gustaf. The rules, as well as the times, were beginning to change. In 1976, King Carl Gustaf married a commoner, Sylvia Sommerlath, and soon after, he granted his formal permission for Bertil and Lilian to marry. The couple married on December 7, 1976, at the Drottningholm Palace Chapel in the presence of the king and the queen. Bertil and Lilian had no children. Prince Bertil, aged 84, died after several years of declining health. Princess Lilian survived her husband for sixteen years, dying in 2013, at the age of 97.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland

February 28, 1922 – Wedding of Mary, Princess Royal, daughter of King George V of the United Kingdom, and Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles (later 6th Earl of Harewood) at Westminster Abbey in London, England
Mary’s eldest brother The Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VIII) knew Henry from World War I and greatly admired him. After meeting at the Grand National, an annual horse race, and a house party in 1921, Mary and Henry were continuously seen together, despite their fifteen-year age difference. They both loved horse riding and the two frequently attended hunts together. When Henry was invited to Balmoral and Sandringham, it was noted that there could be an engagement announcement soon. On November 20, 1921, Henry proposed to Mary at York Cottage, where he was staying while at Sandringham. The wedding of Princess Mary and Viscount Lascelles was the first time a child of a monarch had married at Westminster Abbey since 1290 when Margaret of England, daughter of King Edward I, married John II, Duke of Brabant.
Unofficial Royalty: Wedding of Mary, Princess Royal and Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood

February 28, 1941 – Death of King Alfonso XIII of Spain in exile at the Grand Hotel in Rome, Italy; buried first at the Church of Santa Maria di Monserrato in Rome, Italy; reburied in 1980 at the Monastery of San Lorenzo El Escorial in El Escorial, Spain
Alfonso is noteworthy because he became the King of Spain at birth. His father died while his mother was pregnant. In 1906, Alfonso married Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (Ena), the daughter of Princess Beatrice, Queen Victoria’s youngest child.  He had decided to marry Ena despite the risk that she was a hemophilia carrier. Ena’s brother Leopold suffered from the disease. Alfonso and Ena’s marriage was strained from the birth of their first son Alfonso. Shortly after his birth, it was discovered that he was suffering from hemophilia. Of their children, only their oldest and youngest sons had the disease. Despite knowing the possible risk before they married, Alfonso blamed Ena for bringing the disease into the royal family and distanced himself from her. He had several mistresses and fathered at least 6 illegitimate children. In 1931, elections were held, resulting in the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic. Alfonso and his family fled Spain, settling in France and then Italy. Soon after going into exile, Alfonso and Ena went their separate ways. He remained in Rome, while Ena settled in Switzerland. On January 15, 1941, feeling that his life was coming to an end, Alfonso formally abdicated in favor of his third son, Juan, Count of Barcelona (the father of the future King Juan Carlos I of Spain). His two older sons had both renounced their claims to the throne in the early 1930s. Just weeks later, on February 28, 1941, King Alfonso XIII died at the Grand Hotel in Rome, Italy at the age of 54.
Unofficial Royalty: King Alfonso XIII of Spain

February 28, 1991 – Death of Prince Wenzel of Liechtenstein, son of Prince Franz Joseph II, brother of Prince Hans-Adam II, in Vaduz, Liechtenstein; buried in the Princely Crypt at St. Florian Cathedral in Vaduz, Liechtenstein
The brother of Hans-Adam II, the current Prince of Liechtenstein, Wenzel was the youngest of the five children of Franz Josef II, Prince of Liechtenstein. He studied to become a doctor and worked in a hospital as an intern. On February 28, 1991, Wenzel, aged 28, died under unclear circumstances. The Princely Family of Liechtenstein kept silent and remains silent about the cause of death.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Wenzel of Liechtenstein

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Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2024

The Hawaiian Islands, located in the Pacific Ocean, were originally divided into several independent chiefdoms. The Kingdom of Hawaii was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief Kamehameha the Great of the independent island of Hawaii, conquered the independent islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, and unified them under one government and ruled as Kamehameha I, King of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1810, the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauai and Niihau voluntarily joined the Kingdom of Hawaii. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua.

In 1778, British explorer James Cook visited the islands. This led to increased trade and the introduction of new technologies and ideas. In the mid-19th century, American influence in Hawaii dramatically increased when American merchants, missionaries, and settlers arrived on the islands. Protestant missionaries converted most of the native people to Christianity. Merchants set up sugar plantations and the United States Navy established a base at Pearl Harbor. The newcomers brought diseases that were new to the indigenous people including influenza, measles, smallpox, syphilis, tuberculosis, and whooping cough. At the time of James Cook’s arrival in 1778, the indigenous Hawaiian population is estimated to have been between 250,000 and 800,000. By 1890, the indigenous Hawaiian population declined had to less than 40,000.

In 1893, a group of local businessmen and politicians composed of six non-native Hawaiian Kingdom subjects, five American nationals, one British national, and one German national overthrew Queen Liliʻuokalani, her cabinet, and her marshal, and took over the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii. This led to the 1898 annexation of Hawaii as a United States territory. On August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States.

In 1993, one hundred years after the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown, the United States Congress passed, and President Bill Clinton signed the Apology Resolution which “acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum”. As a result, the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, a grassroots political and cultural campaign to reestablish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom in Hawaii, was established along with ongoing efforts to redress the indigenous Hawaiian population.

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King Kamehameha III; circa 1853; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands reigned from 1825 to 1854. He was the longest-reigning monarch of the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands, reigning ruling for 29 years and 192 days. Born Kauikeaouli on March 17, 1814, in Keauhou Bay, on the island of Hawaiʻi in the Kingdom of Hawaii, he was the second of the three children and the younger of the two sons of Kamehameha I the Great, King of the Hawaiian Islands and his chief wife Queen Keōpūolani. King Kamehameha I had many wives and many children. The exact number is debated because documents that recorded the names of his wives were destroyed. While he had many wives and children, only his children from his highest-ranking wife Keōpūolani succeeded him to the throne.

Kamehameha III had two full siblings:

  • Kamehameha II, King of the Hawaiian Islands (1797 – 1824), the last Hawaiian king to practice polygamy, had five wives but none of the marriages produced children:
    • Kamāmalu (circa 1802 – 1824), Kamehameha II’s favorite wife, his half-sister
    • Kīnaʻu (circa 1805 – 1839), Kamehameha II’s half-sister
    • Kekāuluohi (1794 – 1845), Kamehameha II’s cousin
    • Pauahi (circa 1804–1826), often referred to as Kalanipauahi, Kamehameha II’s niece
    • Kekauʻōnohi (circa 1805 – 1851), Kamehameha II’s niece
  • Princess Nāhienaena (1815 – 1836), married William Pitt Leleiohoku I, had one child who died at birth, Nāhienaena died three and half months after giving birth

Kamehameha III’s brother and predecessor Kamehameha II and his favorite wife and half-sister Kamāmalu visited Great Britain in 1824. While there, members of the Hawaiian entourage caught measles. They had no natural immunity because the people of the Hawaiian Islands had lived in isolation until their contact with Europeans. Twenty-one-year-old Queen Kamāmalu died on July 8, 1824, and twenty-six-year-old King Kamehameha II died six days later.

10-year-old Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands, 1825; Credit – Wikipedia

Ten-year-old Kamehameha III succeeded his brother as King of the Hawaiian Islands, although the news of Kamehameha II’s death did not reach Hawaii until 1825. Queen Kaʻahumanu, Kamehameha I’s favorite wife, had been created Kuhina Nui, a role similar to a co-regent or modern-day prime minister, by the council of advisors. She ruled as co-regent during the reigns of both Kamehameha II and his brother and successor Kamehameha III, until she died in 1832.

Queen Kaʻahumanu, Kamehameha III’s his co-regent; Credit – Wikipedia

In April 1824, Queen Kaʻahumanu publicly acknowledged her conversion to Christianity and encouraged native Hawaiians to also convert. With the introduction of Christianity, Hawaiians were encouraged to take British or American names. The young Kamehameha III, who had a partial Christian upbringing, was torn between Queen Kaʻahumanu’s Puritan Christian guidelines and his desire to honor the old traditions. One of the old traditions was the marriages between closely related members of the Hawaiian royal family to preserve pure bloodlines. His brother Kamehameha II and his favorite wife Kamāmalu were half-siblings and Kamehameha II was also closely related to his four other wives. Kamehameha III and many of the traditional chiefs wanted a marriage between the king and his sister Nāhienaena but the marriage was opposed by the missionaries because they considered it incest.

Kamanele, the daughter of John Adams Kuakini, the Royal Governor of Hawaiʻi Island and Oʻahu, was proposed because of her suitability in age, rank, and education. In addition, the family of John Adams Kuakini had converted to Christianity. With the introduction of Christianity, Hawaiians were encouraged to take British or American names, hence the addition of John Adams to the Governor’s name. However, Kamanele died in 1834 before the wedding took place.

King Kamehameha III and his wife Queen Kalama; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamehameha III chose to marry Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili, the only child of High Chief Naihekukui, who was commander of the native Hawaiian fleet at Honolulu. On February 14, 1837, in a Christian ceremony, Kamehameha III married Kalama.

Kamehameha III and Kalama had two sons, but they both died in infancy and both were given the same name:

  • Keaweaweʻulaokalani I (born and died 1839)
  • Keaweaweʻulaokalani II (born and died 1842)

King Kamehameha III and Queen Kalama with Albert Kūnuiākea; Credit – Wikipedia

Kamehameha III and his mistress Jane Lahilahi, a Hawaiian high chiefess and a daughter of John Young Olohana, a royal advisor of Kamehameha I, had twin illegitimate sons:

  • Kīwalaʻō (born and died 1851)
  • Albert Kūnuiākea (1851 – 1902), adopted by Kamehameha III and Queen Kalama, became a Hawaiian politician, unmarried

Kamehameha III and Kalama also adopted Alexander Liholiho, later King Kamehameha IV, whose mother Princess Kīnaʻu, also known as also known as Elizabeth Kīnaʻu, was a daughter of Kamehameha I and a half-sister of Kamehameha III. Therefore, Alexander Liholiho was Kamehameha III’s nephew.

Hawaiian Royal Family: King Kamehameha III (center) and his wife, Queen Kalama (left); the future King Kamehameha IV (left rear), the future King Kamehameha V (right rear) and their sister Victoria Kamāmalu (right), circa 1853; Credit – Wikipedia

During his reign, Kamehameha III’s goal was a careful balancing of modernization by adopting Western ways while keeping his nation intact. The Kingdon of the Hawaiian Islands changed from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy based on the Constitution of 1840 and the Constitution of 1852. The Legislature of the Hawaiian Islands replaced the traditional Council of Chiefs. The chiefs served in the House of Nobles, modeled on the British House of Lords. The cabinet consisted of a Privy Council and five powerful government ministers.

In 1850, Kamehameha III moved the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu on Oahu. Kamehameha III and the monarchs who followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital, erecting buildings such as St. Andrew’s Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale, the former seat of government of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and the Republic of Hawaiʻi, now the home of the Hawaii State Supreme Court. Honolulu became the islands’ center of commerce, with descendants of American missionaries establishing major businesses downtown.

On December 15, 1854, at the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu, Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands suddenly died, aged 40, after a brief illness, possibly related to a stroke. He was succeeded by his nephew and adopted son Alexander Liholiho, who was styled as King Kamehameha IV.

In the background, the Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla, now a chapel; Credit – Wikipedia

King Kamehameha III was originally buried in the Western-style mausoleum built for his brother and predecessor King Kamehameha II and his wife Queen Kamāmalu near the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu. The mausoleum was a small house made of coral blocks with a thatched roof. Over time, as more coffins were added, the small vault became crowded. In 1863, construction began on Mauna ʻAla (Fragrant Hills), the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in Honolulu. On October 30, 1865, the remains of past deceased royals were transferred in a torchlit ceremony at night to the new mausoleum. On November 9, 1887, after the Royal Mausoleum became too crowded, the caskets of the members of the House of Kamehameha were moved to the newly built Kamehameha Tomb, an underground vault, under the Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb. Two additional underground vaults were built over the years. In 1922, the Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla was converted to a chapel after the last royal remains were moved to tombs constructed on the grounds.

Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb – Royal Mausoleum, Honolulu, Hawai; Credit – By Daderot. – Self-photographed, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1101293

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Flantzer, Susan. (2024). Kamehameha I The Great, King of the Hawaiian Islands. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/kamehameha-i-the-great-king-of-the-hawaiian-islands/
  • Flantzer, Susan. (2024). Kamehameha II, King of the Hawaiian Islands. Unofficial Royalty. https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/kamehameha-ii-king-of-the-hawaiian-islands/
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Kalama. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalama
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2024). Kamehameha III. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_III
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_(Mauna_%CA%BBAla)
  • Wikimedia Foundation. (2023). Hawaiian Kingdom. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom