Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2023

Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress; Credit – Wikipedia

The Holy Roman Empire was a limited elective monarchy composed of hundreds of kingdoms, principalities, duchies, counties, prince-bishoprics, and Free Imperial Cities in central Europe. The Holy Roman Empire was not really holy since, after Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1530, no emperors were crowned by the pope or a bishop. It was not Roman but rather German because it was mainly in the regions of present-day Germany and Austria. It was an empire in name only – the territories it covered were mostly independent each with its own rulers. The Holy Roman Emperor directly ruled over only his family territories, and could not issue decrees and rule autonomously over the Holy Roman Empire. A Holy Roman Emperor was only as strong as his army and alliances, including marriage alliances, made him. His power was severely restricted by the many sovereigns of the constituent monarchies of the Holy Roman Empire. From the 13th century, prince-electors, or electors for short, elected the Holy Roman Emperor from among the sovereigns of the constituent states.

Frequently but not always, it was common practice to elect the deceased Holy Roman Emperor’s heir. The Holy Roman Empire was an elective monarchy. No person had a legal right to the succession simply because he was related to the current Holy Roman Emperor. However, the Holy Roman Emperor could and often did, while still alive, have a relative (usually a son) elected to succeed him after his death. This elected heir apparent used the title King of the Romans.

Learn more at Unofficial Royalty: What was the Holy Roman Empire?

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Infanta Eleanor of Portugal (Leonor in Portuguese) was the wife of Friedrich III, Holy Roman Emperor, who was also the reigning Duke of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola and Duke (Duchy of Austria) and then Archduke of Austria (Archduchy of Austria). Eleanor was born on September 18, 1434, in Torres Vedras, Portugal. She was the sixth of the nine children and the third but the eldest surviving of the five daughters of King Duarte of Portugal and Eleanor of Aragon. Eleanor’s paternal grandparents were King João I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster. Philippa was the daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, son of King Edward III of England, and therefore Eleanor’s father King Duarte was a great-grandson of King Edward III of England, a nephew of King Henry IV of England, and first cousin of King Richard II of England and King Henry V of England. Eleanor’s maternal grandparents were King Fernando I of Aragon and Eleanor, 3rd Countess of Alburquerque.

Eleanor had eight siblings:

Infante João of Portugal (1429 – 1433), died in childhood
Infanta Philippa of Portugal (1430 – 1439), died in childhood
King Afonso V of Portugal (1432 – 1481), married (1) Isabella of Coimbra, had three children including King João II of Portugal (2) Joanna of Castile, his niece, no children
Infanta Maria of Portugal (born and died 1432), died in infancy.
Infante Fernando of Portugal, Duke of Viseu (1433 – 1470), married his cousin Beatriz of Portugal, had nine children including King Manuel I of Portugal
Infante Duarte of Portugal (born and died 1435)
Infanta Catarina of Portugal (1436 – 1463), became a nun
Infanta Joana of Portugal (1439 – 1475), married King Enrique IV of Castile, had one daughter Joanna of Castile who married her uncle Afonso V above

In 1438, when Eleanor was four years old, her father King Duarte died from the plague, causing a political crisis in Portugal. Eleanor’s six-year-old brother became King of Portugal as Afonso V. It was assumed that King Duarte’s brothers would be the regents for the underage Afonso but in his will, Duarte had named his unpopular wife Eleanor of Aragon as regent. Duarte’s brother Infante João, Constable of Portugal gained the backing of the bourgeoisie in the Cortes, an assembly of representatives of the estates of the realm – the nobility, clergy, and bourgeoisie – to elect his brother Infante Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, as regent. However, the nobility backed Eleanor of Aragon’s claim to be regent and threatened civil war. The crisis was defused by a complicated and tense power-sharing arrangement between Eleanor’s mother Eleanor of Aragon and her uncle Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra. Eleanor and her siblings were placed under the guardianship of their uncle Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra. In 1440, Eleanor of Aragon was removed from sharing the regency, and she left Portugal, living in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile where she died in 1445. It was in this tense atmosphere that Eleanor grew up.

Eleanor’s paternal aunt Isabella of Portugal had married Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, the ruler of the vast Burgundian State. In 1440, 25-year-old Friedrich, Duke of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola and then Duke of Austria, later Archduke of Austria, was unanimously elected King of the Romans. Although effectively Holy Roman Emperor, he would not officially become Holy Roman Empire until his coronation by the pope in Rome. A marriage with Friedrich was probably suggested by Eleanor’s aunt Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy. Eleanor was also suggested as a bride for the future King Louis XI of France but she preferred Friedrich because a marriage with him would make her an empress instead of a queen.

Eleanor meeting Friedrich for the first time by Pinturicchio, circa 1502-1507; Credit – Wikipedia

Marriage negotiations were conducted by Eleanor’s maternal uncle King Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples and completed in 1451. In November 1451, Eleanor left Portugal for the port city of Livorno, then in the Republic of Florence, now in Italy. After an arduous voyage, with stormy weather, skirmishes with pirates, and rumors that the ship had been lost at sea, Eleanor finally arrived in Livorno in January 1452 after a 104-day voyage. 18-year-old Eleanor met her 37-year-old groom-to-be in Siena on February 24, 1452, and together they traveled to Rome. On March 16, 1452, Eleanor and Friedrich were married by Pope Nicholas V. Finally, on March 19, 1452, Friedrich and Eleanor were anointed in St. Peter’s Basilica by Cardinal Francesco Condulmer, Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, and then they were crowned as Holy Roman Emperor and Holy Roman Empress by Pope Nicholas V.

Eleanor and her son Maximilian from Empress Eleanor’s Book of Hours; Credit – Wikipedia

Friedrich and Eleanor had five children but only two survived childhood:

Archduke Christoph of Austria (1455 – 1456), died in infancy
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459 – 1519), married (1) Mary, Duchess of Burgundy (in her own right), had three children including Philip of Austria, Lord of the Netherlands, Duke of Burgundy (2) Anne, Duchess of Brittany (in her own right), no children, proxy marriage annulled (3) Bianca Maria Sforza, no children
Helene of Austria (1460 – 1462), died in early childhood
Kunigunde of Austria (1465 – 1520), married Albrecht IV, Duke of Bavaria, had seven children
Johannes of Austria (1466 – 1467), died in early childhood

Eleanor and Friedrich were very different and their marriage was not happy. Eleanor loved dancing, gambling, and hunting while Friedrich was more serious. Friedrich sent Eleanor’s Portuguese entourage back to Portugal because of the cost which caused Eleanor to suffer from homesickness. Friedrich blamed Eleanor for causing the deaths of three of their children by making them eat Portuguese food, so he entirely took on the responsibility of raising their two surviving children.

A depiction of Eleanor’s tomb lid; Credit – Wikipedia

After fifteen years of marriage, Eleanor, aged 32, died on September 3, 1467, from dysentery in Wiener Neustadt, Duchy of Styria, now in Austria. She was buried at the Neukloster Abbey in Wiener Neustadt which was founded by her husband and where her three children who died in childhood were buried. Friedrich survived his wife Eleanor by twenty-six years, dying on August 19, 1493, at the age of 77. He was buried at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna, Austria in a magnificent tomb.

Friedrich III, Holy Roman Emperor in old age; Credit – Wikipedia

Friedrich III, Holy Roman Emperor had laid the foundation that would keep the House of Habsburg in a power play position until its fall after World War I in 1918. Friedrich and Eleanor’s son Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor married Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, the ruler of the Burgundian State. Friedrich’s and Eleanor’s grandson Philip of Austria, Lord of the Netherlands, Duke of Burgundy married Juana I, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon. Friedrich’s and Eleanor’s great-grandson Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (also King Carlos I of Spain among other titles), one of the most powerful ever monarchs, had a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of the Austrian, Burgundian, and Spanish realms.

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Works Cited

Edward, King of Portugal (2023) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward,_King_of_Portugal (Accessed: March 4, 2023).
Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (2023) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress (Accessed: March 4, 2023).
Flantzer, Susan. (2023) Friedrich III, Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, Archduke of Austria, Unofficial Royalty. Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/friedrich-iii-holy-roman-emperor-duke-of-styria-carinthia-and-carniola-archduke-of-austria/ (Accessed: March 4, 2023).
Flantzer, Susan. (2021) What was the Holy Roman Empire?, Unofficial Royalty. Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/what-was-the-holy-roman-empire/ (Accessed: March 4, 2023).
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (2023) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (Accessed: March 4, 2023).
Friedrich III. (HRR) (2023) Wikipedia (German). Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III._(HRR) (Accessed: March 4, 2023).
Leonor de Portugal, Imperatriz Romano-germânica (2022) Wikipedia (Portuguese). Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor_de_Portugal%2C_Imperatriz_Romano-Germ%C3%A2nica (Accessed: March 4, 2023).
Wheatcroft, Andrew. (1995) The Habsburgs. London: Viking.
Wilson, Peter H. (2016) Heart of Europe – A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Friedrich III, Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, Archduke of Austria

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2023

Friedrich III, Holy Roman Emperor; Credit – Wikipedia

The Holy Roman Empire was a limited elective monarchy composed of hundreds of kingdoms, principalities, duchies, counties, prince-bishoprics, and Free Imperial Cities in central Europe. The Holy Roman Empire was not really holy since, after Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1530, no emperors were crowned by the pope or a bishop. It was not Roman but rather German because it was mainly in the regions of present-day Germany and Austria. It was an empire in name only – the territories it covered were mostly independent each with its own rulers. The Holy Roman Emperor directly ruled over only his family territories, and could not issue decrees and rule autonomously over the Holy Roman Empire. A Holy Roman Emperor was only as strong as his army and alliances, including marriage alliances, made him, and his power was severely restricted by the many sovereigns of the constituent monarchies of the Holy Roman Empire. From the 13th century, prince-electors, or electors for short, elected the Holy Roman Emperor from among the sovereigns of the constituent states.

Learn more at Unofficial Royalty: What was the Holy Roman Empire?

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Friedrich III reigned as Holy Roman Emperor effectively from 1440 to 1493, as Friedrich V, Duke of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola from 1424 to 1493, and as Friedrich V, Duke (Duchy of Austria) and then Archduke of Austria (Archduchy of Austria) from 1457 to 1493. He would lay the foundation that would keep the House of Habsburg in a power play position until its fall after World War I. Friedrich was born on September 21, 1415, in Innsbruck, County of Tyrol, now in Austria. He was the eldest of the nine children and the eldest of the six sons of Ernst II, Duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, the Inner Austrian duchies, and his second wife Cymburgis of Masovia, a member of the Polish Piast dynasty. Friedrich’s paternal grandparents were Leopold III, Duke of Austria and Viridis Visconti, a member of the House of Visconti which ruled in Milan, now in Italy. His maternal grandparents were Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia and Alexandra of Lithuania.

Friedrich had eight siblings but only three survived infancy:

Margaretha of Austria (1416 – 1486), married Friedrich II, Elector of Saxony, had eight children
Albrecht VI, Archduke of Austria (1418 – 1463), married Mechthild of the Palatinate, no children
Katherina of Austria (1420 – 1493), married Karl I, Margrave of Baden-Baden, had six children
Ernst of Austria (1420 – 1432), died in childhood
Alexander of Austria (born and died 1421)
Anna of Austria (1422 – 1429), died in childhood
Leopold of Austria (1423 – 1424), died in infancy
Rudolph of Austria (born and died 1424), died in infancy

In 1424, when Friedrich was nine years old, his father Ernst II died and Friedrich became the Duke of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola. Although the young duke lived with his mother in Graz or in Wiener Neustadt, both in Duchy of Styria, now in Austria, Friedrich’s paternal uncle Friedrich IV, Duke of Austria, Count of Tyrol became the guardian of Friedrich and his brother Albrecht and the Regent of the Duchies of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola. Friedrich’s uncle ensured that his nephews received a good education. In 1429, when he was fourteen years old Friedrich’s mother Cymburgis of Masovia died.

In 1435, Friedrich was deemed old enough to rule over his duchies although his younger brother Albrecht tried to assert himself as co-ruler, the beginning of a long rivalry. In 1436, Friedrich made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and was knighted by the Order of the Holy Sepulchre which greatly increased his status. When his uncle Friedrich IV, Duke of Austria, Count of Tyrol died in 1439, Friedrich served as Regent for his twelve-year-old first cousin Sigismund until 1446.

Friedrich also served as Regent of Austria for Ladislaus the Posthumous, Duke of Austria. As his name indicates, Ladislaus was born four months after the death in 1439 of his father Albrecht V, Duke of Austria. In 1438, Albrecht V had been elected King of the Romans, a title used after the election but before the coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor. Albert was effectively the Holy Roman Emperor, however, due to his death, he was never crowned Holy Roman Emperor and could not use the title. When Ladislaus died at the age of seventeen, unmarried, his branch of the House of Habsburg became extinct, and Friedrich became Duke of Austria. Friedrich was now the ruler of all the sovereign Austrian states and was the undisputed head of the House of Habsburg. Because of the death in 1439 of Albert V, who would have been Holy Roman Emperor upon his coronation, a successor had to be elected by the prince-electors. On February 2, 1440, 25-year-old Friedrich was unanimously elected King of the Romans and although effectively Holy Roman Emperor, he would not officially become Holy Roman Empire until his coronation by the pope in Rome.

The woman Friedrich would eventually marry was Infanta Eleanor of Portugal, the daughter of King Duarte of Portugal and Eleanor of Aragon. A marriage with Friedrich was probably suggested by her aunt Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy. Eleanor was also suggested as a bride for the future King Louis XI of France but Eleanor preferred Friedrich because a marriage with him would make her an empress instead of a queen. Marriage negotiations were conducted by Eleanor’s maternal uncle King Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples.

Friedrich meets Eleanor of Portugal for the first time by Pinturicchio, circa 1502-1507; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1452, 37-year-old Friedrich traveled to Rome to marry 18-year-old Infanta Eleanor of Portugal and be crowned Holy Roman Emperor. On March 16, 1452, Friedrich and Eleanor were married by Pope Nicholas V. Finally, on March 19, 1452, Friedrich and Eleanor were anointed in St. Peter’s Basilica by Cardinal Francesco Condulmer, Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, and Friedrich was then crowned with the Imperial Crown by Pope Nicholas V. Friedrich III was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned in Rome.

Empress Eleanor and her son Maximilian from Empress Eleanor’s Book of Hours; Credit – Wikipedia

Friedrich and Eleanor had five children but only two survived childhood:

Archduke Christoph of Austria (1455 – 1456), died in infancy
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459 – 1519), married (1) Mary, Duchess of Burgundy (in her own right), had three children including Philip of Austria, Lord of the Netherlands, Duke of Burgundy (2) Anne, Duchess of Brittany (in her own right), no children, marriage annulled (3) Bianca Maria Sforza, no children
Helene of Austria (1460 – 1462), died in early childhood
Kunigunde of Austria (1465 – 1520), married Albrecht IV, Duke of Bavaria, had seven children
Johannes of Austria (1466 – 1467), died in early childhood

During his reign, Friedrich concentrated on re-uniting the Habsburg hereditary lands of Austria. In 1453, Friedrich elevated the Duchy of Austria to an Archduchy and took on the title Archduke of Austria. Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, was, in her own right, the ruler of the Burgundian State which consisted of parts of the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Germany. Mary had many suitors and Friedrich had the good fortune that Mary chose his eldest surviving son Maximilian, the future Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, as her husband. The couple married in 1477 and Maximilian became her co-ruler. With the inheritance of the Burgundian State, the House of Habsburg began to rise to predominance in Europe. Looking into the future, Maximilian and Mary’s son Philip of Habsburg, also known as Philip the Handsome, was the heir to both his father’s and mother’s dominions. Philip married Juana I, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon, thereby adding Spain’s dominions to the House of Habsburg. Philip and Juana’s son Charles, best known as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was one of the most powerful ever monarchs and had a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of the Austrian, Burgundian, and Spanish realms.

Friedrich’s wife Eleanor, aged 32, died on September 3, 1467, from dysentery in Wiener Neustadt, Duchy of Styria, now in Austria. She was buried at the Neukloster Abbey in Wiener Neustadt where her three children who died in childhood were buried. In 1486, Friedrich III, Holy Roman Emperor ensured that his son Maximilian would succeed him as Holy Roman Emperor when the prince-electors unanimously elected Maximilian King of the Romans.

Friedrich III, Holy Roman in old age; Credit – Wikipedia

In February 1493, Friedrich’s health began to worsen. He had an issue with his left leg which contemporary sources referred to as gangrene but in today’s modern medicine, the issue was caused by arteriosclerosis. Friedrich’s doctors decided to amputate the affected leg. Although Friedrich survived the amputation, he died on August 19, 1493, in Linz, Duchy of Austria, now in Austria, at the age of 77. Contemporary sources say the cause of his death was complications from the leg amputation, old age, or dysentery-like diarrhea from eating melon. Friedrich III’s reign of 53 years, from the time he was elected King of the Romans in 1440 until he died in 1493, is the longest reign of a Holy Roman Emperor.

Tomb of Friedrich III, Holy Roman Emperor; Credit – By Uoaei1 – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24993194

Friedrich III, Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, Archduke of Austria was initially buried at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna, Austria, in the Ducal Crypt. In 1463, thirty years before his death, Friedrich commissioned Dutch sculptor Nikolaus Gerhaert van Leyden to build a monumental tomb in St. Stephen’s Cathedral. Van Leyden died in 1473 and the work was completed by Austrian stonemason and sculptor Michael Tichter (link in German). On November 12, 1513, the remains of Friedrich III, Holy Roman Emperor were transferred in a grand ceremony from the Ducal Crypt to the tomb. The tomb lid shows Emperor Friedrich in his coronation regalia surrounded by the coats of arms of all his dominions. The sides of the tomb are decorated with 240 small statues. The tomb is considered a masterpiece of medieval sculptural art.

Depiction of the tomb lid; Credit – Von Georges Jansoone – Selbst fotografiert, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1061466

Works Cited

Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (2023) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress (Accessed: March 2, 2023).
Ernest, Duke of Austria (2022) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest,_Duke_of_Austria (Accessed: March 2, 2023).
Flantzer, Susan. (2022) St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna, Austria, Unofficial Royalty. Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/st-stephens-cathedral-in-vienna-austria/ (Accessed: March 2, 2023).
Flantzer, Susan. (2021) What was the Holy Roman Empire?, Unofficial Royalty. Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/what-was-the-holy-roman-empire/ (Accessed: March 2, 2023).
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (2023) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (Accessed: March 2, 2023).
Friedrich III. (HRR) (2023) Wikipedia (German). Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III._(HRR) (Accessed: March 2, 2023).
Wheatcroft, Andrew. (1995) The Habsburgs. London: Viking.
Wilson, Peter H. (2016) Heart of Europe – A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

A View from a DKM: The Coronation

I have been waiting since 1981 for a coronation and since that time I have gotten up early to watch every royal event. I have watched videos of A Queen is Crowned and news reel footage of the coronation of George VI. Needless to say, I was extremely excited about watching the coronation this past Saturday. I got up extra early to watch all the processions and the ceremony and here are my thoughts.

Things experts got wrong:
1. Charles did not wear a military uniform but wore traditional tunics. (He did wear trousers and not britches)
2. Harry was not in the 10th row; he was in the third, which was the first row of nonworking royals.
3. Lady Louise was on the balcony.

Things I did not like:
1. Most peers were not in coronation robes and did not have coronets. That was one of my favorite parts of previous coronations. They could have at least let the peers who were part of the ceremony wear their coronets since they were in coronation robes.
2. The removal of the homage except for the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Prince of Wales.
3. The Queen not holding the consort’s scepter and rod.

Surprising emotional moment for me: After the anointing screens were removed and we see the King kneeling in trousers and white shirt as the bishops prayed over him.

Rock Star of the Coronation: The Lord President of the Council (Penny Mordaunt)

Moment that lived up to all the hype: The actual crowning of the King.

Random Thoughts:
• Louis and Charlotte were every bit a little prince and princess.
• One of the girls in the choir reminded me of a young Lindsay Lohan.
• There were moments when both the King and Queen looked their age.
• No moment brought me to tears, but after the Prince of Wales kissed the King’s cheek, I might have come close.
• The royal salute and three cheers for the King and Queen by the troops was impressive.
• They did an excellent job of making the balcony look full.
• The Queen’s crown looked so big to me.
• God willing, I will live to see one more coronation.
• God save the King!

Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, 2nd Husband of Mary Tudor

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2023

Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk wearing the collar of the Order of the Garter.; Credit – Wikipedia

Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk was the second of the two husbands of Mary Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England and sister of King Henry VIII of England. Brandon was born circa 1484, one of the four children of Sir William Brandon and Elizabeth Bruyn.

Charles Brandon had three siblings:

Robert Brandon (1480 – ?)
Catherine Brandon (circa 1484 – ?)
William Brandon (circa 1476 – before 1485)

Charles Brandon’s father Sir William Brandon was the standard banner for Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond (the future King Henry VII) from the House of Lancaster at the Battle of Bosworth Field on August 22, 1485, the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses. When King Richard III of England from the House of York, launched his final charge in the battle, he unhorsed but did not kill, Sir John Cheyne, a well-known jousting champion and Henry Tudor’s personal bodyguard. Sir William Brandon was then killed by King Richard III while defending the standard banner of Henry Tudor. Ultimately, the Battle of Bosworth resulted in King Richard III of England, losing his life and his crown. The battle was a decisive victory for the House of Lancaster, whose leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, became the first monarch of the House of Tudor as King Henry VII of England.

In 1494, Charles Brandon’s mother died and the ten-year-old became an orphan. It is likely that Brandon’s uncle Sir Thomas Brandon, who acted as a diplomat for King Henry VII and was also Master of the Horse and a Knight of the Garter, arranged for his nephew to be raised at the court of King Henry VII. At court, Brandon would meet the future King Henry VIII, who was six years younger than Brandon. The two boys would connect due to their shared interests, especially jousting and real tennis, and a lifelong friendship developed. By the time King Henry VII died in 1509 and his son succeeded him as King Henry VIII, Brandon was already a favorite of the new king.

Before his 1515 marriage to Mary Tudor, Charles Brandon had two marriages and one contract to marry:

1507: Brandon married Margaret Neville, daughter of John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu (killed at the Battle of Barnet) and Isabel Ingoldesthorpe, no children, the marriage was declared void about 1507 by the Archdeaconry Court of London, and later by a papal bull in 1528
1508: Brandon married Anne Browne, daughter of Sir Anthony Browne and Eleanor Ughtred. Anne died in 1512. Brandon and Anne had two daughters:
- Lady Anne Brandon (1507 – 1557), married (1) Edward Grey, 3rd Baron Grey of Powis, no children marriage dissolved (2) Randal Harworth, no children
- Lady Mary Brandon (1510 – circa 1542), married Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Monteagle, had six children
1513: Brandon was contracted to marry Elizabeth Grey, 5th Baroness Lisle but the contract was annulled

On March 4, 1514, King Henry VIII created Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk. At that time, there were only two other Dukes in the Kingdom of England. That same year, King Henry VIII negotiated a peace treaty with France that included the marriage of his 18-year-old sister Mary Tudor and the 52-year-old twice-married King Louis XII of France who was eager to have a son to succeed him. Mary was not thrilled at the prospect of marrying a sick old man, especially since she was already in love with Charles Brandon. Mary made her brother promise that if she survived Louis XII, she could choose her second husband.

Mary’s marriage to King Louis XII of France did not last long. Louis XII died on January 1, 1515, just three months after the wedding. As he had no son, he was succeeded by his son-in-law François d’Angoulême from the House of Valois-Angoulême as King François I of France. Mary was aware the new King of France would like her to marry a Frenchman to keep her dowry in France. However, she confided in François I that she wished to marry Charles Brandon and he agreed to help her. First, Mary had to follow the French royal custom of a widowed queen observing a 40-day mourning period. She spent the mourning period at the Hôtel de Cluny in Paris with darkened windows and candlelight. She was also observed to see if she was pregnant with the future heir to the throne.

Wedding portrait of Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, attributed to Jan Gossaert, circa 1515; Credit – Wikipedia

Henry VIII sent Charles Brandon to France to bring his sister back to England, and he made Brandon promise he would not propose to Mary. Once in France, Brandon was persuaded by Mary to abandon this pledge. On March 3, 1515, Mary secretly married Charles Brandon at the Hôtel de Cluny in Paris in the presence of ten people including King François I of France. Technically, this was treason as Brandon had married a royal princess without the king’s consent. Mary and Brandon returned to England to face the wrath of her brother. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey managed to calm King Henry VIII although some members of the Privy Council wanted Brandon imprisoned or executed. Over a period of time, Mary and Brandon had to pay a £24,000 fine, approximately £7,200,000 today. Henry VIII later reduced the fine. The couple was married again in the presence of King Henry VIII at the Grey Friar’s Church in Greenwich on May 13, 1515.

Charles Brandon and Mary spent most of their time at Westhorpe Hall in Suffolk, England. They also had a London residence, Suffolk Place. Brandon’s daughters from his marriage to Anne Browne, Lady Anne Brandon and Lady Mary Brandon, lived with them at Mary’s insistence.

Brandon and Mary had four two sons and two daughters but only their daughters survived childhood :

Henry Brandon (1516 – 1522), died in childhood
Lady Frances Brandon (1517 – 1559), married (1) Henry Grey, 3rd Marquess of Dorset, had three daughters including the ill-fated Lady Jane Grey (2) Adrian Stokes, had three children who all died in infancy
Lady Eleanor Brandon (1519 – 1547), married Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland, two sons and one daughter, only the daughter survived childhood
Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln (c. 1523 – 1534), died in childhood

Mary opposed her brother’s attempt to obtain an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. Mary had known Catherine for many years and was very fond of her. She developed a strong dislike for Anne Boleyn when Anne had served as one of her maids of honor in France.

Mary’s health began to suffer around the time King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn married. There were rumors that the coronation of Anne Boleyn on June 1, 1533, broke Mary’s heart. She died at Westhorpe Hall on June 25, 1533, at the age of 37, and was originally buried in the Abbey at Bury St. Edmunds in Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, England. In 1538, when the Abbey at Bury St. Edmunds was dissolved during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Mary’s coffin was brought to St. Mary’s Church in Bury St. Edmunds where it still rests in the crypt.

Katherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, Duchess of Suffolk, drawing by Hans Holbein the Younger; Credit – Wikipedia

Less than two months after the death of Mary Tudor, Charles Brandon married again. His fourth and final wife was Katherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby. Katherine was the only child of William Willoughby, 11th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, and therefore was his heir. Her mother was Willoughby’s second wife María de Salinas, the Spanish-born lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon. After her father died in 1526, seven-year-old Katherine became a ward of King Henry VIII. Two years later, Henry VIII sold the wardship, not an unusual occurrence, to Brandon. Katherine Willoughby grew up with Brandon’s children and it was common knowledge that the wealthy heiress would be betrothed to Brandon’s son Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln. When Mary Tudor died, Katherine Willoughby was one of the chief mourners at her funeral. Not wanting to risk losing Katherine’s lands and wealth because his son Henry was too young to marry, Brandon married Katherine himself. Although at the time of their marriage, Brandon was forty-nine and Katherine only fourteen, their marriage was successful.

Miniature of Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk by Hans Holbein the Younger, circa 1541; Credit – Wikipedia

Charles Brandon and Katherine had two sons who both died on the same day of the sweating sickness, six years after their father’s death:

Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (1535 – 1551) died in his teens
Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (1537 – 1551) died in his teens an hour after his older brother

Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk was a military commander, was created a Knight of the Garter in 1513, and held several political positions during the reign of King Henry VIII:

Earl Marshal 1524 – 1533
Lord President of the Privy Council (1530 – 1545)
J ustice in Eyre (1534 – 1545)
Lord Steward (1541 – 1544)

Throughout the reign of King Henry VIII, Charles Brandon remained close to the king, acting as a companion at court and often accompanying him on his travels. He accompanied Henry VIII to his famous 1520 summit with King François I of France known as the Field of the Cloth of Gold. In 1536, Brandon stood at the scaffold at the Tower of London, representing Henry VIII, at the execution of Anne Boleyn. Brandon led action against the 1536 – 1537 Pilgrimage of Grace, a protest against Henry VIII’s break with the Catholic Church and the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Henry VIII gave Brandon a large amount of church property confiscated during the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Gravemarker of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk; Credit – Credit – https://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/charles-brandon-duke-of-suffolk/

During the summer of 1545, Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk was part of King Henry VIII’s entourage during a hunting progress. On August 24, 1545, Brandon, aged 60 – 61, died suddenly while the hunting progress was at Guildford Castle in Surrey, England. Henry VIII was grief-stricken at the loss of one of his oldest and most loyal friends. He arranged and paid for the burial of Brandon in the south quire aisle of St. George Chapel, Windsor Castle in Windsor, England. 18th-century historian Joseph Pote wrote regarding Brandon’s grave, “Nothing remains to distinguish the Grave of this noble Duke but a rude brick pavement.” Finally, in 1787, during the reign of King George III, it was “ordered that leave be given to lay a stone above the grave of Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk, according to His Majesty’s directions”. The gravemarker was put in place by architect Henry Emlyn while conducting a restoration of St. George’s Chapel in 1787 – 1790 that included the repaving of the quire aisles and nave.

Miniature of Katherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk by Hans Holbein the Younger; Credit – Wikipedia

After Charles Brandon’s death, his 26-year-old widow Katherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk married Richard Bertie, a member of her household, out of love and shared religious beliefs. Katherine and Richard Bertie had one daughter and one son. Katharine survived her first husband Charles Brandon by thirty-five years, dying on September 19, 1580, aged 61, at her family home Grimsthorpe Castle in Lincolnshire, England which still remains in the Willoughby de Eresby family. Her son with Richard Bertie, Peregrine Bertie, inherited her title as the 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby.

Works Cited

Charles Brandon, 1. Duke of Suffolk (2022) Wikipedia (German). Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brandon,_1._Duke_of_Suffolk (Accessed: March 5, 2023).
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk (2023) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brandon,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk (Accessed: March 5, 2023).
Cracknell, Eleanor. (2013) Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, College of St George. Available at: https://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/charles-brandon-duke-of-suffolk/ (Accessed: March 5, 2023).
DeLisle, Leanda. (2013) Tudor – Passion, Manipulation, Murder. New York: PublicAffairs.
Flantzer, Susan. (2016) Mary Tudor, Queen of France, Duchess of Suffolk, Unofficial Royalty. Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/mary-tudor-queen-of-france-duchess-of-suffolk/ (Accessed: March 5, 2023).
Perry, Maria. (1998) The Sisters of Henry VIII. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Sir William Brandon, Kt. (2022) geni_family_tree. Available at: https://www.geni.com/people/Sir-William-Brandon-Kt/6000000006444764167 (Accessed: March 5, 2023).
Weir, Alison. (2001) Henry VIII – The King and His Court. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.

Royal News Recap – The Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla

photo: Royal Collection Trust / © His Majesty King Charles III 2023

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Chairs of Estate and Throne Chairs

by Scott Mehl
© Unofficial Royalty 2023

Throne Chair of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953. photo: Royal Collection Trust / © His Majesty King Charles III 2023

In addition to the Coronation Chair, used for the actual crowning of the Sovereign, there are other chairs used during the Coronation Ceremony. For the majority of the service, the Sovereign and Consort are seated in Chairs of Estate, which are placed on the south side of the sanctuary. The Sovereign is crowned in the Coronation Chair and then moves to a Throne Chair (also known as a Chair of State). After the Queen Consort is crowned, she then moves to a similar Throne Chair beside the King.

Typically, both the Chairs of Estate and Throne Chairs are made new for each coronation. However, it has been announced that King Charles III and Queen Camilla will use chairs already in the Royal Collection. They will use Chairs of Estate made for the 1953 Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, and Throne Chairs made for the 1937 Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth (the King’s grandparents).

Chairs of Estate

The Chair of Estate of King Charles III. photo: Royal Collection Trust / © His Majesty King Charles III 2023

The Chair of Estate of Queen Camilla. photo: Royal Collection Trust / © His Majesty King Charles III 2023

The Chairs of Estate are placed on the south side of the sanctuary, and are used by the Sovereign and Consort for the majority of the Coronation Service. For the 2023 Coronation, King Charles and Queen Camilla are using the Chairs of Estate made for the 1953 Coronation of the King’s late mother, Queen Elizabeth II. Although only one was used at the 1953 Coronation, a second chair was made for Prince Philip, The Duke of Edinburgh. This is the one that will be used by Queen Camilla. Following the 1953 coronation, the Chairs of Estate were moved to Buckingham Palace, where they were displayed on the dais in the Throne Room of Buckingham Palace. On either side of them were the Chairs of Estate of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and King George V and Queen Mary. Prior to the coronation of George V in 1911, it was customary that the Chairs of Estate were sold to people who had attended the event.

Throne Chairs (Chairs of State)

Throne Chair of King George VI, 1937. photo: Royal Collection Trust / © His Majesty King Charles III 2023

The throne chairs are placed on a dais behind the Coronation Chair. Following the crowning, the Sovereign moves to the Throne Chair, where the homage is received. A second Throne Chair is located on the dais, usually one or two steps lower, for the Queen Consort.

For the 2023 Coronation, King Charles and Queen Camilla are using the Throne Chairs made for the 1937 Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. The chairs have been updated with new material, featuring the cyphers of the new King and Queen.

Throne Chair of King Edward VII, 1902. photo: Royal Collection Trust / © His Majesty King Charles III 2023

The Throne Chair of Queen Elizabeth II (pictured at the top of this article) is displayed in the Garter Throne Room at Windsor Castle. Those of King George V and Queen Mary are at The Palace of Holyroodhouse, and those of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra are in the Ballroom at Buckingham Palace.

Throne Chair of King George V, 1911. photo: Royal Collection Trust / © His Majesty King Charles III 2023

Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla of the United Kingdom

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2023

The coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla took place at Westminster Abbey in London, England on Saturday, May 6, 2023, at 11:00 AM British Time.

YouTube – The Royal Family Channel – King Charles III Coronation

Westminster Abbey; Photo Credit – By Σπάρτακος – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26334184

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The Procession

The Diamon Jubilee State Coach; Credit – By Grahamedown – Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9426700

King Charles III and Queen Camilla arrived at Westminster Abbey in a procession that started from Buckingham Palace. They arrived in the 2014 Diamond Jubilee State Coach and returned to Buckingham Palace in the 1762 Gold State Coach.

Credit – Time Out

The procession route was only 1.3 miles. The same route was used for the return trip to Buckingham Palace. The route is the normal route royals use to get to Westminster Abbey: leaving Buckingham Palace through the Centre Gate, and proceeding down The Mall, passing through Admiralty Arch and south of King Charles I Island, down Whitehall and along Parliament Street, around the east and south sides of Parliament Square to Broad Sanctuary, arriving at Westminster Abbey.

Queen Elizabeth II had somewhat the same route to the Abbey with a small .3-mile addition but had a five-mile return trip. On the map above, Charles’ route to and from is in red, Elizabeth’s route to the Abbey is in light blue and her route back to Buckingham Palace is in dark blue. Elizabeth’s route allowed for people to stand on 5.3 miles of street while Charles’ route allowed for people to stand on only 1.3 miles of street.

Participants

One of King Charles III’s grandchildren and three of Queen Camilla’s grandchildren and one of her great-nephews participated.

King Charles III was attended by four pages of honour:

Prince George of Wales, the King’s grandson, son of The Prince and Princess of Wales
Lord Oliver Cholmondeley, the son of David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley
Nicholas Barclay, the grandson of Sarah Troughton, a second cousin of the King and a relative of the Bowes-Lyon family, the birth family of the late Queen Mother, King Charles III’s maternal grandmother
Ralph Tollemache, the son of The Honorable Edward Tollemache

Queen Camilla was attended by four pages of honour:

Gus Lopes, the Queen’s grandson, son of her daughter Laura Lopes
Louis Lopes, the Queen’s grandson, son of her daughter Laura Lopes
Frederick Parker Bowles, the Queen’s grandson, son of her son Tom Parker Bowles
Arthur Elliot, the Queen’s great-nephew, son of her nephew Ben Elliot

In addition, Queen Camilla had two Ladies in Attendance:

Fiona Mary Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne, the Queen’s long-time friend and one of her six Queen’s Companions
Annabel Elliot, the Queen’s sister

Some Peers of the Realm carried standards, banners, and the coronation regalia in the procession and/or presented regalia during the coronation. Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal of England is the most senior peer in the Peerage of England. The Earl Marshal is a hereditary royal officeholder. The Dukes of Norfolk have held the office since 1672. The Earl Marshal organizes major ceremonial state occasions such as the monarch’s coronation and state funerals. He is also the leading officer of arms, oversees the College of Arms, and is the sole judge of the High Court of Chivalry.

Peers of the Realm Who Participated in the Coronation

Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal of England
Richard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch and 12th Duke of Queensberry, carried the Sceptre with Cross
Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke of Wellington, carried Queen Mary’s Crown
Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster, carried the Standard of the Royal Arms of England
Charles Paget, 8th Marquess of Anglesey, carried the Standard of the Principality of Wales
Anthony Lindsay, 30th Earl of Crawford and 13th Earl of Balcarres, Deputy to the Great Steward of Scotland
Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll, Lord High Constable of Scotland
Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun, carried the Golden Spurs
Alexander Scrymgeour, 12th Earl of Dundee, carried the Royal Banner of Scotland
Nicholas Alexander, 7th Earl of Caledon, carried the Standard of the Royal Arms of Ireland
Delaval Astley, 23rd Baron Hastings, carried the Golden Spurs
Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington, Lord Great Chamberlain of England, presented the Golden Spurs
Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos, participated in the act of Recognition of His Majesty
Helena Kennedy, Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws, carried The Queen Consort’s Rod
Narendra Patel, Baron Patel, presented the Ring
Elizabeth Manningham-Buller, Baroness Manningham-Buller, carried St. Edward’s Staff
Floella Benjamin, Baroness Benjamin, carried the Sceptre with the Dove
Nicholas True, Baron True, Leader of the House of Lords and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
Indarjit Singh, Baron Singh of Wimbledon, presented the Coronation Glove
General David Richards, Baron Richards of Herstmonceux, carried the Sword of Spiritual Justice
Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon, Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords
General Nicholas Houghton, Baron Houghton of Richmond, carried the Sword of Temporal Justice
Richard Chartres, Baron Chartres, carried The Queen Consort’s Ring and presented The Queen Consort’s Sceptre with Cross
Ara Darzi, Baron Darzi of Denham, carried the Armills
Syed Kamall, Baron Kamall, presented the Armills
Gillian Merron, Baroness Merron, presented the Robe Royal
Air Chief Marshal Stuart William Peach, Baron Peach, carried the Sword of Mercy (The Curtana)

Armed Forces Who Participated in the Coronation

General Sir Patrick Sanders, Chief of the General Staff, carried the Queen’s sceptre
Cadet Warrant Officer Elliott Tyson-Lee, carried the Union Flag
Petty Officer Amy Taylor, carried the Jewelled Sword of Offering

Others Who Participated in the Coronation

Embed from Getty Images

Penny Mordaunt memorably bore the heavy Sword of State throughout the coronation.

Penny Mordaunt, Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons, presented the Jewelled Sword of Offering and carried the Sword of State
Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington, Lord Great Chamberlain, presented the Golden Spurs
Rose Hudson-Wilkin, Bishop of Dover, presented The Queen Consort’s Rod
John McDowell, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, presented the Sovereign’s Orb
Iain Greenshields, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, presented the Bible
Mark Strange, Bishop of Moray, Ross and Caithness and Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church, presented the Sceptre with Cross
Andrew John, Archbishop of Wales and Bishop of Bangor, presented the Sceptre with Dove
John Armes, Bishop of Edinburgh, Usher of the White Rod

The Coronation Ceremony

King Charles III and Queen Camilla were crowned in Westminster Abbey in London in a service conducted by Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury assisted by David Hoyle, Dean of Westminster with other clergy participating.

Read about the British coronation regalia at the links below:

Unofficial Royalty: British Coronation Regalia

The Coronation Theatre; Credit – Westminster Abbey

Like many other Christian churches, Westminster Abbey is built in the shape of a cross. The space where coronations happen, called the Coronation Theatre, is at the point at which the two parts of the cross meet, at the very center of Westminster Abbey, directly in front of the High Altar. It is here that the 700-year-old Coronation Chair, also called St. Edward’s Chair and King Edward’s Chair, on which the monarch sits for the majority of the service, is placed, facing the High Altar.

The coronation involves six basic stages based on the coronation service written by Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury used in 973 for the coronation of Edgar the Peaceful, King of the English: the recognition, the oath, the anointing, the investiture/the crowning, the enthronement, and the homage.

King Charles III and Queen Camilla’s coronation service was shorter than coronations in the past. The Coronation Liturgy for the coronation (link below) followed the six basic stages but the text of the service was quite different from the text of past coronations, and there were some changes from past coronations and some modern additions.

St. Edward’s Crown; Credit – By Firebrace – Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=116459012

King Charles III was crowned with the traditional St. Edward’s Crown and Queen Camilla was crowned with Queen Mary’s Crown, first worn by King Charles’ great-grandmother Queen Mary when she was crowned as Queen Consort with her husband King George V in 1911.

Coronation Music

Credit – https://www.royal.uk/coronation-music-westminster-abbey

The music at the coronation of King Charles III, who was very much involved in the music selection, featured twelve new orchestral, choral, and organ pieces commissioned for the coronation including a coronation anthem based on Psalm 98 by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd Webber. One of the liturgical sections of the ceremony was performed in Welsh in tribute to King Charles III’s long tenure as Prince of Wales. At King Charles III’s request, Greek Orthodox music was included in tribute to his late father Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, born a Greek prince.

April 16, 2023 – British Monarchy: New Music Commissions for the Coronation Service at Westminster Abbey

I Was Glad, with text from Psalm 122, has been sung at the entrance of the monarch at every coronation since that of King Charles I in 1626. Sir Hubert Parry wrote a setting of the psalm for the coronation of King Edward VII in 1902. It was also used for the coronations of King George V, King George VI, Queen Elizabeth II, and King Charles III.

At the coronation of every monarch since the coronation of King James II in 1685, the King’s (or Queen’s) Scholars of the Westminster School have had the privilege of acclaiming the monarch by shouting “Vivat” during the monarch’s procession from the Quire of Westminster Abbey towards the Coronation Theatre in front of the High Altar. The Vivat was incorporated into Sir Hubert Parry’s anthem I Was Glad, at the end. The Latin version of the names is used, and so “Vivat, Rex! / Vivat, Rex Carolus! / Vivat! Vivat! Vivat!” and “Vivat, Regina! / Vivat, Regina Camilla! / Vivat! Vivat! Vivat!” was heard.

In 1727, George Frederic Handel composed four coronation anthems for the coronation of King George II and his wife Queen Caroline. One of the anthems, Zadok the Priest, has been played at every British coronation since the coronation of King George II in 1727, traditionally performed just prior to the sovereign’s anointing, including the coronation of King Charles III.

Zadok the Priest is the most famous of the anthems and is every bit as rousing as Handel’s Hallelujah Chorus from the oratorio The Messiah. The text of Zadok the Priest comes from the biblical account of the anointing of King Solomon of ancient Israel by Zadok, the High Priest of Israel and the prophet Nathan, and the rejoicing of the Israelites. These words have been used in every English coronation since that of King Edgar the Peaceful at Bath Abbey in 973.

From 1 Kings 1:34-45:

Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anointed Solomon king.
And all the people rejoiced and said:
God save the King! Long live the King! God save the King!
May the King live forever. Amen. Hallelujah.

The Coronation Liturgy

Liturgy information is from THE AUTHORISED LITURGY FOR THE CORONATION RITE OF
HIS MAJESTY KING CHARLES III for use on Saturday 6th May 2023, 11:00am at Westminster Abbey. Commissioned and Authorised by The Most Reverend & Right Honourable Justin Welby, The Archbishop of Canterbury. The liturgy can be seen at the link below along with an excellent and informative commentary.

Church of England: Authorised Coronation Liturgy with Commentary

The Procession of The King & The Queen: As King Charles III and Queen Camilla entered Westminster Abbey, I Was Glad by Sir Hubert Parry was sung by the choir.

Greeting The King: A young person (a Chapel Royal chorister) greeted King Charles III, saying:
“Your Majesty, as children of the Kingdom of God we welcome you in the name of the King of Kings”. King Charles III responded: “In his name, and after his example, I come not to be served but to serve.”

Silent Prayer: King Charles III stood at his Chair of Estate, head bowed, in a moment of silent prayer.

Greeting and Introduction: Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury started the service with a blessing of God’s love, grace and presence for all who gathered in God’s name.

Kyrie eleison: Kyrie eleison, an ancient Christian prayer, is Greek for ‘Lord, have mercy’. Sir Bryn Terfel, a Welsh bass-baritone opera singer, performed Kyrie Eleison by Paul Mealor in Welsh, composed for the coronation.

The Recognition: The Archbishop of Canterbury along with Lady Elish Frances Angiolini (a Lady of the Order of the Thistle), Christopher Finney (a holder of the George Cross for bravery under friendly fire during the 2003 invasion of Iraq) and Valerie Ann Amos, Baroness Amos (a Lady of The Garter) presented King Charles III to the East, South, West, and North sides of the coronation theater. Each person said: “I here present unto you King Charles, your undoubted King: Wherefore all you who are come this day to do your homage and service: are you willing to do the same?” Each time, the congregation responded, “God save King Charles.”

The Presentation of the Bible: Dr. Iain Greenshields, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, presented the Bible to King Charles III saying, “Sir: to keep you ever mindful of the law and the Gospel of God as the Rule for the whole life and government of Christian Princes, receive this Book, the most valuable thing that this world affords. Here is Wisdom; This is the royal Law; These are the lively Oracles of God.”

The Oath: The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Your Majesty, the Church established by law, whose settlement you will swear to maintain, is committed to the true profession of the Gospel,and, in so doing, will seek to foster an environment in which people of all faiths and beliefs may live freely. The Coronation Oath has stood for centuries and is enshrined in law. Are you willing to take the Oath?” King Charles III replied, “I am willing. King Charles III placed his hand on the Bible, and the Archbishop administered the Oath, saying, “Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the Peoples of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, your other Realms and the Territories to any of them belonging or pertaining, according to their respective laws and customs?” King Charles III responded, “I solemnly promise so to do.” The Archbishop said, “Will you to your power cause Law and Justice, in Mercy, to be executed in all your judgements? King Charles III responded, “I will.”

The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Will you to the utmost of your power to maintain the Laws of God and the true profession of the Gospel? Will you to the utmost of your power maintain inthe United Kingdom the Protestant Reformed Religion established by law? Will you maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of the Church of England, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government thereof, as by law established in England? And will you preserve unto the Bishops and Clergy of England, and to the Churches there committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges as by law do or shall appertain to them or any of them?” King Charles III responded, “All this I promise to do. The things which I have here before promised I will perform and keep. So help me God.”

The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Your Majesty, are you willing to make, subscribe and declare to the statutory Accession Declaration Oath?” King Charles III responded, “I am willing.”

King Charles III said, “I Charles do solemnly and sincerely in the presence of God profess, testify, and declare that I am a faithful Protestant, and that I will, according to the true intent of the enactments which secure the Protestant succession to the Throne, uphold and maintain the said enactments to the best of my powers according to law.”

During the signing of the Oath, the choir sang the anthem Prevent Us, O Lord by William Byrd.

The King’s Prayer: King Charles III said, “God of compassion and mercy whose Son was sent not to be served but to serve, give grace that I may find in thy service perfect freedom and in that freedom knowledge of thy truth. Grant that I may be a blessing to all thy children, of every faith and conviction, that together we may discover the ways of gentleness and be led into the paths of peace, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.”

Gloria: The choir sang Gloria from Mass for Four Voices by William Byrd.

Collect: The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Let us pray. Lord, enthroned in heavenly splendour: look with favour upon thy servant Charles our King, and bestow upon him such gifts of wisdom and love that we and all thy people may live in peace and prosperity and in loving service one to another, to thine eternal glory; who with the Father and the Holy Spirit reigns supreme over all things, one God, now and for ever. Amen.”

The Epistle: The Prime Minister The Rt Hon. Rishi Sunak, MP read the Epistle of St. Paul Colossians 1: 9-17: “For this cause we also, since the day we heard it, do not cease to pray for you, and to desire that ye might be filled with the knowledge of his will in all wisdom and spiritual understanding; That ye might walk worthy of the Lord unto all pleasing, being fruitful in every good work, and increasing in the knowledge of God; Strengthened with all might, according to his glorious power, unto all patience and longsuffering with joyfulness; Giving thanks unto the Father, which hath made us meet to be partakers of the inheritance of the saints in light: Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son: In whom we have redemption through his blood, even the
forgiveness of sins: Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of every creature: For by him were all things created, that are in heaven,and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: And he is before all things, and by him all things consist.”

The Prime Minister: This is the word of the Lord.
Congregation: Thanks be to God.

The Ascension Gospel Choir sang Sung Alleluia Psalm 47:1-2 by Debbie Wiseman

The Gospel: Dame Sarah Mullally,Bishop of London, Dean of HM Chapels Royal read the gospel according to Luke 4:16-21: ”

Dame Sarah Mullally: The Lord be with you
Congregation: And with thy spirit.
Dame Sarah Mullally: Hear the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ according to Luke.
Dame Sarah Mullally Glory be to thee, O Lord.

Jesus came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up: and, as his custom was, he went into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and stood up for to read. And there was delivered unto him the book of the prophet Isaiah. And when he had opened the book, he found the place where it was written, The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the broken-hearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, To preach the acceptable year of the Lord. And he closed the book, and he gave it again to the minister, and sat down. And the eyes of all them that were in the synagogue were fastened on him. And he began to say unto them, This day is this scripture fulfilled in your ears.

Dame Sarah Mullally: This is the Gospel of the Lord.
Congregation: Praise be to thee, O Christ.

The Ascension Gospel Choir sang Sung Alleluia Psalm 47:6-7 Debbie Wiseman

Sermon: Given by Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury

The choir sang Veni Creator (Come Creator Spirit), Plainsong, mode VIII

Thanksgiving for the Holy Oil: The Archbishop of Canterbury was presented with the coronation oil, by The Most Reverend Dr Hosam Naoum, The Anglican Archbishop in Jerusalem. The Archbishop said, “Blessed art thou, Sovereign God, upholding with thy grace all who are called to thy service. Thy prophets of old anointed priests and kings to serve in thy name and in the fullness of time thine only Son was anointed by the Holy Spirit to be the Christ, the Saviour and Servant of all. By the power of the same Spirit, grant that this holy oil may be for thy servant Charles a sign of joy and gladness; that as King he may know the abundance of thy grace and the power of thy mercy, and that we may be made a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for thine own possession. Blessed be God, our strength and our salvation, now and for ever. Amen.

The Anointing: During the Annointing the choir sang Zadok the Priest by George Frederic Handel. The Anointing was done in private. The Annointing screen was arranged around the Coronation Chair where King Charles III sat. The Dean of Westminster poured oil from the ampulla into the spoon and the Archbishop of Canterbury anointed the King on hands, breast, and head, and said, “Be your hands anointed with holy oil. Be your breast anointed with holy oil. Be your head anointed with holy oil, as kings, priests, and prophets were anointed. And as Solomon was anointed king by Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet, so may you be anointed, blessed, and consecrated King over the peoples, whom the Lord your God has given you to rule and govern; in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.

The clergy returned to the High Altar. The Annointing screen was removed to the St. Edward the Confessor Shrine behind the High Altar. King Charles III moved to the faldstool in front of the High Altar, and knelt. The Archbishopof Canterbury said ‘Oil of Gladness’ prayer of blessing: “Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who by his Father was anointed with the Oil of gladness above his fellows, by his holy Anointing pour down upon your Head and Heart the blessing of the Holy Spirit, and prosper the works of your Hands: that by the assistance of his heavenly grace you may govern and preserve the People committed to your charge in wealth, peace, and godliness; and after a long and glorious course of ruling a temporal kingdom wisely, justly, and religiously, you may at last be made partaker of an eternal kingdom, through the same Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.”

King Charles III was vested in the Colobium, Sindonis, Supertunica and Girdle.

The Presentation of Regalia:

The Spurs: The Spurs were brought forward from the altar by the Dean of Westminster and handed to The Lord Great Chamberlain. The Lord Great Chamberlain approached The King, and presented the regalia. The King acknowledgesdthem. The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Receive these spurs, symbols of honour and courage. May you be a brave advocate for those in need.” The spurs were returned to the altar.

The Sword: During Exchange of Swords, a Greek choir sang Psalm 72 (Psalm 71 in the Greek Septuagint Psalter) in honor of The King’s late father The Duke of Edinburgh who was born a Prince of Greece.

The Jewelled Sword was presented to The Lord President of the Council in its scabbard and passed to the Archbishop of Canterbury who held it up before the altar. The Archbishop said, “Hear our prayers, O Lord, we beseech thee, and so direct and support thy servant King Charles, that he may not bear the Sword in vain; but may use it as the minister of God to resist evil and defend the good, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.” The Archbishop returned the sword to The Lord President and it was carried to the King. The sword was placed in the King’s right hand. The Archbishop said, “Receive this kingly Sword. May it be to you, and to all who witness these things, a sign and symbol not of judgement, but of justice; not of might, but of mercy. Trust always in the word of God, which is the sword of the Spirit, and so faithfully serve our Lord Jesus Christ in this life, that you may reign for ever with him in the life which is to come. Amen. The King stood, the sword was clipped on the girdle, and the King sat.

The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “With this sword do justice, stop the growth of iniquity, protect the holy Church of God and all people of goodwill, help and defend widows and orphans, restore the things that are gone to decay, maintain the things that are restored, punish and reform what is amiss, and confirm what is in good order: that doing these things you may be glorious in all virtue; and so faithfully serve our Lord Jesus Christ in this life, that you may reign for ever with him in the life which is to come. Amen.”

The King stood, the sword was unclipped and The King stepped forward and offered the sword to the Dean of Westminster, who placed it on the altar. The sword was redeemed from the altar by The Lord President of the Council, who placed the redemption money on the almsdish, held by the Dean of Westminster. The sword was handed to the Lord President of the Council, who carried it thereafter before The King.

The Armills: The Armills were taken from the altar and given to Lord Kamall by the Dean of Westminster. Lord Kamall approached The King, and presented the regalia. The King
acknowledged them. The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Receive the Bracelets of sincerity and
wisdom, tokens of God’s protection embracing you on every side.” The Armills were returned to the altar.

The Robe and Stole Royal: The Prince of Wales entered the Coronation Theatre. The Stole Royal and Robe Royal were brought to The King. The Bishop of Durham vested the King in the Stole Royal. Baroness Merron with The Prince of Wales and Assisting Bishops clothed The King in the Robe. The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Receive this Robe. May the Lord clothe you with the robe of righteousness, and with the garments of salvation.”

The Orb: The Dean of Westminster gave the Anglican Archbishop of Armagh the Orb, who brought the Orb to the Archbishop of Canterbury, who placed it in the King’s right hand.
The Archbishop said, “Receive this Orb, set under the Cross, and remember always the kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord, and of his Christ.” The Orb was retrieved by The Archbishop of Armagh, who gives it to the Dean, who places it back on the altar.

The Ring: The Ring was taken from the altar and given to The Lord Patel, KT, by the Dean of Westminster. Lord Patel approached The King, and presented the Ring. The King acknowledged it. The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Receive this Ring, a symbol of kingly dignity, and a sign of the covenant sworn this day between God and King, King and people.” The Ring was returned to the altar.

The Glove: The Glove was taken from the altar and given to The Lord Singh of
Wimbledon by the Dean of Westminster. Lord Singh approached The King, and presented the ring. The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Receive this glove. May you hold authority with gentleness and grace, trusting not in your own power but in the mercy of God who has chosen you.” The King picked up the glove and placed it on his right hand.

The Sceptre and Rod: The Sceptre and Rod were taken from the altar and given to The Archbishop of Wales and The Primus of Scotland by the Dean of Westminster. The Archbishop of Canterbury delivered them into The King’s right and left hands respectively. The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Receive the Royal Sceptre, the ensign of kingly power and justice; and the Rod of equity and mercy, a symbol of covenant and peace. May the Spirit of the Lord which anointed Jesus at his baptism, so anoint you this day, that you might exercise authority with wisdom, and direct your counsels with grace; that by your service and ministry to all your people, justice and mercy may be seen in all the earth: through the same Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

The Crowning: The Dean of Westminster brought The Crown of St Edward to The Archbishop of Canterbury who said the prayer of blessing: “King of kings and Lord of lords, bless, we beseech thee, this Crown, and so sanctify thy servant Charles upon whose head this day thou dost place it for a sign of royal majesty, that he may be crowned with thy gracious favour and filled with abundant grace and all princely virtues; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who with thee and the Holy Spirit liveth and reigneth, supreme over all things, one God, world without end. Amen.

The Archbishop of Canterbury brought the crown down onto The King’s head and said, “God save The King!” The congregation said, “God save The King!”

Fanfare: The Wiener Philharmoniker Fanfare by Richard Strauss was played and the the Abbey bells rang for 2 minutes. A fanfare was sounded followed by a Gun Salute by The King’s Troop Royal Horse Artillery stationed at Horse Guards Parade. There were Gun Salutes at His Majesty’s Fortress the Tower of London fired by the Honourable Artillery Company, and at all Saluting Stations throughout the United Kingdom, Gibraltar, Bermuda, and Ships at Sea.

The Blessing: The Archbishop of York said,”The Lord bless you and keep you. The Lord make his face to shine upon you and be gracious to you. The Lord lift up the light of his countenance upon you, and give you his peace.”

The Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Thyateira & Great Britain said, “The Lord protect you in all your ways and prosper all your work in his name.”

The Moderator of The Free Churches said, “The Lord give you hope and happiness, that you may inspire all your people in the imitation of his unchanging love.”

The Secretary General of Churches Together in England said, “The Lord grant that wisdom and knowledge will be the stability of your times, and the fear of the Lord your treasure.”

The Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster said, “May God pour upon you the riches of his grace, keep you in his holy fear, prepare you for a happy eternity, and receive you at the last into immortal glory.”

The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “…and the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, be with you and remain with you always. Amen.”

The choir sang the anthem O Lord, grant the king a long life by Thomas Weelkes.

Enthronment The King: King Charles III was set upon the throne. The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Stand firm, and hold fast from henceforth this seat of royal dignity, which is yours by the authority of Almighty God. May that same God, whose throne endures for ever, establish your throne in righteousness, that it may stand fast for evermore.”

The Homage of The Church of England: The Archbishop led the words of fealty: “I, Justin, Archbishop of Canterbury, will be faithful and true, and faith and truth will bear unto you,
our Sovereign Lord, Defender of the Faith, and unto your heirs and successors according to law. So help me God.”

The Homage of Royal Blood: The Prince of Wales led the words of fealty. “I, William, Prince of Wales, pledge my loyalty to you and faith and truth I will bear unto you, as your liege man of life and limb. So help me God.”

The Homage of The People: The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “I now invite those who wish to offer their support to do so with a moment of private reflection, by joining in saying ‘God save King Charles’ at the end, or, for those with the words before them, to recite them in full.”All who so desired, in the Abbey, and elsewhere, said together: “I swear that I will pay true allegiance to Your Majesty, and to your heirs and successors according to law. So help me God.”
A fanfare is played. The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “God save The King.” The congregation said, “God save King Charles. Long live King Charles. May The King live for ever.”

The choir sang the anthem Confortare by Sir Walford Davies.

The Coronation of The Queen

The Annointing: The Dean of Westminster poured oil from the ampulla into spoon, and held the spoon for the Archbishop of Canterbury. Queen Camilla was anointed on the forehead as the
Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Be your head anointed with holy oil.” The Archbishop then said, “Almighty God, the fountain of all goodness; hear our prayer this day for thy servant Camilla, whom in thy name, and with all devotion, we consecrate our Queen. Make her strong in faith and love, defend her on every side, and guide her in truth and peace; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

The Ring: The Ring was presented by The Keeper of The Jewel House to The Queen who
acknowledged it. The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Receive this Ring, a symbol of royal
dignity, and a sign of the covenant sworn this day.” The Ring was returned to the High Altar.

The Crowning: The Dean of Westminster brought Queen Mary’s Crown from the altar and handed it to the Archbishop of Canterbury who said, “May thy servant Camilla, who wears this crown, be filled by thine abundant grace and with all princely virtues; reign in her heart, O King of love, that, being certain of thy protection, she may be crowned with thy gracious favour; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.” The Archbishop of Canterbury brought the crown down onto The Queen’s head.

The Rod and Sceptre: The Rod was presented to The Queen by The Bishop of Dover, and the Sceptre by Lord Chartres and she acknowledged them both. The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Receive the Royal Sceptre and the Rod of equity and mercy. May the Spirit guide you in wisdom and grace, that by your service and ministry justice and mercy may be seen in all the earth.”

Enthroning The Queen: Queen Camilla was set upon the throne as the choir sang the anthem Make a Joyful Noise by Andrew Lloyd Webber.

Offertory Hymn: At the start of the communion service, the choir and congregation sang the hymn Christ Is Made the Sure Foundation.

Prayer over the Gifts: The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Bless, O Lord, we beseech thee, these thy gifts, and sanctify them unto this holy use, that by them we may be made partakers of the Body and Blood of thine only-begotten Son Jesus Christ, and fed unto everlasting life of soul
and body: And that thy servant King Charles may be enabled to the discharge of his weighty office, whereunto of thy great goodness thou hast called and appointed him. Grant this, O Lord, for Jesus Christ’s sake, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen.”

The Eucharistic Prayer:

The Archbishop of Canterbury: “The Lord be with you.”
Congregation: “And with thy spirit.”
The Archbishop: “Lift up your hearts.”
Congregation: “We lift them up unto the Lord.”
The Archbishop: “Let us give thanks unto the Lord our God.”
Congregation: “It is meet and right so to do.”

The Archbishop said, “It is very meet, right, and our bounden duty, that we should at all times and in all places give thanks unto thee, O Lord, holy Father, almighty, everlasting God, through Jesus Christ thine only Son our Lord; who hast at this time consecrated thy servant Charles to be our King, that, by the anointing of thy grace, he may be the Defender of thy Faith and the Protector of thy people; that, with him, we may learn the ways of service, compassion, and love,
and that the good work which thou hast begun in him this day may be brought to completion in the day of Jesus Christ. Therefore with angels and archangels, and with all the company of heaven, we laud and magnify thy glorious name, evermore praising thee and saying:”

Sanctus:

All sang: “Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts, heaven and earth are full of thy glory. Glory be to thee, O Lord most high.”

Eucharistic Prayer continues:

The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “All glory be to thee, almighty God, our heavenly Father, who, of thy tender mercy, didst give thine only Son Jesus Christ to suffer death upon the cross for our redemption; who made there, by his one oblation of himself once offered, a full, perfect and sufficient sacrifice, oblation and satisfaction for the sins of the whole world; and did institute, and in his holy gospel command us to continue, a perpetual memory of that his precious death, until his coming again. Hear us, O merciful Father, we most humbly beseech thee, and grant that, by the power of thy Holy Spirit, we receiving these thy creatures of bread
and wine, according to thy Son our Saviour Jesus Christ’s holy institution, in remembrance of his death and passion, may be partakers of his most blessed body and blood; who, in the same night that he was betrayed, took bread; and when he had given thanks to thee, he broke it and gave it to his disciples, saying: Take, eat; this is my body which is given for you; do this in remembrance of me.”

The Archbishop continued, “Likewise after supper he took the cup; and when he had given thanks to thee, he gave it to them, saying: Drink ye all of this; for this is my blood of the new covenant, which is shed for you and for many for the forgiveness of sins. Do this, as oft as ye shall drink it, in remembrance of me.

Wherefore, O Lord and heavenly Father, we thy humble servants, having in remembrance the precious death and passion of thy dear Son, his mighty resurrection and glorious ascension,
entirely desire thy fatherly goodness mercifully to accept this our sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving; most humbly beseeching thee to grant that by the merits and death of thy Son Jesus Christ, and through faith in his blood, we and all thy whole Church may obtain
remission of our sins, and all other benefits of his passion. And although we be unworthy, through our manifold sins, to offer unto thee any sacrifice, yet we beseech thee to accept this our bounden duty and service, not weighing our merits, but pardoning our offences; and to grant that all we, who are partakers of this holy communion, may be fulfilled with thy grace and
heavenly benediction; through Jesus Christ our Lord, by whom, and with whom, and in whom,
in the unity of the Holy Spirit, all honour and glory be unto thee, O Father almighty, world without end. Amen.

The Lord’s Prayer: The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Let us pray with confidence as our
Saviour has taught us. All say: “Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name; thy kingdom come; thy will be done; on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, the power and the glory,for ever and ever. Amen.

Agnus Dei: The choir sang Agnus Dei by Tarik O’Regan during which Holy Communion is
privately received by The King an Queen.

Prayer after Communion: The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “O Almighty Lord, and everlasting God, vouchsafe, we beseech thee, to direct, sanctify and govern both our hearts and bodies, in the ways of thy laws, and in the works of thy commandments; that through thy most mighty
protection,both here and ever, we may be preserved in body and soul; through our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Amen.”

The Final Blessing: The Archbishop of Canterbury said, “Our help is in the Name of the Lord;Who hath made heaven and earth. Blessed be the Name of the Lord; Now and henceforth, world without end. Christ our King, make you faithful and strong to do his will, that you may reign with him in glory; and the blessing of God almighty, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, rest upon you, and all whom you serve, this day, and all your days. Amen.

Sung Amen: The choir sang a Sung Amen by Orlando Gibbons.

Hymn: The choir and congregation sang Praise my Soul by Henry Francis Lyte

Anthem: The choir sang the anthem The King Shall Rejoice by William Boyce

Te Deum: The choir sang The Coronation Te Deum by Sir William Walton

The National Anthem: The choir and congregation sang the national anthem God Save The King.

The King’s Outward Procession & Organ Voluntaries: The orgamist played Pomp & Circumstance March no 4 by Sir Edward Elgar, arranged by Iain Farrington and March from The Birds, Sir Hubert Parry, arranged by John Rutter.

Greeting Faith Leaders & Representatives and The Governors-Generals: At the end of the procession The King received a greeting by Leaders and Representatives from Faith Communities (Jewish, Hindu, Sikh, Muslim, Buddhist). As the King stood before the Leaders
and Representatives of the Faith Communities, they delivered the following greeting in unison.
Faith Leaders & Representatives: “Your Majesty, as neighbours in faith, we acknowledge the value of public service. We unite with people of all faiths and beliefs in thanksgiving, and in service with you for the common good.” The King acknowledged the greeting, and
turned to greet the Governors-General. The King acknowledged their greeting and proceeded to the Gold State Coach.

After the Coronation

The Imperial State Crown; Credit – By Cyril Davenport (1848 – 1941) – G. Younghusband; C. Davenport (1919). The Crown Jewels of England. London: Cassell & Co. p. 6. (See also The Jewel House (1921) frontispiece.), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37624150

King Charles III and Queen Camilla proceeded to St. Edward’s Chapel, directly behind the high altar, where the Shrine of St. Edward the Confessor, King of England stands. King Charles gave St. Edward’s Crown, the Sceptre, and the Rod to the Archbishop of Canterbury who placed them on the altar in the chapel. After a short period, King Charles III emerged from St. Edward’s Chapel wearing the Imperial State Crown with the Sceptre with the Cross in his right hand and the Orb in his left hand. King Charles III and Queen Camilla, still carrying her Sceptre with the Cross in her right hand and the Ivory Rod with the Dove in her left hand, left St. Edward’s Chapel to the singing of the National Anthem and then proceeded up the aisle to the West Door of the Westminster Abbey. They returned to Buckingham Palace in the Gold State Coach using the same route as their outgoing route.

Gold State Coach; Credit – By Crochet.david (talk) – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7395195

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Guests

The Coronation Invitation designed by Andrew Jamieson, a heraldic artist and manuscript illuminator; Credit – Wikipedia

There were 8,000 guests at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. Westminster Abbey was closed for five months prior to the coronation so that the construction needed for seating the 8,000 guests could be completed. However, because of current safety and health regulations, the capacity of Westminster Abbey is legally approximately 2,000.

In 1953, 800 Members of Parliament and over 900 Peers were invited to the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Because of the limited space, far fewer Members of Parliament and Peers were invited to the coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla. This change caused a stir among Peers and Members of Parliament who believed they have a right to attend. Although some Members of Parliament were invited, the spouse of the British Prime Minister and the Head of Government Rishi Sunak was the only invited spouse of a Member of Parliament. The seven living past British Prime Ministers and their spouses were also invited.

450 recipients of the British Empire Medal. attended the coronation. They were invited to join the congregation at Westminster Abbey in recognition of their services and support to their local communities, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Representatives from the Commonwealth of Nations and foreign dignitaries from other countries attended. First Lady Jill Biden represented her husband Joe Biden, President of the United States.

Traditionally, foreign sovereigns have not attended British coronations. Instead, members of their royal houses were sent to represent them. King Charles III broke with that tradition, and invited foreign sovereigns, and a number of them attended. All current or former royal families who were invited sent guests except for the Kingdom of Cambodia.

The following world leaders were invited but did not attend:

Zoran Milanović, President of Croatia was unable to attend due to a defect with the government’s plane.
Aleksandar Vučić, President of Serbia cancelled his attendance following the Belgrade school shooting.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of Turkey, declined his invitation, as he did to Elizabeth II’s funeral, due to the upcoming presidential election.

The governments of seven countries, Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran, Myanmar, Russia, Syria and Venezuela, were not invited. Invitations were extended only to senior diplomats of North Korea and Nicaragua, and not their heads of state.

Note: This is a partial guest list. Links are from Unofficial Royalty or Wikipedia. Not all people listed have a link. A more complete list of guests can be seen at Wikipedia: List of guests at the coronation of Charles III and Camilla.

British Royal Family

Descendants of King Charles III

The Prince of Wales and The Princess of Wales, the King’s son William and daughter-in-law Catherine
Prince George of Wales, the King’s grandson, one of the King’s pages of honour
Princess Charlotte of Wales, the King’s granddaughter
Prince Louis of Wales, the King’s grandson
Prince Harry, The Duke of Sussex, the King’s son

Descendants of Queen Elizabeth II

Anne, The Princess Royal and Vice-Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence, the King’s sister and brother-in-law
Peter Phillips, the King’s nephew
Zara Tindall and Michael Tindall, the King’s niece and her husband
Prince Andrew, The Duke of York, the King’s brother
Princess Beatrice, Mrs. Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi, and Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi, the King’s niece and her husband
Princess Eugenie, Mrs. Jack Brooksbank, and Jack Brooksbank, the King’s niece and her husband
Prince Edward, The Duke of Edinburgh and Sophie, The Duchess of Edinburgh, the King’s brother and sister-in-law
Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor, the King’s niece
James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex, the King’s nephew

Descendants of King George VI

David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, the King’s maternal first cousin
Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley, the King’s maternal first cousin once removed
Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones, the King’s maternal first cousin once removed
Lady Sarah Chatto and Daniel Chatto, the King’s maternal first cousin and her husband
Samuel Chatto, the King’s maternal first cousin once removed
Arthur Chatto, the King’s maternal first cousin once removed

Descendants of King George V

Prince Richard, The Duke of Gloucester and Birgitte, The Duchess of Gloucester, the King’s maternal first cousin once removed and his wife
Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster, the King’s maternal second cousin
Lady Davina Windsor, the King’s maternal second cousin
Lady Rose Gilman, the King’s maternal second cousin
Prince Edward, The Duke of Kent, the King’s maternal first cousin once removed
George Windsor, Earl of St. Andrews, the King’s maternal second cousin
Lady Helen Taylor, the King’s maternal second cousin
Lord Nicholas Windsor, the King’s maternal second cousin
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, the King’s maternal first cousin once removed
Prince Michael of Kent and Princess Michael of Kent, the King’s maternal first cousin once removed and his wife Marie-Christine
Lord Frederick Windsor, the King’s maternal second cousin
Lady Gabriella Kingston, the King’s maternal second cousin

Bowes-Lyon Family

Sir Simon Bowes-Lyon and Caroline Bowes-Lyon, Lady Bowes-Lyon, the King’s maternal first cousin once removed and his wife

Mountbatten Family

Penelope Knatchbull, Countess Mountbatten of Burma, wife of Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma, the King’s paternal second cousin

Shand and Parker Bowles Families

Brigadier Andrew Parker Bowles, the Queen’s former husband
Thomas Parker Bowles, the Queen’s son
Lola Parker Bowles, the Queen’s granddaughter
Frederick Parker Bowles, the Queen’s grandson, one of the Queen’s pages of honour
Laura Lopes and Harry Lopes, the Queen’s daughter and son-in-law
Eliza Lopes, the Queen’s granddaughter
Louis Lopes, the Queen’s grandson, one of the Queen’s pages of honour
Gus Lopes, the Queen’s grandson, one of the Queen’s pages of honour
Annabel Elliot, the Queen’s sister, one of the Queen’s two Ladies in Attendance
Sir Benjamin Elliot and Mary-Clare Elliot, the Queen’s nephew and his wife
Arthur Elliot, the Queen’s grandnephew, one of the Queen’s pages of honour
Ike Elliot, the Queen’s great-nephew
Alice and Luke Irwin, the Queen’s niece and her husband
Otis Irwin, the Queen’s great-nephew
Violet Irwin, the Queen’s great-niece
Catherine Elliot, the Queen’s niece
Ayesha Shand, the Queen’s niece, daughter of the Queen’s late brother

Middleton Family

Michael Middleton and Carole Middleton, parents of The Princess of Wales
Philippa Matthews, sister of The Princess of Wales
James Middleton, brother of The Princess of Wales

Current Monarchies

Sheikh Hamad bin Isa bin Salman al-Khalifa, King of Bahrain
Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa
King Philippe and Queen Mathilde of the Belgians, the King’s third cousin once removed and his wife
King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and his wife Queen Jetsun Pema of Bhutan
Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei and a younger son Prince Abdul Mateen of Brunei
Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark, the King’s third cousin once removed and his wife, representing his mother Queen Margrethe II of Denmark
King Mswati III and his wife Inkhosikati LaMbikiza, Queen of Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)
Crown Prince Akishino and his wife Crown Princess Kiko of Japan, representing his brother Emperor Naruhito of Japan
King Abdullah II and his wife Queen Rania of Jordan
Crown Prince Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah of Kuwait, representing his half-brother Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait
King Letsie III and his wife Queen Masenate Mohato Seeiso of Lesotho
Hereditary Prince Alois and Hereditary Princess Sophie of Liechtenstein, the King’s fifth cousin once removed and his wife, representing his father Prince Hans-Adam of Liechtenstein
Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg, the King’s third cousin once removed and his wife
Al-Sultan Abdullah ibni Sultan Ahmad Shah, The Yang di Pertuan Agong and his wife Raja Permaisuri Agong of Malaysia
Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene of Monaco, the King’s fifth cousin once removed and his wife
Princess Lalla Meryem of Morocco, representing her brother King Mohammed VI of Morocco
King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima of the Netherlands, the King’s fifth cousin and his wife
Crown Prince Haakon and Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway, the King’s third cousin and his wife, representing his father King Harald V of Norway
Crown Prince Theyazin bin Haitham Al Said of Oman, representing his father Haitham bin Tariq Al Said, Sultan of Oman
Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar and his wife Sheikha Jawaher bint Hamad bin Suhaim Al Thani
Prince Turki bin Mohammed Al Saud of Saudi Arabia, Minister of State, representing his uncle King Salman of Saudi Arabia
King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia of Spain, the King’s second cousin once removed and his wife
King Carl XVI of Sweden, the King’s third cousin once removed and his daughter Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, the King’s fourth cousin
King Maha Vajiralongkorn and his wife Queen Suthida of Thailand
King Tupou VI and and his wife Queen Nanasipauʻu Tukuʻaho of Tonga
Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi, Vice President of the United Arab Emirates, representing Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Ruler of Dubai and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates

Former Monarchies

Bernhard, Margrave of Baden and Stephanie, Margravine of Baden, the King’s first cousin once removed and his wife
Tsar Simeon II and Tsaritsa Margarita of Bulgaria, the King’s fourth cousin twice removed and his wife
Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, the King’s third cousin once removed (born a Princess of Denmark) and widow of the King’s second cousin, the late King Constantine II
Crown Prince Pavlos and Crown Princess Marie-Chantal of Greece, the King’s second cousin once removed through his father and fourth cousin through his mother, and his wife
Donatus, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse, the King’s fourth cousin
Philipp, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Princess Saskia of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, the King’s first cousin once removed and his wife
Margareta, Custodian of the Crown and Prince Radu of Romania, the King’s second cousin once removed and her husband
Crown Prince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine of Serbia, the King’s second cousin once removed and his wife

Ceremonial Monarchs

Osei Tutu II, 16th Asantehene (successor to the 17th-century founder of the Ashanti Empire in Africa) and his wife Julia Osei Tutu, Princess Consort of Asante
Tūheitia Potatau Te Wherowhero VII, Māori King and his wife Te Atawhai, Māori Queen (The Māori are indigenous people of New Zealand.)

United Kingdom Government Officials

Prime Ministers

Rishi Sunak, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and his wife Akshata Murty
Sir John Major, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1990 – 1997)
Sir Tony Blair, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997 – 2007), and his wife Lady Blair
Gordon Brown, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2007 – 2010), and his wife Sarah Brown
David Cameron, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2010 – 2016), and his wife Samantha Cameron
Theresa May, Lady May, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2016 – 2019), and her husband Sir Philip May
Boris Johnson, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2019 – 2022), and his wife Carrie Johnson
Liz Truss, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2022), and her husband Hugh O’Leary

Great Officers of State – England

Sir Gordon Messenger, Lord High Steward of England
Alex Chalk, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain and Secretary of State for Justice
Nicholas True, Baron True, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords
Admiral Sir Tony Radakin, Lord High Constable of England and Chief of the Defence Staff
Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal

Great Officers of State – Scotland

Anthony Lindsay, 30th Earl of Crawford, Deputy to the Great Steward of Scotland
Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll, Lord High Constable of Scotland

Officers of Arms – England

David White, Garter Principal King of Arms
Timothy Duke, Clarenceux King of Arms
Robert Noel, Norroy and Ulster King of Arms
Christopher Fletcher-Vane, Chester Herald
Clive Cheesman, Richmond Herald
John Allen-Petrie, Windsor Herald
Peter O’Donaghue, York Herald
Anne Curry, Arundel Herald Extraordinary
John Martin Robinson, Maltravers Herald Extraordinary
David Rankin-Hunt, Norfolk Herald Extraordinary
Thomas Lloyd, Wales Herald Extraordinary
Mark Scott, Bluemantle Pursuivant
Dominic Ingram, Portcullis Pursuivant
Adam Tuck, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
Thomas Johnston, Rouge Croix Pursuivant

Officers of Arms – Scotland

Joseph Morrow, Lord Lyon King of Arms
Adam Bruce, Marchmont Herald
Liam Devlin, Rothesay Herald
Sir Crispin Agnew of Lochnaw, Albany Herald Extraordinary
George Way of Plean, Carrick Pursuivant
John Stirling, Ormond Pursuivant
Roderick Alexander Macpherson, Unicorn Pursuivant
Colin Russell, Falkland Pursuivant Extraordinary
Professor Gillian Black, Linlithgow Pursuivant Extraordinary
Philip Tibbetts, March Pursuivant Extraordinary

Members of the Cabinet

Oliver Dowden, Deputy Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Jeremy Hunt, Chancellor of the Exchequer
James Cleverly, Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs
Suella Braverman, Secretary of State for the Home Department
Ben Wallace, Secretary of State for Defence
Grant Shapps, Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero
Michelle Donelan, Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology
Michael Gove, Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities
Steve Barclay, Secretary of State for Health and Social Care
Kemi Badenoch, Secretary of State for Business and Trade
Thérèse Coffey, Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Mel Stride, Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
Gillian Keegan, Secretary of State for Education
Mark Harper, Secretary of State for Transport
Lucy Frazer, Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport
Chris Heaton-Harris, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Alister Jack, Secretary of State for Scotland
David TC Davies, Secretary of State for Wales

Leaders of Other United Kingdom Political Parties

Sir Keir Starmer, Leader of His Majesty’s Loyal Opposition and leader of the Labour Party
Sir Ed Davey, Leader of the Liberal Democrats
Sir Jeffrey Donaldson, Leader of the Democratic Unionist Party
Stephen Flynn, Leader of the Scottish National Party in the House of Commons

Members of Parliament

Sir Lindsay Hoyle, Speaker of the House of Commons and MP for Chorley
Simon Baynes, MP for Clwyd South
Ian Blackford, MP for Ross, Skye and Lochaber
Andy Carter, MP for Warrington South
Laura Farris, MP for West Berkshire
Sarah Green, MP for Chesham and Amersham
Mark Harper, MP for the Forest of Dean
Richard Holden, MP for North West Durham
Brendan O’Hara, MP for Argyll and Bute
Kelly Tolhurst, MP for Rochester and Stroud
Rory Stewart, former MP for Penrith and The Border, and his wife Shoshana Clark

First Ministers of Devolved Governments

Humza Yousaf, First Minister of Scotland and Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland
Mark Drakeford, First Minister of Wales and Keeper of the Welsh Seal
Michelle O’Neill, First Minister-Designate of Northern Ireland

Leaders of Other Political Parties in Devolved Countries

Jim Allister, Leader of the Traditional Unionist Voice
Doug Beattie, Leader of the Ulster Unionist Party
Alex Cole-Hamilton, Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats
Colum Eastwood, Leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party
Naomi Long, Leader of the Alliance Party
Douglas Ross, Leader of the Opposition in the Scottish Parliament and Leader of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party
Anas Sarwar, Leader of the Scottish Labour Party

Members of Devolved Parliaments

Alison Johnstone, Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament
Alex Maskey, Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly
David Rees, Deputy Presiding Officer of the Senedd

Peers of the Realm

David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley, Lord-in-Waiting and former Lord Great Chamberlain of England, and his wife Sarah Rose Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley
Edward Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby
James Ramsay, 17th Earl of Dalhousie, Deputy Captain General of the King’s Body Guard for Scotland
David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie, and his wife Virginia Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie
Patrick Stopford, 9th Earl of Courtown, Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard
Peter St Clair-Erskine, 7th Earl of Rosslyn, Lord Steward of the Royal Household, and his wife Helen St Clair-Erskine, Countess of Rosslyn
William Peel, 3rd Earl Peel, former Lord Chamberlain, and his wife Charlotte Peel, Countess Peel
Rupert Ponsonby, 7th Baron de Mauley, Master of the Horse
Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild
Hugh Cavendish, Baron Cavendish of Furness, former Lord-in-Waiting, and his wife Grania Cavendish, Baroness Cavendish of Furness
David Hope, Baron Hope of Craighead, representing the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle
Robin Eames, Baron Eames, representing the Order of Merit
Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber, composer of the coronation anthem “Make a Joyful Noise”, and his wife Madeleine Lloyd Webber, Baroness Lloyd-Webber
Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland, representing the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George
Sebastian Coe, Baron Coe, representing the Order of Companions of Honour
Rowan Williams, Baron Williams of Oystermouth, former Archbishop of Canterbury
Susan Williams, Baroness Williams of Trafford, Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms
Andrew Parker, Baron Parker of Minsmere, Lord Chamberlain
John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith, Lord Speaker of the House of Lords
Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon, Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords
Nicholas Soames, Baron Soames of Fletching

Other Politicians

Hamza Taouzzale, Lord Mayor of Westminster
Nicholas Lyons, Lord Mayor of London
Sadiq Khan, Mayor of London
Dan Norris, Mayor of the West of England
Andy Street, Mayor of the West Midlands
Tracy Brabin, Mayor of West Yorkshire
Ben Houchen, Mayor of the Tees Valley
Oliver Coppard, Mayor of South Yorkshire
Andy Burnham, Mayor of Greater Manchester
Victoria Prentis, His Majesty’s Attorney General for England and Wales

Lord Lieutenants

Robert Voss, Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire

Armed Forces

Lance-Corporal of Horse Christopher Finney, Chair of the Victoria Cross and George Cross Association

Civil Servants

David McGill, Chief Executive of the Scottish Parliament
Lesley Hogg, chief Executive of the Northern Ireland Assembly
Antonia Romeo, Clerk of the Crown in Chancery in Great Britain
Susanna McGibbon, His Majesty’s Procurator General and Solicitor for the Affairs of His Majesty’s Treasury

Representatives of Orders of Chivalry and Gallantry (Some representatives are listed elsewhere.)

Sir Andrew Ford, Royal Victorian Order
Mark Compton, Order of St John
Sir Gary Hickinbottom, Knights Bachelor
Dame Susan Ion, Order of the British Empire
Sir Stephen Dalton, Order of the Bath
Lady Mary Peters, Order of the Garter
Dominic Troulan, George Cross

Crown Dependencies

Richard Cripwell, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey
Richard McMahon, Bailiff of Guernsey
Sir Timothy Le Cocq, Bailiff of Jersey
Sir John Lorimer, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man
Alfred Cannan, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man

British Overseas Territories

Dileeni Daniel-Selvaratnam, Governor of Anguilla
Ellis Webster, Premier of Anguilla
Paul Candler, Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory and the British Indian Ocean Territory
Rena Lalgie, Governor of Bermuda
Edward David Burt, Premier of Bermuda
Jane Owen, Governor of the Cayman Islands
Wayne Panton, Premier of the Cayman Islands
Alison Blake, Governor of the Falkland Islands and Commissioner of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Teslyn Barkman, Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands
Sir David Steel, Governor of Gibraltar
Fabian Picardo, Chief Minister of Gibraltar
Sarah Tucker, Governor of Montserrat
Easton Taylor-Farrell, Premier of Montserrat
Iona Thomas, Governor of Pitcairn
Simon Young, Mayor of Pitcairn
Nigel Phillips, Governor of Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
Julie Thomas, Chief Minister of Saint Helena
James Glass, Chief Islander of Tristan da Cunha
Anya Williams, Deputy Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Charles Washington Misick, Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands
John Rankin, Governor of the British Virgin Islands
Natalio Wheatley, Premier and Finance Minister of the British Virgin Islands

Commonwealth Realms

Antigua and Barbuda

Sir Rodney Williams, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda, and his wife Lady Sandra Williams
Gaston Browne, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda, and his wife Maria Bird-Browne
Paula Frederick-Hunte, Permanent Secretary in the Office of the Governor-General
Atlee Rodney, Commissioner of Police of the Royal Police Force of Antigua and Barbuda
Dale Mercury, Aide-de-Camp to the Governor-General and Assistant Superintendent of Police
Ickford Roberts, Accountant General
Laurie Freeland Roberts, Registrar in the Civil Registry
Bernard Warner, Field Officer at the Rehabilitation Centre for Persons with Disabilities
Kiz Johnson, Senator, carried the flag of Antigua and Barbuda

Australia

General David Hurley, Governor-General of Australia, and his wife Linda Hurley
Anthony Albanese, Prime Minister of Australia, and his partner Jodie Haydon
Margaret Beazley, Governor of New South Wales
Linda Dessau, Governor of Victoria
Jeannette Young, Governor of Queensland
Christopher Dawson, Governor of Western Australia
Frances Adamson, Governor of South Australia
Barbara Baker, Governor of Tasmania
Leanne Benjamin, retired Principal Dancer for the Royal Ballet
Nicholas Cave, singer, songwriter, actor, novelist, and screenwriter
Jasmine Coe, artist and the creator and curator of Coe Gallery
Adam Hills, comedian, presenter, writer, and disability rights advocate
Daniel Nour, founder of Street Side Medics
Yasmin Poole, public speaker, board director, and youth advocate
Emily Regan, London-based nurse who worked for the National Health Service
Minette Salmon, studying for a PhD in Genomic Medicine and Statistics
Claire Spencer, arts leader and the inaugural CEO of the Barbican Centre
Merryn Voysey, Associate Professor of Statistics in Vaccinology at the Oxford Vaccine Group
Corporal Daniel Keighran, recipient of the Victoria Cross for Australia
Corporal Mark Donaldson, recipient of the Victoria Cross for Australia
Warrant Officer Class Two Keith Payne, recipient of the Victoria Cross
Richard Joyes, recipient of the Australian Cross of Valour
Yvonne Kenny, soprano
Samantha Kerr, football (soccer) player, carried the flag of Australia

The Bahamas

Sir Cornelius A. Smith, Governor-General of The Bahamas, and his wife Lady Smith
Dame Marguerite Pindling, former Governor-General of The Bahamas
Philip Davis, Prime Minister of The Bahamas, and his wife Ann Marie Davis
Hubert Ingraham, former Prime Minister of The Bahamas
Perry Christie, former Prime Minister of The Bahamas
Hubert Minnis, former Prime Minister of The Bahamas
Michael Pintard, Leader of the Opposition, and his wife Berlice Pintard

Belize

Dame Froyla Tzalam, Governor-General of Belize, and her husband Daniel Mendez
Francis Fonseca, Minister of Education, Culture, Science and Technology
Cameron Gegg, finance professional, carried the flag of Belize

Canada

Mary Simon, Governor General of Canada, and her husband Whit Fraser
Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada, and his wife Sophie Grégoire Trudeau
Janice Charette, Clerk to the Privy Council of Canada and Secretary to the Cabinet
RoseAnne Archibald, National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations
Natan Obed, President of the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
Cassidy Caron, President of the Métis National Council
Sarah Mazhero, member of the Prime Minister’s Youth Council
Christina Caouette, CEO of Young Diplomats of Canada
Rebeccah Raphael, founder of Halifax Helpers
Marguerite Tölgyesi, President of the French-Canadian Youth Federation
Maryam Tsegaye, winner of the Breakthrough Junior Challenge
Jennifer Sidey-Gibbons, Canadian Space Agency astronaut
Margaret MacMillan, member of the Order of Merit and companion of the Order of Canada
Leslie Arthur Palmer, recipient of the Canadian Cross of Valour
Colonel Jeremy Hansen, Canadian Space Agency astronaut, carried the flag of Canada

Grenada

Dame Cécile La Grenade, Governor-General of Grenada
Dickon Mitchell, Prime Minister of Grenada
Kisha Abba Grant, High Commissioner for Grenada to the United Kingdom
Sergeant Major Johnson Beharry, Victoria Cross recipient
Afy Fletcher, athlete
Lindon Victor, athlete
Lance Sergeant Chen Charles, carried the flag of Grenada

Jamaica

Sir Patrick Allen, Governor-General of Jamaica, and his wife Lady Patricia Allen
David Salmon, 2023 Rhodes scholar, carried the flag of Jamaica

New Zealand

Dame Cindy Kiro, Governor-General of New Zealand, and her husband Richard Davies
Chris Hipkins, Prime Minister of New Zealand
Phil Goff, High Commissioner for New Zealand to the United Kingdom
Christopher Luxon, Leader of the Opposition
Sir Tom Marsters, King’s Representative in the Cook Islands, and Lady Tuaine Marsters
Richie McCaw, Order of New Zealand representative
Willie Apiata, Victoria Cross for New Zealand representative
Abdul Aziz, New Zealand Cross representative
Dame Naida Glavish, former President of the Māori Party and
Lorraine Toki, Māori advocate
Ben Appleton, kaiāwhina and director of Ngāti Rānana
Sarah Smart, UK general manager of The Dairy Collective
Craig Fenton, 2023 UK New Zealander of the Year
Rebecca Scown, former Olympic rower and CEO of Youth Experience in Sport
Rhieve Grey, graduate student and 2021 Rhodes scholar
Sergeant Hayden Smith, carried the flag of New Zealand

Papua New Guinea

Sir Bob Dadae, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea, and his wife Lady Dadae
Koni Iguan, Deputy Speaker of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea
Justin Tkatchenko, Minister for Foreign Affairs and his wife Savannah Tkatchenko
Rainbo Paita, Minister for Finance and National Planning
Taies Sansan, Secretary for the Department of Personnel Management
Gisuwat Mangere Siniwin, former Vice Minister of Education and MP for Nawae
Noel Leana, acting Chief of State Protocol, carried the flag of Papua New Guinea

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Dame Marcella Liburd, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Terrance Drew, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Hyleta Liburd, Deputy Governor-General for Nevis
Mark Brantley, Premier of Nevis
Denzil Douglas, Minister of Foreign Affairs, former Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Naeemah Hazelle, permanent secretary in the Prime Minister’s Office
Christine Walwyn, Diaspora Ambassador
Thouvia France, Protocol Foreign Service Officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Saint Lucia

Errol Charles, Acting Governor-General of Saint Lucia

Solomon Islands

Sir David Vunagi, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands, and his wife Lady Vunagi
Moses Kouni Mose, High Commissioner for the Solomon Islands to the United Kingdom
Jeremiah Manele, Minister of Foreign Affairs and External Trade

Tuvalu

Sir Tofiga Vaevalu Falani, Governor-General of Tuvalu

Other Commonwealth Countries

Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh
Dame Sandra Mason, President and former Governor-General of Barbados
Mokgweetsi Masisi, President of Botswana
Joseph Dion Ngute, Prime Minister of Cameroon, representing the President of Cameroon
Nikos Christodoulides, President of Cyprus
Charles Savarin, President of Dominica
Wiliame Katonivere, President of Fiji, and First Lady Filomena Katonivere
Ali Bongo Ondimba, President of Gabon, and First Lady Sylvia Bongo Ondimba
Mohammed Jallow, Vice President of The Gambia
Mamadou Tangara, Minister of Foreign Affairs of The Gambia
Nana Akufo-Addo, President of Ghana
Irfaan Ali, President of Guyana
Jagdeep Dhankhar, Vice President of India, representing the President of India
William Ruto, President of Kenya
Lazarus Chakwera, President of Malawi
Dato’ Zakri Jaafar, High Commissioner of Malaysia in London
Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, President of Maldives, and First Lady Fazna Ahmed
George Vella, President of Malta, and First Lady Miriam Vella
Prithvirajsing Roopun, President of Mauritius
Filipe Nyusi, President of Mozambique
Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila, Prime Minister of Namibia
Russ Kun, President of Nauru, and First Lady Simina Kun
Muhammadu Buhari, President of Nigeria
Shehbaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan
Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda, and First Lady Jeannette Kagame
Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II, O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa, and Masiofo Faʻamausili
Leinafo
Wavel Ramkalawan, President of Seychelles, and First Lady Linda Ramkalawan
Julius Maada Bio, President of Sierra Leone, and First Lady Fatima Bio
Halimah Yacob, President of Singapore
Naledi Pandor, Minister of International Relations and Cooperation of South Africa
Ranil Wickremesinghe, President of Sri Lanka, and First Lady Maithree Wickremesinghe
Asha-Rose Migiro, High Commissioner of Tanzania
Faure Gnassingbé, President of Togo
General Jeje Odongo, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Uganda
Hakainde Hichilema, President of Zambia, and First Lady Mutinta Hichilema

Foreign Dignitaries

Heads of State

Bajram Begaj, President of Albania, and First Lady Armanda Begaj
João Lourenço, President of Angola, and First Lady Ana Dias Lourenço
Archbishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicília, Co-Prince of Andorra
Vahagn Khachaturyan, President of Armenia
Alexander Van der Bellen, President of Austria, and First Lady Doris Schmidauer
Borjana Krišto, Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil, and First Lady Rosângela Lula da Silva
Galab Donev, Prime Minister of Bulgaria and his daughter Gabriella Doneva
Azali Assoumani, President of Comoros, and First Lady Ambari Assoumani
Petr Pavel, President of the Czech Republic, and First Lady Eva Pavlová
Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, President of Djibouti
Luis Abinader, President of the Dominican Republic, and First Lady Raquel Arbaje
Mostafa Madbouly, Prime Minister of Egypt
Alar Karis, President of Estonia, and First Lady Sirje Karis
Sauli Niinistö, President of Finland, and First Lady Jenni Haukio
Emmanuel Macron, President of France and Co-Prince of Andorra, and his wife Brigitte Macron
Salome Zourabichvili, President of Georgia
Frank-Walter Steinmeier, President of Germany, and First Lady Elke Büdenbender
Katerina Sakellaropoulou, President of Greece
Bernard Goumou, Prime Minister of Guinea
Katalin Novák, President of Hungary, and First Gentleman István Attila Veres
Guðni Jóhannesson, President of Iceland, and First Lady Eliza Reid
Abdul Latif Rashid, President of Iraq
Michael D. Higgins, President of Ireland, and his wife Sabina Higgins
Leo Varadkar, Taoiseach of Ireland, and his partner Matthew Barrett
Isaac Herzog, President of Israel, and First Lady Michal Herzog
Sergio Mattarella, President of Italy, and his daughter Laura Mattarella, de facto First Lady
Vjosa Osmani, President of Kosovo
Egils Levits, President of Latvia, and First Lady Andra Levite
Najib Mikati, Prime Minister of Lebanon, and his wife May Mikati
George Weah, President of Liberia
Mohamed al-Menfi, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Libya
Gitanas Nausėda, President of Lithuania, and First Lady Diana Nausėdienė
Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, President of Mauritania
Maia Sandu, President of Moldova
Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh, President of Mongolia, and First Lady Luvsandorjiin Bolortsetseg
Milo Đukanović, President of Montenegro, and First Lady Lidija Đukanović
Mohamed Bazoum, President of Niger, and First Lady Hadiza Bazoum
Stevo Pendarovski, President of North Macedonia, and First Lady Elizabeta Gjorgievska
Mario Abdo Benítez, President of Paraguay, and First Lady Silvana López Moreira
Bongbong Marcos, President of the Philippines, and First Lady Liza Araneta Marcos
Andrzej Duda, President of Poland, and First Lady Agata Kornhauser-Duda
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, President of Portugal
Klaus Iohannis, President of Romania, and First Lady Carmen Iohannis
Alessandro Scarano and Adele Tonnini, Captains Regent of San Marino
Macky Sall, President of Senegal
Zuzana Čaputová, President of Slovakia, and her domestic partner Juraj Rizman
Nataša Pirc Musar, President of Slovenia, and First Gentleman Aleš Musar
Alain Berset, President of the Swiss Confederation, and his wife Muriel Zeender
Serdar Berdimuhamedow, President of Turkmenistan
Denys Shmyhal, Prime Minister of Ukraine
Võ Văn Thưởng, President of Vietnam
Emmerson Mnangagwa, President of Zimbabwe

Governmental Representatives Representing the Head of State

Ahmed Attaf, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria
Sahiba Gafarova, Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan
Verónica Alcocer, First Lady of Colombia
Álvaro Leyva, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia
Han Zheng, Vice President of the People’s Republic of China
Christophe Mboso N’Kodia Pwanga, President of the National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Arnoldo André, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica
Gordan Grlić-Radman, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Croatia
Salvador Valdés Mesa, Vice President of Cuba
Gustavo Manrique, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ecuador
Félix Ulloa, Vice President of El Salvador
Renato Florentino, Vice President of Honduras
Tiémoko Meyliet Koné, Vice President of Ivory Coast
Han Duck-Soo, Prime Minister of South Korea
Erlan Qoşanov, Head of the Majilis of the Parliament of Kazakhstan
Yvette Sylla, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Madagascar
Narayan Prakash Saud, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nepal
Sayyid Badr Albusaidi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Oman
Janaina Tewaney, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Panama
Aïssata Tall Sall, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Senegal
Ivica Dačić, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia
Barnaba Marial Benjamin, Minister of Presidential Affairs of South Sudan
Nabil Ammar, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Tunisia
Fuat Oktay, Vice President of Turkey
Olena Zelenska, First Lady of Ukraine
Jill Biden, First Lady of the United States and Finnegan Biden, granddaughter of President Joe Biden
John Kerry, Special U.S. Presidential Envoy for Climate
Cardinal Pietro Parolin, Cardinal Secretary of State of the Vatican
Frederick Shava, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Zimbabwe
Mthuli Ncube, Minister of Finance of Zimbabwe

Diplomats Representing the Head of State

Javier Esteban Figueroa, Argentinian Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Susana Herrera Quezada, Chilean Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Teferi Melesse Desta, Ethiopian Ambassador to the United Kingdom
José Alberto Briz Gutiérrez, Guatemalan Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Euvrard Saint Amand, Haitian Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Iván Romero Martínez, Honduran Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Desra Percaya, Indonesian Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Josefa González Blanco Ortiz Mena, Mexican Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Hakim Hajoui, Moroccan Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Ahmed Albably, Consul at the Yemeni Embassy in the United Kingdom

International Organizations

Roberta Metsola, President of the European Parliament
Charles Michel, President of the European Council
Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission
Jens Stoltenberg, Secretary General of NATO
Mathias Cormann, Secretary General of the OECD
Amina Jane Mohammed, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations

Religious Leaders

Church of England

Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of All England
Tosin Oladipo, Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury, carried the Primatial Cross of Canterbury
Stephen Cottrell, Archbishop of York and Primate of England
Dr Jenny Wright, Chaplain to The Archbishop of York, carried the Primatial Cross of York
Adrian Daffern, Chaplain Extraordinary to the Archbishop of Canterbury
Dame Sarah Mullally, Bishop of London and Dean of His Majesty’s Chapels Royal
Paul Butler, Bishop of Durham
Michael Beasley, Bishop of Bath and Wells
Graham Usher, Bishop of Norwich
Richard Jackson, Bishop of Hereford
David Hoyle MBE, Dean of Westminster
David Stanton, Sub-Dean and Canon Treasurer
Anthony Ball, Canon Rector
Dr James Hawkey, Canon Theologian and Almoner
Tricia Hillas, Canon Steward and Archdeacon of Westminster and Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons
Mark Birch MVO, Minor Canon and Precentor
Robert Latham, Minor Canon and Sacrist
Ralph Godsall, Acting Minor Canon
Paul Baumann CBE, Receiver General of Westminster Abbey
Sir Kenneth Olisa OBE, High Bailiff and Searcher of the Sanctuary of Westminster Abbey
Canon Paul Wright LVO, Sub-Dean of His Majesty’s Chapels Royal
Professor David Fergusson OBE, Dean of the Chapel Royal in Scotland and Dean of the Thistle
David Conner KCVO, Dean of Windsor

Church of Scotland

Iain Greenshields, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

Roman Catholic Church

Cardinal Vincent Nichols, Archbishop of Westminster
Eamon Martin, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland
Mark O’Toole, Archbishop of Cardiff
Hugh Gilbert, Bishop of Aberdeen and President of the Bishops’ Conference of Scotland

Other Christian Denominations

Nikitas Loulias, Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Thyateira and Great Britain
Hosam Naoum, Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem
Helen Cameron, Moderator of the Free Churches Group
Bishop Mike Royal, General Secretary of Churches Together in England

Other Religions

Rabbi Sir Ephraim Mirvis, Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth
Marie van der Zyl, President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews
Ven Bogoda Seelawimala Thera, Head Priest of the London Buddhist Vihara and Chief Sangha Nayaka of Great Britain
Malcolm Deboo, President, Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe

Royal Household

The King’s Household

Sir Anthony Johnstone-Burt, Master of the Household
Lieutenant-Colonel Michael Vernon, Comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain’s Office
Jo Churchill, Vice Chamberlain of the Household
Marcus Jones, Treasurer of the Household
Rebecca Harris, Comptroller of the Household
James Newcome, Bishop of Carlisle, Clerk of the Closet
Dr John Inge, Bishop of Worcester, Lord High Almoner
Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Thompson, Groom of the Robes
Sir Michael Stevens, Keeper of the Privy Purse and Treasurer to His Majesty
Sir Edward Young, Joint Principal Private Secretary to The King
Sir Clive Alderton, Principal Private Secretary to The King and Queen
Tim Knox, Director of the Royal Collection
Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Segrave, Secretary of the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood
Sarah Clarke, Lady Usher of the Black Rod
Paul Whybrew, Sergeant at Arms
Richard Thompson, Sergeant at Arms
Francis Dymoke, The Honourable The King’s Champion and bearer of the Royal Standard
Brigadier Andrew Jackson, Resident Governor of the Tower of London and Keeper of the Jewel House

The Queen’s Household

Sophie Densham, Private Secretary to The Queen
Major Oliver Plunket, Groom of the Robes to the Queen
Carlyn Chisholm, Baroness Chisholm of Owlpen, Queen’s Companion
Lady Sarah Keswick, Queen’s Companion
Lady Brooke, Queen’s Companion and Sir Francis Brooke Baronet, His Majesty’s Representative at Ascot
Sarah Troughton, Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire and Queen’s Companion (the King’s second cousin), and her husband Peter Troughton
Jane von Westenholz, Queen’s Companion

Queen Elizabeth II’s Household

Anne Tennant, Baroness Glenconner, Maid of Honour at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953
Lady Susan Hussey, Baroness Hussey of North Bradley, Woman of the Bedchamber to Queen Elizabeth II

Notable Guests

Jay Blades, The Prince’s Foundation Ambassador
Gyles Brandreth, British broadcaster, writer and former politician
Anthony “Ant” McPartlin, television presenter, Goodwill Ambassador for The Prince’s Trust
Declan “Dec” Donnelly, television presenter, Goodwill Ambassador for The Prince’s Trust
Edward Enninful, editor and stylist, Global Ambassador for The Prince’s Trust
Lionel Richie, American singer, songwriter, record producer, and television personality, Chairman of the Global Ambassador Group for The Prince’s Trust
Katy Perry, American singer, songwriter and television personality, Ambassador for the British Asian Trust
Sir Karl Jenkins, composer of Tros y Garreg, written for the coronation
Sarah Class, composer of Sacred Fire, written for the coronation
Pretty Yende, South African soprano opera singer, performed the song Sacred Fire
Joan Armatrading, St. Kitts and Nevis/English singer-songwriter
Rowan Atkinson, English actor, comedian and writer
Sir Kenneth Branagh, British actor and filmmaker
Tim Davie, Director-General of the British Broadcasting Corporation
Dame Judi Dench, English actress
Sir Lloyd Dorfman, British entrepreneur and philanthropist.
Joseph Dweck, Senior Rabbi of the S&P Sephardi Community of the United Kingdom
Dynamo, British magician
Edward Fox, English actor
Stephen Fry, English actor and comedian
Dame Kelly Holmes, retired British middle-distance runner
Kelly Jones, Welsh singer-songwriter
Dame Joanna Lumley, British actress, presenter, author
Simon Sebag Montefiore, British historian, television presenter, and his wife Santa Montefiore, British author
Dame Maggie Smith, English actress
Tom Stoppard, British playwright and screenwriter
Sir Bryn Terfel, Welsh, bass-baritone opera singer, performed Kyrie Eleison by Paul Mealor in Welsh
Dame Emma Thompson, British actress and screenwriter, and her husband Greg Wise, English actor and producer

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Check out all our articles about the British Monarchy at United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Index.
Learn more about the House of Windsor at House of Windsor Index.
Read all the news articles posted in our Royal News Recap on the day of the coronation at Royal News Recap – The Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla

Unofficial Royalty’s Coronation Articles

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Order of Service for the Coronation of the British Monarch

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2023

St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury crowns Edgar the Peaceful, King of the English Stained glass at Bath Abbey; Credit – By Jules & Jenny from Lincoln, UK https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71397822

The coronation of the British monarch has its roots in the Kings of Wessex and the early Anglo-Saxon Kings of the English being installed on the Kings’ Stone or Coronation Stone which can still be seen in Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, England.

Coronation Stone in Kingston-upon-Thames, England; Credit – By Hellodavey1902 Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=94084918

For the coronation of Edgar the Peaceful, King of the English in 973, Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury felt there was a need for a major ceremony similar to the coronations of the King of the Franks and the German Emperor. Although Edgar probably had a ceremony at Kingston-on-Thames, a coronation using Dunstan’s order of service was held for Edgar at Bath Abbey in Bath, England on May 11, 973. Since then, the main elements of the British coronation service and the form of the oath taken by the sovereign can be traced to the order of service devised by Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury.

Although the coronation service, which takes place within the service for Holy Communion, has had translations, revisions, and modifications over the centuries, the sequence of taking an oath, anointing, investing of regalia, crowning, and enthronement found in the Anglo-Saxon original text has remained constant. The coronation involves six basic stages based on the coronation service written by Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury used in 973 for King Edgar: The recognition, the oath, the anointing, the investiture/the crowning, the enthronement, and the homage.

What follows below is the basic order of service based upon past coronations. For more information, see the complete Orders of Service and the Unofficial Royaly articles for the last two coronations, linked below. In addition, after the sections dealing with the stages of the Coronation, there are short YouTube videos showing that stage from Queen Elizabeth II’s Coronation.

The Order of Service released by the Church of England on April 29, 2023, for coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla follows the six basic stages listed above but the text of the service is quite different from the text of past coronations. There have also been some changes in the Order of Service for King Charles III and Queen Consort Camilla’s coronation. For instance, Prince William, The Prince of Wales will be the only Prince of Blood Royal to do the Homage. You can see the order of service for the coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla at the following link:

April 29, 2023 – Church of England: Authorised Coronation Liturgy with Commentary

Coronation of a King and Queen Consort

Coronation of a Monarch

British Coronation Regalia

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The Recognition

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The Recognition of King George VI, 1937

The Recognition involves the presentation of the monarch to the people and dates back to ancient practices of the Witan, the king’s council of England during the Anglo-Saxon period. The Garter Principal King of Arms, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Great Chamberlain, the Lord High Constable, and the Earl Marshal all go to the east, south, west, and north of the coronation theatre. On each side of the coronation theatre, the Archbishop of Canterbury calls for the recognition of the monarch, with the words:

“Sirs, I here present unto you [name], your undoubted King/Queen. Wherefore all you who are come this day to do your homage and service, are you willing to do the same?” The People reply each time, “God Save King/Queen [name].”

YouTube: 1953. The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II: ‘The Recognition’

The Oath

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King Edward VII swearing the Oath, 1902

The monarch sits in the Chair of Estate. The Chairs of Estate for the monarch and queen consort, if there is one, are placed on the south side of the coronation theatre. These chairs are used during the first part of the service, before the monarch’s anointing and crowning. In the Oath, the monarch makes a series of promises: to reign according to the law, to exercise justice with mercy, and to maintain the Church of England. The Oath is administered by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The monarch proceeds to the altar and solemnly swears the Oath with his/her right hand on the Bible. Afterward, he/she kisses the Bible and signs the Oath.

YouTube: The Coronation Oaths (Coronation 1953)

Below is the Oath King Edgar took in 973, followed by the Oath Queen Elizabeth II took in 1953. Although Queen Elizabeth II’s Oath is longer, similar themes are obvious.

King Edgar’s 973 Oath

In the name of the Holy Trinity, I promise three things to the Christian people subject to me:

Firstly, that God’s church and all the Christian people of my dominions will be held in true peace
Secondly, I forbid robbery and all unlawful deeds by all ranks of men.
Thirdly, I promise and command justice and mercy in all judgments, in order that the gracious and merciful lord, who liveth and reigneth, may thereby forgive us all through his everlasting mercy.

Queen Elizabeth II’s 1953 Oath

The Archbishop of Canterbury asked The Queen these questions to which she responded, “I will.”

Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the Peoples of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon, and of your Possessions and other Territories to any of them belonging or pertaining, according to their respective laws and customs?
Will you to your power cause Law and Justice, in Mercy, to be executed in all your judgments?
Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the Laws of God and the true profession of the Gospel?
Will you to the utmost of your power maintain in the United Kingdom the Protestant Reformed Religion established by law?
Will you maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of the Church of England, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government thereof, as by law established in England?
And will you preserve unto the Bishops and Clergy of England, and to the Churches there committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges, as by law do or shall appertain to them or any of them?

The Anointing

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The canopy is placed over Queen Elizabeth II for the anointing, 1953

During the most sacred part of the coronation, the monarch is anointed, blessed, and consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The choir sings Veni, Creator Spiritus (Come, Holy Spirit).

After some prayers, the choir sings one of the Coronation Anthems by George Frideric Handel, the rousing Zadok the Priest. Written for and first performed at the coronation of King George II, it has been sung at every coronation ever since. The words, taken from the Old Testament, are: “Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anointed Solomon king; and all the people rejoiced and said: God save the king, Long live the king, May the king live forever. Amen. Hallelujah.”

During the singing of Zadok the Priest, the monarch is disrobed of his/her crimson robe, and as the anthem ends, the monarch is seated on the Coronation Chair, also called St. Edward’s Chair and King Edward’s Chair.

YouTube: Zadok The Priest – Queen’s Elizabeth II coronation

You can see a concert performance of Zadok the Priest with orchestra and choir at the link below.

YouTube: Zadok the Priest

Four Knights of the Garter hold a canopy over the monarch for privacy. There is no video or photographs of the anointing. The Dean of Westminster pours Holy Oil from the Ampulla into the Spoon. The Archbishop of Canterbury then anoints the monarch in the form of a cross on the palms of both hands, the breast, and the crown of the head.

YouTube: The Anointing (Coronation 1953)

The Investiture and The Crowning

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The Crowning of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953

After being sanctified with Holy Oil and the Archbishop of Canterbury’s blessing, the monarch is dressed in the Colobium Sindonis, a sleeveless white garment, and the Supertunica, a robe of cloth of gold a long coat of gold that reaches to the ankles and has wide-flowing sleeves. While the monarch is sitting in the Coronation Chair, the Lord Great Chamberlain presents the Golden Spurs, a symbol of chivalry, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, assisted by the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of London, and the Bishop of Winchester, presents the monarch with the Sword of Offering. The monarch then goes to the altar, returns the sword to its scabbard, and sits down in the Coronation Chair.

The Dean of Westminster gives the Armills to the Archbishop of Canterbury, who says a prayer while putting the Armills on the monarch’s wrists. The monarch stands and the Robe Royal and Stole Royal are placed on top of the Supertunica. After the monarch sits back down in the Coronation Chair, the Sovereign’s Orb is brought from the altar by the Dean of Westminster and is delivered into the monarch’s right hand by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The monarch then gives the Orb to the Dean of Westminster who returns it to the altar.

The Archbishop of Canterbury places the Coronation Ring on the fourth finger of the monarch’s right hand. The Dean of Westminster brings the Sceptre with the Cross and the Sceptre with the Dove to the Archbishop of Canterbury, who puts it in the monarch’s hands.

The video below is titled The Holy Anointing but as noted above, there was no video or photographs of the anointing so little is seen. The video does show Queen Elizabeth II being clothed with Colobium Sindonis and the Supertunica, and receiving the Sword of Offering.

YouTube: Coronation of Elizabeth II: The Holy Anointing

The congregation stands up and the Archbishop of Canterbury takes St. Edward’s Crown from the altar, then lays it back on the altar, and says a prayer. The Archbishop of Canterbury proceeds to the monarch who is sitting in the Coronation Chair. The Dean of Westminster brings the St. Edward’s Crown to the Archbishop of Canterbury who reverently puts the crown on the monarch’s head. The congregation repeatedly shouts, “God Save The King/Queen.” The princes and princesses, the peers and peeresses put on their coronets and caps. Trumpets sound and the great guns at the Tower of London are fired.

YouTube: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II: The Crowning Ceremony

The Enthronement

After a blessing, the monarch goes to the throne and is lifted up into it by the archbishops and bishops, and other peers of the kingdom. The monarch will receive the Homage while seated in the throne.

The Homage

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The Homage at the Coronation of King Edward VII, 1902

The Archbishop of Canterbury kneels down before the monarch while the rest of the Bishops kneel in their places and do their Homage together. As the Archbishop of Canterbury says the following, each Bishop also says it: “I <name>, Archbishop of Canterbury [Bishops say, I <name> Bishop of <place>] will be faithful and true, and faith and truth will bear unto you, our Sovereign Lord/ Lady, King/Queen of this Realm and Defender of the Faith, and unto your heirs and successors according to law. So help me God.”

The Royal Dukes and Princes of the Blood take off their coronets, kneel down before the monarch (this has been done individually or in a group with the senior Royal Duke of Prince of the Blood kneeling directly before the monarch), and pronounce the words of the Homage, “I <name> Prince, or Duke of <place> do become your Liege man of Life and Limb, and of earthly worship; and Faith and Truth I will bear unto you, to live and die, against all manner of Folks. So help me God.”

The most senior peer of each of the five ranks of peerage – Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron – individually kneels before the monarch. The other peers who are in seats, in turn, kneel down, take off their coronets, and do their homage: the Dukes first by themselves, then the Marquesses, the Earls, the Viscounts, and the Barons. Each rank of the peerage, saying together, “I, <name> Duke, or Marquess, Earl, Viscount, Baron of <place> do become your liege man of Life and Limb, and of earthly worship; and Faith and Truth I will bear unto you, to live and die, against all manner of Folks. So help me God.

YouTube: Queen Elizabeth II Coronation. HRH Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and the Lords Pay Homage

The Queen Consort’s Coronation

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The Archbishop of Canterbury crowns Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Consort of King George VI, 1937

If there is a Queen Consort, her anointing and crowning happen after the Homage.

The queen consort goes to the steps of the altar, and supported by two bishops, kneels down on the faldstool (kneeler) placed before the High Altar. The Archbishop of Canterbury says a prayer asking God’s blessing upon the queen consort. Four peeresses hold a canopy over her for privacy. The Archbishop of Canterbury anoints the crown of the queen consort’s head and placed the Queen Consort’s Ring on her fourth finger on her right hand. The Archbishop of Canterbury then takes the Queen’s Crown – Queen Consort Camilla used Queen Mary’s Crown – from the high altar and reverently sets it upon the queen’s head, at which time, the princesses and peeresses put their coronets on their heads. The queen consort is then handed her Sceptre with the Cross and the Ivory Rod with the Dove, and walks over to her own throne beside the King, where she sits.

The Communion

Queen Victoria receiving Holy Communion at her Coronation, 1838 by Charles Robert Leslie

The monarch (and queen consort) kneels and takes Holy Communion during a service that includes a general confession and absolution, and, along with the people, the reciting of the Lord’s Prayer.

The Recess

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Queen Elizabeth II wearing the Imperial State Crown and carrying the Orb and Sceptre with Cross leaves Westminster Abbey at the end of the Coronation Ceremony

The monarch (and queen consort) proceeds to St. Edward’s Chapel, directly behind the High Altar, and gives St. Edward’s Crown, the Sceptre, and the Rod to the Archbishop of Canterbury who lays them on the altar in the chapel. The monarch is disrobed of the Robe Royal and clothed in a Robe of purple velvet and the Imperial State Crown. The Archbishop of Canterbury puts the Sceptre with the Cross into his/her right hand and the Orb in his/her left hand. The monarch (and the queen consort still carrying her Sceptre with the Cross in her right hand and the Ivory Rod with the Dove in her left hand) leaves St. Edward’s Chapel to the singing of the National Anthem and then proceeds up the aisle.

YouTube: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth: The Procession

Works Cited

A Guide to Coronations (no date) Westminster Abbey. Available at: https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/coronations-at-the-abbey/a-guide-to-coronations (Accessed: March 31, 2023).
A History of Coronations (no date) Westminster Abbey. Available at: https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/coronations-at-the-abbey/a-history-of-coronations (Accessed: March 31, 2023).
Flantzer, Susan. (2023) Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, Unofficial Royalty. Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/coronation-of-king-george-vi-and-queen-elizabeth/ (Accessed: March 31, 2023).
Flantzer, Susan. (2017) Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, Unofficial Royalty. Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/june-2-1953-coronation-of-queen-elizabeth-ii-at-westminster-abbey/ (Accessed: March 31, 2023).
Keay, Anna. (2012) The Crown Jewels. London: Thames and Hudson, Historic Royal Palace.
Order of Service (no date) Westminster Abbey. Available at: https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/coronations-at-the-abbey/spotlight-on-coronations/order-of-service (Accessed: March 31, 2023).
Strong, Roy. (2005, 2022) Coronation – A History of the British Monarchy. London: William Collins.
The Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937 (no date) Oremus. Available at: https://www.oremus.org/coronation/1937/ (Accessed: March 31, 2023).
The Form and Order of Service that is to be performed and the Ceremonies that are to be observed in the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (no date). Available at: http://www.oremus.org/liturgy/coronation/cor1953b.html (Accessed: March 31, 2023).

British Coronation Music

Credit – https://www.royal.uk/coronation-music-westminster-abbey

Beginning with the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1902, a music edition of the Order of Service was published. It is difficult to determine coronation music from the past. For most coronations before 1902, no detailed description of the music used has survived.

Below are two examples of music for two 17th-century coronations. Over the years, the texts of the coronation music became traditional and remained the same but were often set to music by different composers.

For the 1603 coronation of King James I and his wife Queen Anne, the music included the following, although it is unclear who wrote the music except for The King Shall Rejoice which is generally attributed to Thomas Tomkins:

Processional: Behold, Our Lord and Protector
After the Recognition: Let Thy Hand Be Strengthened
During the Anointing: Veni Creator Spiritus and Zadok the Priest
After the Crowning: Be Strong and of Good Courage and The King Shall Rejoice

The following music was played at the 1685 Coronation of King James II and his second wife Maria Beatrice of Modena, sometimes known as Queen Mary:

I Was Glad by Henry Purcell
My Heart is Inditing by Henry Purcell
Te Deum in E Flat by William Child
Behold, O God Our Defender by John Blow
Zadok the Priest by Henry Lawes
The King Shall Rejoice by William Turner
Litany for Five Voices by Thomas Tallis

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I Was Glad

Composer Sir Hubert Parry whose setting of I Was Glad has been used at the coronations of King Edward VII, King George V, King George VI, and Queen Elizabeth II; Credit – Wikipedia

I Was Glad, with text from Psalm 122, has been sung at the entrance of the monarch at every coronation since that of King Charles I in 1626.

Psalm 122 from the Book of Common Prayer:

I was glad when they said unto me: We will go into the house of the Lord.
Our feet shall stand in thy gates: O Jerusalem.
Jerusalem is built as a city: that is at unity in itself.
For thither the tribes go up, even the tribes of the Lord: to testify unto Israel, to give thanks unto the Name of the Lord.
For there is the seat of judgement: even the seat of the house of David.
O pray for the peace of Jerusalem: they shall prosper that love thee.
Peace be within thy walls: and plenteousness within thy palaces.
For my brethren and companions’ sakes: I will wish thee prosperity.
Yea, because of the house of the Lord our God: I will seek to do thee good.

Several composers have set Psalm 122 to music:

William Child and Thomas Tomkins probably wrote a setting for the coronation of King Charles II in 1661.
Henry Purcell wrote a setting for the coronation of King James II in 1685.
Francis Pigott wrote a setting for the coronation of Queen Anne in 1702. It was also used at the coronation of King George I in 1714 and probably intended for the coronation of King George II in 1727 but omitted by mistake.
William Boyce wrote a setting for the coronation of King George III in 1761.
Thomas Attwood wrote a setting for the coronation of King George IV in 1821. It was also used for King William IV in 1831 and Queen Victoria in 1838.
Sir Hubert Parry wrote a setting for the coronation of King Edward VII in 1902. It was also used for the coronations of King George V, King George VI, and Queen Elizabeth II. It will also be used for the coronation of King Charles III.
Parry’s setting of I Was Glad was performed at the 2011 wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton as the processional music for the bride and her father and the bridal attendants. It had previously been performed at the wedding of Prince William’s parents, Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer in 1981.

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Vivat Rex / Vivat Regina

The Queen’s Scholars from Westminster School who participated in the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II; Credit – Vivat! Westminster Scholars’ Role in the Coronation

At the coronation of every monarch since the coronation of King James II in 1685, the King’s (or Queen’s) Scholars of the Westminster School have had the privilege of acclaiming the monarch by shouting “Vivat” during the monarch’s procession from the Quire of Westminster Abbey towards the Coronation Theatre in front of the High Altar. The forty-eight King’s (or Queen’s) Scholars are the recipients of scholarships at Westminster School. In 2017, the first girls became (then) Queen’s Scholars, now King’s Scholars.

The Latin version of the monarch’s name is used so at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, she was greeted with “Vivat, Regina! / Vivat, Regina Elizabetha! / Vivat! Vivat! Vivat!” The Vivat Regina was incorporated into Sir Hubert Parry’s anthem I Was Glad.

The last three Queen Consorts were also acclaimed with their husbands: in 1902 King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra with “Vivat Regina Alexandra” and “Vivat Rex Edwardus”, in 1911 King George V and Queen Mary with “Vivat Regina Maria” and “Vivat Rex Georgius” and in 1937 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth with “Vivat Regina Elizabetha” and “Vivat Rex Georgius”.

In the 1990 YouTube video below, Sir Charles Groves conducts the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir, and Choristers of Liverpool Cathedral, in I Was Glad by Sir Hubert Parry followed by the Vivat Regina. The concert is from the 150th birthday celebrations of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II.

YouTube: Parry ‘I Was Glad’ with “Vivat Regina Elizabetha!”

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Coronation Anthems of George Frederic Handel

George Frederic Handel; Credit – Wikipedia

Although many composers have written coronation anthems, the best known are the four coronation anthems composed by George Frederic Handel for the coronation of King George II and his wife Queen Caroline on October 11, 1727: Zadok the Priest, Let Thy Hand Be Strengthened, The King Shall Rejoice and My Heart Is Inditing.

George Frederic Handel was born in 1685 in Halle, Duchy of Magdeburg, then part of Brandenburg-Prussia, now in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. Handel, a Baroque composer, is well known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi, and organ concertos. He received his musical training in Halle and worked as a composer in Hamburg and Italy before settling in London in 1712, where he spent the majority of his career. In 1723, Handel was appointed as Composer of Music for the Chapel Royal by King George I.

In February 1727, King George I arranged for Handel to become a British subject via the passing of Handel’s Naturalisation Act 1727. Five months later, King George I died and his son succeeded him as King George II. In 1727, Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the coronation of King George II. One of the anthems, Zadok the Priest, has been played at every British coronation ceremony since the coronation of King George II in 1727.

Handel’s memorial in Poets’ Corner, Westminster Abbey by Louis Francois Roubiliac – a life-size statue of Handel with musical scores and instruments close to his grave in the Abbey floor

George Frederic Handel died on April 14, 1759, aged 74, at his home at 25 Brook Street in Mayfair, London, England. His funeral at Westminster Abbey was attended by more than three thousand people. Handel was given full state honors and was interred at Westminster Abbey in the south transept known as the Poets’ Corner.

The grave of George Frederic Handel; Credit – By JRennocks – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=106364496

Handel picked the texts for the four coronation anthems from the texts of music used at the coronation of King James II in 1685. His four coronation anthems were immediately popular and were regularly played in concerts during Handel’s life.

Zadok the Priest

The Anointing of Solomon by Cornelis de Vos, circa 1630; Credit – Wikipedia

Zadok the Priest is the most famous of the anthems and is every bit as rousing as Handel’s Hallelujah Chorus from the oratorio The Messiah. The text of Zadok the Priest comes from the biblical account of the anointing of King Solomon of ancient Israel by Zadok, the High Priest of Israel, and the prophet Nathan, and the rejoicing of the Israelites. These words have been used in every English coronation since that of King Edgar the Peaceful at Bath Abbey in 973, and Handel’s setting has been used at every British coronation since 1727, traditionally performed just prior to the sovereign’s anointing.

From 1 Kings 1:34-45:

YouTube: Zadok The Priest – Queen’s Elizabeth II coronation 1953

Let Thy Hand Be Strengthened

The text of Let Thy Hand Be Strengthened is from Psalm 89. It is divided into three parts: a cheerful light beginning, a melancholy, slow middle section, and a closing Alleluia part.

Let thy hand be strengthened and thy right hand be exalted.
Let justice and judgment be the preparation of thy seat!
Let mercy and truth go before thy face.
Let justice, judgment, mercy and truth go before thy face.
Alleluia.

YouTube: Handel Let thy hand be strengthened

The King Shall Rejoice

The text of The King Shall Rejoice is from Psalm 21. The first part is full of festive pomp and fanfares and uses the full force of the choir and orchestra. The second part is gentler, with no trumpets and drums. The third part opens radiantly, tells of the king’s coronation with a crown of pure gold, and ends in a fugue. The fourth part is a fugue with the instruments being added one by one. The fifth part is a double fugue, two melodies simultaneously played against each other right from the start, ending in a closing ‘Alleluia’ that was to be played at the precise moment the king was crowned.

The King shall rejoice in thy strength, O Lord.
Exceeding glad shall he be of thy salvation.
Glory and great worship hast thou laid upon him.
Thou hast prevented him with the blessings of goodness
and hast set a crown of pure gold upon his head.
Alleluia.

YouTube: Handel The king shall rejoice

My Heart is Inditing

My Heart is Inditing uses a text developed by Henry Purcell for the 1685 coronation of King James II, consisting of verses from Psalm 45 and the Book of Isaiah (chapter 49, verse 23). It was originally sung at the end of the coronation of Queen Caroline, with adaptations to the text by Handel to make the words more appropriate for a queen.

My heart is inditing of a good matter:
I speak of the things which I have made unto the King.
Kings’ daughters were among thy honourable women
Upon thy right hand did stand the Queen in vesture of gold
and the King shall have pleasure in thy beauty.
Kings shall be thy nursing fathers
and queens thy nursing mothers.

YouTube: Handel My heart is inditing

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Music at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II

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May 1953: The choirboys of Westminster Abbey rehearsing for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II

* indicates first performance

Orchestral music played before the service:

Chaconne from King Arthur by Henry Purcell
Trumpet Tune by Henry Purcell
March Crown Imperial by William Walton
Fantasia on the Alleluia Hymn by Gordon Jacob
Jupiter from The Planets by Gustav Holst
Epic March by John Ireland
Regalia Procession: Oh Most Merciful by Charles Wood
Regalia Procession: Litany for Five Voices by Thomas Tallis
March from Pomp and Circumstance Number 2 by Edward Elgar
Idyll ‘Banks of Green Willow’ by George Butterworth
*Processional by Arthur Bliss
Greensleeves arranged by Ralph Vaughan Williams
Nimrod by Edward Elgar
*March: Orb and Sceptre by William Walton
Music for the Royal Fireworks: Overture and Minuet by George Frederic Handel

Music during the coronation:

Fanfare I
Anthem: I Was Glad by Sir Hubert Parry
Fanfares II, III, IV, V
Introit: *Behold, O God our Defender by Herbert Howells
Gradual: *Let My Prayer Come Up by William Harris
The Creed (from Mass in G Minor) by Ralph Vaughan Williams
Come, Holy Ghost: VIII Mode Melody arranged by Sir Ernest Bullock
Zadok the Priest by George Frederic Handel
*Confortare by George Dyson
Rejoice in the Lord by John Redford
O Clap Your Hands Together by Orlando Gibbons
I Will Not Leave You Comfortless by William Byrd
*O Lord Our Governour by Healey Willan
Thou Wilt Keep Him in Perfect Peace by Samuel Sebastian Wesley
Homage Fanfare VII based on the Scots tune ‘Montrose’
Hymn: All People That on Earth Do Dwell arranged by Ralph Vaughan Williams
Versicles & Responses, Sanctus by Ralph Vaughan Williams
*O Taste and See by Ralph Vaughan Williams
Gloria in Excelsis by Charles Villiers Stanford
Three-Fold Amen by Orlando Gibbons
*Te Deum by William Walton
Fanfare VIII and God Save The Queen arranged by Gordon Jacob
Fanfares I to VII were composed by Sir Ernest Bullock

Orchestral music after the service:

March: Pomp and Circumstance Number 1 by Edward Elgar
*Coronation March by Sir Arnold Bax
March: Pomp and Circumstance Number 4 by Edward Elgar

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Music at the Coronation of King Charles III

Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber composed a new coronation anthem for the coronation of King Charles III; Credit – Wikipedia

The music at the coronation of King Charles III, who was very much involved in the music selection, will feature twelve new orchestral, choral, and organ pieces commissioned for the coronation including a coronation anthem based on Psalm 98 by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd Webber.

British Monarchy: New Music Commissions for the Coronation Service at Westminster Abbey

One of the liturgical sections of the ceremony will be performed in Welsh in tribute to King Charles III’s long tenure as Prince of Wales. At King Charles III’s request, Greek Orthodox music will be included in tribute to his late father Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, born a Greek prince.

Other contemporary composers who wrote new music for King Charles III’s coronation include:

Tradition requires that the music of the following past composers be included:

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Works Cited

Coronation Anthem (2023) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_anthem (Accessed: April 9, 2023).
Coronation Anthem – Handel’s Coronation Anthems (2023) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_anthem#Handel’s_coronation_anthems (Accessed: April 9, 2023).
Coronation of Charles III and Camilla (2023) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla (Accessed: April 9, 2023).
Dunn, Charlotte. (2023) Coronation Music at Westminster Abbey, The Royal Family. Available at: https://www.royal.uk/coronation-music-westminster-abbey (Accessed: April 9, 2023).
George Frideric Handel (2023) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel (Accessed: April 9, 2023).
I Was Glad (2022) Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_was_glad (Accessed: April 9, 2023).
(no date) Music at the Coronation of English and British Kings and Queens. Available at: https://www.oremus.org/coronation/music/ (Accessed: April 9, 2023).
Music Played at the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (no date). Available at: https://www.westminster-abbey.org/media/5250/elizabeth-ii-coronation-1953-music-full-list.pdf (Accessed: April 10, 2023).
Strong, Roy. (2005, 2022) Coronation – A History of the British Monarchy. London: William Collins.
Vivat! Westminster Scholars’ Role in the Coronation (no date) Westminster School Archive. Available at: http://archiveblog.westminster.org.uk/?p=504 (Accessed: April 9, 2023).

Westminster Abbey – The Coronation Church

Westminster Abbey; Photo Credit – By Σπάρτακος – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26334184

Check out all our British coronation articles at the link below:

Unofficial Royalty: British Coronations

History of Westminster Abbey

First known as St. Peter’s Abbey, Westminster Abbey in London, England was founded by Benedictine monks in 960 under the patronage of King Edgar the Peaceful (reigned 943 – 975) and St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. In the 1040s, King Edward, better known as St. Edward the Confessor (reigned 1042 – 1066), built his royal palace nearby St. Peter’s Abbey on the banks of the River Thames on land known as Thorney Island. Later the medieval Palace of Westminster sat upon the site and today the Houses of Parliament (the formal name is still the Palace of Westminster) is there.

A scene from the Bayeux Tapestry showing the funeral procession of Edward the Confessor with the church Edward built on the left. This is the only contemporary depiction of Edward’s church; Credit – Wikipedia

Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St. Peter’s Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. This church became known as the “west minster” to distinguish it from (old) St. Paul’s Cathedral (the east minster) in the City of London. See Wikipedia: Minster. The new church was consecrated on December 28, 1065. Too ill to attend the consecration, Edward the Confessor died on January 5, 1066, and was buried before the high altar of his new church the day after his death.

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The Shrine of St. Edward the Confessor

In 1245, King Henry III started the construction of the second and present Westminster Abbey in the new Gothic style of architecture. The second church was designed to be not only a place of worship and a monastery but also a place for the coronation and burial of monarchs. This church was consecrated on October 13, 1269, and on that day, King Henry III oversaw a grand ceremony to rebury Edward the Confessor in a magnificent new shrine, directly behind the high altar, and he personally helped to carry the body to its new resting place. Edward the Confessor’s shrine survives and around his shrine were interred five kings and four queens, including King Henry III.

Westminster Abbey has been Britain’s coronation church since 1066. From King William I (the Conqueror) to King Charles III, all monarchs except for two have been crowned in Westminster Abbey. Twelve-year-old King Edward V was presumed murdered in the Tower of London before he could be crowned. King Edward VIII abdicated eleven months after succeeding his father, before his scheduled coronation date.

For more information see Unofficial Royalty: Westminster Abbey in London, England

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The Coronation Theatre; Credit – Westminster Abbey

The Coronation Theatre

YouTube: Westminster Abbey: Spotlight on Coronations – The Coronation Theatre

Like many other Christian churches, Westminster Abbey is built in the shape of a cross. This space where coronations happen is at the point in which the two parts of the cross meet, at the very center of Westminster Abbey, in front of the High Altar

The Cosmati Pavement in front of the High Altar; Credit – By amanderson2 – https://www.flickr.com/photos/49399018@N00/52639897002/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=128111089

The Cosmati Pavement in front of the High Altar was laid down in 1268 during King Henry III’s rebuilding of Westminster Abbey. The mosaic workers came from Rome, with a man called Odoricus as the foreman. The pavement is an inlaid mosaic stone decoration known as Cosmati work, named after one of the Italian families of craftsmen who specialized in it. It is abstract in design and differs from ancient Roman and earlier medieval mosaic work that consisted of square stones of equal size. It is here that the 700-year-old Coronation Chair, also called St. Edward’s Chair and King Edward’s Chair, is placed, facing the High Altar, on which the monarch sits for the majority of the service. Photos from recent coronations show the Cosmati Pavement covered.

The Coronation Theatre at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II; Credit – By BiblioArchives / LibraryArchives from Canada – Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II / uronnement de la Reine Elizabeth IIUploaded by oaktree_b, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19783528

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The Coronation Chair

The Coronation Chair with Stone of Scone in Westminster Abbey, 1885

YouTube: Westminster Abbey – The Coronation Chair

King Edward I’s relentless, but unsuccessful campaign to assert his overlordship over Scotland was resisted by William Wallace and Robert the Bruce, (later King Robert I of Scotland) but it gave him one of his nicknames, “Hammer of the Scots.” In 1296, Edward I captured the Stone of Scone, an oblong block of red sandstone that was used for centuries in the coronation of the monarchs of Scotland. It was kept at the now-ruined Scone Abbey in Scone, near Perth, Scotland. Edward took the Stone of Scone back to England and placed it in the care of the Abbot of Westminster Abbey.

An oaken chair, called the Coronation Chair, King Edward’s Chair, or St. Edward’s Chair, was made by order of King Edward I to enclose the Stone of Scone. Originally the chair had images of birds, foliage, and animals on a gilt ground. The figure of a king, either Edward the Confessor or King Edward I, his feet resting on a lion, was painted on the back. The four gilt lions on the legs were made in 1727 to replace the original lions which were not added to the chair until the early 16th century. The chair has been in use at coronations since 1308 although opinion is divided as to when it was actually used for the crowning. However, since the coronation of King Henry IV in 1399, the monarch has been crowned in the chair. Originally the Coronation Chair was kept in St. Edward’s Chapel at Westminster Abbey, the site of the shrine of St. Edward the Confessor directly behind the High Altar. The Coronation Chair is now kept in a specially-built enclosure in St. George’s Chapel at the west end of the nave, near the main doors of Westminster Abbey.

The Coronation Chair in its usual home, St. George’s Chapel in Westminster Abbey; Credit – By Darkmaterial – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=127657004

In 1996, 700 years after it was taken, the Stone of Scone was returned to Scotland. It is kept at Edinburgh Castle in the Crown Room alongside the crown jewels of Scotland (the Honours of Scotland). An agreement was made that the Stone of Scone will be returned to Westminster Abbey and placed in the Coronation Chair for future coronations, and then it will be returned to Edinburgh Castle.

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Seating Capacity

Some of the tiered seating during the 1821 coronation of King George IV

Westminster Abbey has a seating capacity of 2,200. At the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, there were approximately 8,000 guests. Besides the British royal family and other family members, all peers and their wives, all members of the British parliament, representatives from the many nations of the Commonwealth of Nations, heads of state or their representatives, foreign royalty, and members of Parliament from the Queen’s various legislatures, among others, were invited to attend Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation.

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A view of some of the tiered seating at the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II

Westminster Abbey was closed for five months prior to Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation so that the construction needed for 8,000 guests could be completed. Tiered seating, similar to stadium seating, had to be constructed to accommodate all the guests. The coronation of King Charles II in 1661 was the first time that tiered seating was constructed in the transepts so that the congregation could see the ceremony.

The use of tiered seating is no longer possible. Safety regulations at Westminster Abbey now restrict the seating capacity to 2,000 so the guest list was severely limited. Peers were in uproar as only a minority were invited to King Charles III’s coronation.

Before the coronation of King Charles III, Westminster Abbey was closed to visitors from April 25, 2023 – May 7, 2023 for preparations and rehearsals.

Works Cited

The Coronation Chair (no date) Westminster Abbey. Available at: https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/the-coronation-chair (Accessed: March 29, 2023).
Coronation Theatre (no date) Westminster Abbey. Available at: https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/coronations-at-the-abbey/spotlight-on-coronations/coronation-theatre (Accessed: March 29, 2023).
Cosmati Pavement (no date) Westminster Abbey. Available at: https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/cosmati-pavement (Accessed: March 29, 2023).
En.wikipedia.org. 2021. List of British coronations – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_coronations> (Accessed: March 29, 2023).
En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Westminster Abbey – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey> (Accessed: March 29, 2023).
Flantzer, Susan. (2021) Westminster Abbey in London, England, Unofficial Royalty. Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/westminster-abbey-in-london-england/ (Accessed: March 29, 2023).
Fox, Adam, 1984. Westminster Abbey. Andover: Pitkin Pictorials.
Jenkyns, Richard, 2005. Westminster Abbey. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Westminster Abbey. 2021. A royal church | Westminster Abbey. [online] Available at: <https://www.westminster-abbey.org/> (Accessed: March 29, 2023).

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Chairs of Estate

Throne Chairs (Chairs of State)

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The Procession

Participants

The Coronation Ceremony

Guests

British Royal Family

Bowes-Lyon Family

Mountbatten Family

Shand and Parker Bowles Families

Middleton Family

Current Monarchies

Former Monarchies

Ceremonial Monarchs

United Kingdom Government Officials

Peers of the Realm

Other Politicians

Lord Lieutenants

Armed Forces

Civil Servants

Representatives of Orders of Chivalry and Gallantry (Some representatives are listed elsewhere.)

Crown Dependencies

British Overseas Territories

Other Commonwealth Countries

Foreign Dignitaries

Religious Leaders

Royal Household

Notable Guests

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I Was Glad

Vivat Rex / Vivat Regina

Coronation Anthems of George Frederic Handel

Music at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II

Music at the Coronation of King Charles III

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