Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2018

Duchy of Brunswick: The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, the Congress of Vienna turned Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel into an independent country called the Duchy of Brunswick in 1815. Ernst August III, the last Duke of Brunswick was forced to abdicate on November 8, 1918, as the German Empire came to an end. Today the land that encompassed the Duchy of Brunswick is in the German state of  Lower Saxony.

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Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick; Credit – Wikipedia

Wilhelm was the second Duke of Brunswick, reigning from 1830 until 1884. He was born Prince Wilhelm August Ludwig Maximilian Friedrich of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in Brunswick, Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, now in Lower Saxony, Germany, on April 25, 1806, the younger son of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Princess Marie of Baden.

Wilhelm had one older brother:

Following the death of his mother in 1808, and then his father in 1815, Wilhelm and his brother were placed under the guardianship of The Prince Regent, the future King George IV of the United Kingdom. From an early age, Wilhelm had a military career in both Prussian and Hanoverian regiments, later reaching the ranks of General and Field Marshal.

Upon their father’s death, Wilhelm and his brother Karl inherited their father’s estates in Oels, a town in Silesia, now in Szczodre, Poland. After Karl reached his majority and took control of the government in Brunswick, he ceded the Oels estates to Wilhelm who would spend a large part of his life there.

Wilhelm, c1870. source: Wikipedia

When his brother Karl II was forced to flee Brunswick in September 1830, Wilhelm came to the Duchy and took the helm of the government as Regent. The following year, in May 1831, the German Confederation declared that Karl was no longer able to govern and that Wilhelm was his successor. While this cleared the way for Wilhelm to become the reigning Duke of Brunswick, it did not address the possibility of any heirs that Karl may have. This was resolved by a family law within the House of Guelph which formally made Wilhelm the reigning Duke, backdated to September 10, 1830, the day after his elder brother had fled.

Under Wilhelm’s regency, the Duchy of Brunswick was granted a new constitution that extended significant fundamental rights to the people. He quickly became much more popular than his brother had ever been. He let his government do much of the ruling, leaving his ministers to handle most of the government business, and spending much of his time at his estates in Oels.

Sibyllenort Castle, photographed in 1932. photo: by Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-13153 / CC-BY-SA, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5480895

Wilhelm died at Sibyllenort Castle in Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia now in Szczodre, Poland, on October 18, 1884. He is buried in the crypt at Brunswick Cathedral in Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick, now in Lower Saxony, Germany. As he had no heir, the ducal throne should have passed to Ernst August II, the last Crown Prince of Hanover. However, because Ernst August refused to renounce his claim to the throne of Hanover which had been annexed by Prussia in 1866, Wilhelm I, King of Prussia (later also German Emperor) refused to allow him to succeed as Duke of Brunswick. Despite this, Wilhelm passed all his personal possessions to Ernst August II upon his death. Two regents, Prince Albrecht of Prussia (1885-1906) and Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1906-1913), ruled over Brunswick for the next 23 years. In 1913,  Ernst August II’s son Ernst August III married Princess Viktoria Luise, the only daughter of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and King of Prussia. Ernst August II renounced his rights to the Duchy of Brunswick in favor of his son Ernst August III, who took his place as Duke of Brunswick.

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